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ILLTJSTEATIOJ^S 


ZYGMlDiE  k  BOMBYCIDiE 


NORTH  AMERICA, 


/ 


RICHARD    Hi  STRETCH 


■-7 

/// 


VOL.  I. 


Part  1  to  9. 
July  1812  to  Dec.  1813. 


INDEX. 


A. 

achaia,  arctia    124 

•'       chelonia 124 

ACOLOITHUS 183 

acffea,  leucarctia 99,  2^7 

spilosorua 99 

acria,  arctia 99 

bombyx 99 

"      estigmene 99 

phalaena 99 

adnata,  lithosia 120 

agassizii,  halesidota 102 

albata,  clemensia 51 

albida.  leucartia 203 

ALYPIA 5 

americana,  agalope 180 

'•          acoloithus 180 

"          arctia 95 

"          ctenucha 180 

"          eiiprepia .95,  239 

"          harrisina 180 

"          procris 180 

ANATOLMIS 43 

anchora.  callimorpha 66 

angulifera,  hales^idota 102 

anna,  arctia 220 

annulifascia,  halesidota 140 

ANTARCTIA 191 

antica,  tanada 188 

antiphola,  halesidota 137 

ARACHNIS 83 

ARCTIA 73 

Arge,  arctia , 225 

"      bombyx   225 

"      spilosoma 225 

argentata,  halesidota 135 

arofillacea.  lithosia 170 


A  contimied. 

arizoniensis,  arctia 217 

aiila?a,  arachnis 86 

'•      ecpantheria 86 

autholea,  arctia    74 

•♦         chelonia 74 

aurea,  cydosia 159 

"       deiopeia 159 

"      oeta 159,  240 

aurivitta,  cydosia 163 

B. 

Behrii,  arctia 75,  238 

Behrensii,  sthenopis 105,  240 

bella,  bombyx 54 

"      deiopeia 56 

noctua 56 

phalsena 56 

tinea 56 

"      utetheisa 56,  236 

bicolor,  lithosia 170 

bignttata,  limacodes 201 

biseriata,  eudule 53 

Blakei,  arctia 224 

Bolanderi,  arctia 76 

Brannani,  alypia 8 

brevipennis,  eudryas 151 

brunnea,  ctenucha 30,  236 

c. 

caja,  arctia 95 

"     chelonia ■ 95 

'•     euprepia 239 

californiae,  leptarctia 240 

"         nemeophila 240 

CALLIMORPHA 61 

californica,  halesidota 102 


IV 


INDEX. 


C  continued. 

californica,  notodoiit.a 116, 

"  phryganidia 

Candida,  spilosoma 

caprotina,  bombyx 

Carolina.  caUimorplia 

caryffi,  lialesidota 

'•       lopbocampa 

ca.sta,  lithosia 

cepbalica.  lithosia 

chloris.  calloclilora 

"        nesera 

"        parasa 

CISTHENE 

CLEMENSIA 

clio,  seiarclia 

clymene,  callimorpha 

"         haploa 

'•         hypercompa 

collaris,  cycma 

"        hyphantria 

"        spilosoma 

colona,  callimorpha 

comma,  callimorpha    

"        hypercompa   

compta.  ceta 

•'         poeciloptera   

confinis,  hypercompa 

conscita,  tanada 

contigua,  hypercompa 62, 

corvina,  ctenucha 

COSMOSOMA 

CRAMBIDIA 

Crotchii.  psendalypia 

CTENUCHA 

cunea,  cycma 

"       hyphantria 

"       spilosoma 

Cunegunda,  bombyx 

SYDOSIA 

D. 

dahurica,  arctia "8 

"         chelonia 78 

decia,  leptarctia 121 

lithosia 1-1 

dimidiata,  leptarctia 123 


240 
91 

20.") 

172 
140 
140 
171 
171 
20!) 
201) 
209 

(;i 

82 
172 
172 
172 
188 
188 
188 
172 

66 

66 
1.59 
159 

62 

62 
236 

29 
153 
165 
214 

23 
205 
205 
205 
174 
161 


D  continued. 

dimidiata.  lycomorpha 34 

pyromorpha 34 

dione.  arctia 225 

phala?iia 225 

dipsaci,  agarista 9 

dipsaci,  alypia 9 

dispar,  procris 180 

DREPANA 109 

E. 

Eavesii.  kodiosoma 69 

ECPANTHERIA 173 

Edwardsii,  arctia .  77 

halesidota 88 

egle,  bombyx 185 

"     enchffites 185 

"     spilosoma 185 

clegans,  ench£etes 189 

EPICALLIA 70 

epimenis,  glaucopis 17 

"          noctua  17 

"  psychomorpha 17,  234 

EUDRYAS 145 

EULEUCOPH^EUS 143 

EUPHANESSA 52 

EUPREPIA 94 

EUSTIXIS 16& 


falsarius,  acolithus  184 

"         procris 184 

fasciola,  limacodes 197 

"        lithacodes.    197 

faiistinula,  cisthene 48 

"          lithosia 48 

fucosa.  hyproprepia 46 

fulva,  kodiosoma 67 

fulvicollis,  ctenucha 21 

"         glaucopis 21 

"         scepsis 21 

fulvicosta.  hypercompa 62 

furcilla,  platycerura 230 

G-. 

GASTROPACHA 112 

gelida,  arctia 223 


INDEX. 


G  continued. 

gelida,  eiiprepia 223 

GNOPH^LA... 35 

grata,  bombyx 147 

'•       cyphocanipa 147 

"       eiulryas 147.  233 

grisea,  cisthene 4!) 

Grotei,  anatolmis 44 

guttata,  agarista .  70 

alypia 70 

"         calliraorpha 70 

"         epicallia 70,  238 

"        pleretes 70 

H. 

HALESIDOTA 87 

HARRISINA   178 

Harrisii,  halesidota 137 

HEMILEUCA 107 

Hopfferi,  gnophoela 38,  23(5 

HYPH ANTRIA 204 

HYPOPREPIA 46 

I. 

imitella,  cydosia 242 

incarnata,  epantberia 86 

intermedia,  arctia 216 

interrupto-marginata,  bombyx  . .  G6 

''                    callimorpha  66 

"                    hypercompa  66 

K. 

KODIOSOMA 67 

L. 

Langtonii,  alypia , 210 

laticlavia,  limacodes 197 

latipennis,  glaucopis 38 

"          spilosoma.   133 

Latreillana,  ctenucha 25 

"           glaucopis 25 

Lecontei,  callimorpha 62,  236 

"         hypercompa 62 

lena,  leptarctia 120,  240 

"     lithosia 120 

LEPTARCTIA 118 


L  continued. 

LEUCARCTIA 98 

leucomelas,  callimorpha 62 

LIMACODES 200 

LITHACODES 196 

Lorquinii,  agarista 12 

"          alypia 12 

lunata,  alypia   15,  234 

LYCOMORPHA 40 

M. 

Maccullochii,  alypia 211 

mariposa,  agai'ista 234 

"         alypia 234 

mendica,  eupbanessa 53 

nudaria 53 

Mildei,  gastropacha  .......  113,  240 

militaris,  callimorpha 62 

miniata,  atolmis 46 

"         lithosia 46 

montana,  sthenopis 105 

multifaria,  apistosia  ? 28 

'•          cteuucha 28 

N. 

nevadenis,  arctia 238 

"          hemileuca 109 

nexa,  cistbene 49 

"       lithosia 49 

nigra,  kodiosoma 68 

uobilitella,  cydosia 162 

'•           tinea 162 

NOTODONTA 115 

o. 

ochroscapus,  ctenucha 29 

(ETA 158 

octomaculata,  agarista 6 

"              alypia.... 6,  210,  233 

"              zygtena 6 

oculatissima,  arctia 175 

"            phal«na 174 

omphale,  segeria 153 

"          cosmosoma 153 

"          glaucopis ...    .  153 

ornatrix,  bombyx 58 


INDEX. 


O  continued. 

ornatrix,  deiopeia 58 

•'        noctua 58 

"         phalfena 58 

•'         utetheisa 58 

P. 

Fackardii,  scepsis 21 

"  hypoprepia 155 

pallida,  crambidla 165 

PARASA 208 

partbenice,  callimorpha 126 

perlucidula,  maltbaca 34 

picla,  arachriis   83 

pbolus,  glaucopis 42 

' '       lycomorpba 42 

"       spbinx 42 

PHRYGANIDIA 90 

PLATYCERURA 229 

porphyria,  balesidota 140 

phegoplera 140 

PSEUDALYPIA 214 

pseuderminea,  arctia 99 

PSYCHOMORPHA 17 

punctata,  antarctia 192 

pnnctatissima,  hyphantria 205 

"  phaUcna 205 

PYROMORPHA 33 

Q. 

quadriguttalis,  alypia 6 

quenselii,  arctia 222 

"          bombyx 222 

quercus,  pbegoptera 88 

R. 

rectillinea,  limacodes 196 

"           lithacodes 196 

Ridingsii,  alypia H 

rubroscapus,  ctenncha 28 

rufula,  arctia 192 

"      nemeopbila 192 

s. 

Sacraraenti,  agarista 10 

"  alypia 10 

salicis,  pbegoptera 102 


S  continued. 

Sanborui,  harrisina 184 

scapba,  limacodes 200 

SCEPSIS 19 

sciuriis,  arctia 188 

scribonia,  arctia 174 

"         ecpantberia 174 

scribonia,  pbaliena 174 

SEIARCTIA 81 

semidiapbana,  glaucopis 21 

siculifer,  drepana 110,  240 

siniilis,  alypia 14 

sobrina,  balesidota 135 

speciosa,  deiopeia 57 

'•         utetbeisa 57 

SPILOSOMA 130 

STHENOPIS 104 

subfervens,  eustixis 168 

"          mieza 168 

•'           niioza 168 

subjecta,  cisthene 155 

superba,  arctia 227 

T. 

tessellaris,  arctia 137 

"  balesidota 137 

"  lopbocampa 137 

texana,  harrisina. 181 

textor,  arctia 206 

'■      euproctis 206 

"       hyphantria 206 

trauslucida,  balesidota 88 

tricolor,  atolmis 46 

"         euleucophfeus 143 

•'        kodiosoma 68 

u. 

umbrata,  cleniensia 167 

undifera,  limacodes 200 

unifascia,  cisthene 156 

unio,  eudryas 149,  233 

"     euthisanotia 149 

UTETHEISA 55 

V. 

vagans,  antarctia 192 

"        arctia 192 


INDEX. 


V  contimied. 

vagans,  phragmatobia 192 

venosa,  ctenucha  31 

"        philoros 31 

vernata,  callochlora 209 

vermiculata,   callalucia 36 

'•             gtiuphfela 36 

'•             lamprosoma 36 

"            omoiala 36 

vestalis,  callimorpha 62 

"        spilosoma 133 

Virginalis,  arctia 70 

"          chelonia 70 

"         epicallia 70,  238 

virglnica,  arctia 131 

"         bombyx 131 

"         ctenucha 25 


V  continued. 

virginica,  sphinx? 25 

"          spilosoma 133 

virgo,  arctia 126 

"      bombyx 126 

"       euplagia 126 

"       phalajna 126 

virguncula,    arctia 218 

"           callimorpha 218 

viridus,   limacodes 209 

vittata,  gnophria 46 

w. 

Walsinghamii,  ctenucha 213 

Y. 

Yarrowii,  arctia 221 


PREFACE. 


The  object  of  the  present  work  is  to  furnish  in  a  compact  form,  good 
colored  illustrations  of  all  the  species  of  ZygcenidcE  and  Bombycidce  found 
in  North  America,  north  of  the  Mexican  boundary;  with  accompanying 
letter  press,  in  which  it  is  intended  to  embody  everything  of  interest  in 
relation  to  each  species,  which  may  have  appeared  in  print,  with  such 
additional  information  as  I  may  be  able  to  secure  from  original  sources. 
There  is  nothing  at  present  which  covers  this  ground.  Many  species 
are  unfigured,  others  have  been  figured  only  in  black  and  white  ;  the 
illustrations  being  at  the  same  time  scattered  through  many  works.  In 
relation  to  the  letter  press,  the  latter  remark  is  equally  true.  The 
synopsis  of  the  Lepedoptera  of  North  America,  by  Morris,  with  appen- 
dix, by  Clemens,  while  a  valuable  vvork,  is  uiulIi  bohinJ  our  present 
knowledge  of  the  groups ;  and  it  is  moreover  unaccompanied  by 
plates,  without  which  the  determination  of  the  species  of  some  genera, 
such  as  Arciia,  is  nearly  impossible.  It  is  hoped  the  present  effort 
will  supply  a  want  which  I  have  myself  seriously  felt  in  studying  these 
groups,  and  which  I  doubt  not,  must  have  been  equally  patent  to  the 
rapidly  increasing  number  of  entomologists  in  the  United  States. 

Many  species  exist  in  cabinets  only  as  unique  specimens  ;  and  a 
large  number  are  so  rare  that  few  possess  them.  The  difficulty  of 
procuring  these  for  the  purpose  of  figuring  them,  will  preclude  the 
possibility  of  commencing  at  the  head  of  the  list  and  figuring  the 
species  seriatim,  in  natural  sequence,  so  that  the  insect  will  be  figured 
as  I  can  procure  them,  precedence  being  given  to  those  that  are  new^ 
or  but  little  known,  an  effort  being  made  however  to  present  all  the 
species  of  a  genus  in  the  same  number,  where  it  is  possible  to  do  so. 
In  the  letter  press  it  will  be  my  endeavor  to  make  the  synonymy 
and  history  of  each  species  as  complete  as  possible,  using  the  original 
descriptions  where  they  are  sufficiently  accurate,  and  adding  thereto 
the  characters  of  the  larv^  and  their  transformations  where  known. 

The  work  will  probably  extend  to  about   thirty  parts,   which  it  is 
intended  to  issue  at  intervals  of  about  six  weeks,  in  octavo  size,  uniform 


with  the  "Transactions  of  the  American  Entomological  Society,"  of 
Philadelphia,  each  part  to  contain  one  plate  colored,  with  the  appro- 
priate letter  press,  and  no  pains  will  be  spared  to  make  the  plates  very 
superior.  As  the  letter  press  will  partake  very  much  of  the  character 
of  a  compilation,  I  desire  to  acknowledge  the  valuable  labors  of  my 
predecessors  in  this  field,  and  to  return  my  sincere  thanks  to  those 
who  have  promised  me  their  assistance,  and  in  the  appropriate  place  it 
will  be  my  pleasure  to  credit  each  individual  with  his  respective  work. 

RICHARD  H.  STRETCH. 
San  Francisco,  June  ist,  1872. 


ZYGCENID^   AND    BOMBYCID^E 


OF 

NORTH     AINIERICA. 


Genus,   ALYPIA,    Hubner. 

"Head  small ;  front  long-,  pilose,  the  scales  surrounding  the  conical 
projection  of  the  clypeus,  but  not  concealing  its  apex.  Antennae  long, 
a  little  thickened  in  the  middle  with  scattered  lateral  setae.  Clypeus 
square,  the  front  margin  very  obtusely  rotund-pointed.  First  and 
second  joint  of  the  palpi  stout,  pilose ;  third  joint  long  slender ;  the 
whole  palpus  porrect,  the  third  joint  passing  beyond  the  front  of  the 
head. 

"  Thorax  more  than  usually  pilose,  especially  the  pro-thorax  and 
patagia.  Wings  short  and  broad.  The  primaries  are  one-half  as 
broad  as  they  are  long,  being  broadly  triangular.  The  nervules  are 
rather  short,  and  arise  at  a  greater  angle  with  the  main  nervures  than 
in  Eudrvas.  Secondaries  rounded,  triangular,  the  outer  margin  full, 
rounded  at  the  apex,  and  also  at  the  internal  angle. 

"The  legs  have  the  first  pair  of  femora  and  tibiaj  densely  spreading 
pilose,  and  stretched  out  in  front  of  the  body,  as  in  some  Notodontians. 
The  hind  pair  of  legs  are  large  and  long,  with  stout  tibiae  armed  with 
two  unequal  pairs  of  spines,  of  which  the  terminal  pair  is  the  shorter. 

"  In  coloration  the  species  are  black  moths  with  large  white  and 
yellow  rounded  patches  upon  both  pairs  of  wings.     *  *  * 

Packard,  Proc.  Ess.  Inst.  April,  1864. 

The  following  is  a  tabulation  of  the  species  found  in  the  United 
States  and  Canada,  to  which  countries  the  genus  appears  to  be  confined. 
a.   Maculations  all  yellow. 

*  Posterior  wings  with  1  spot. 

f  Anterior  wings  with  2  spots.  A.  Sacramenli. 

Anterior  wings  with  3  spots.  A.  Grotei. 

*  Posterior  wings  with  2  spots. 

f  Anterior  wings  with  2  spots.  A.  dipsaci. 


b  ZYGCENID^    AND    BOMBYCID.E 

f  Anterior  wings  with  3  spots. 

Outer  spot  witii  inner  margin  irregular.     A.  Ridingsii. 
Outer  spot  broadly  ovate.  A.  Similis. 

Outer  spot  sub-linear.  A.  Lorquinii. 

*  Posterior  wings  with  3  or  more  spots. 

f  Anterior  wings  with  3  spots.  A.  lunata. 

f  Anterior  wings  with  4  spots.  A,  Mariposa, 

b.  Maculations  of  anterior  wings  yellow,  posterior  white. 

*  Posterior  wings  with  i  spot.  A.  Langtonii. 

*  Posterior  wings  with  2  spots. 

f  Anterior  wings  with  2  spots.  A.  Ociomacidata. 

■j"  Anterior  wings  with  3  spots.  A.  MaccuUochii. 

c.  Maculations  all  white.  A.  Brannani. 

l.-ALYPIA   OCTOMACULATA,    (Pi.  1.,  fig.  7.  ^  ) 

Zygce7ia  octomacidata,  Fab.      (i793)- 

Figured  in  Sm.  Abb.,  PI.  44,  Vol.  i  p.  87.      (1797). 

Alj'pia  quadrigulialis,  Hiibn.,  Ver.  p.  351.      (1816). 

Alypia  octomacidaia,  Hiibn.,  Zutr.  22,    fig.  119.      (1818). 

Alypia  octomacidata,  Harris,  Sphing.  34.      (1839). 

Alypia  octoriiaculata,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  132.     (1862). 

Agarisia  octomaculata,  Boisd.,  Am.    Soc.  Ent.   Bel.  Vol.    12,    p.  68. 

(1869). 
(?  .  ?  . — Head  black,  hairy  ;  sides  of  the  front  with  a  few  long  yel- 
low hairs.  Antennae  slender,  black,  slightly  thickened  in  the  middle. 
Palpi  black,  hairy,  the  basal  joint  covered  with  yellow  hairs,  and  a 
few  shorter  ones  at  the  base  of  the  terminal  article.  Prothorax  hairy, 
black,  yellow  beneath,  at  each  side,  and  very  slightly  so  in  the  centre 
above.  Patagia  sulphur  yellow.  Abdomen  above  and  below  black, 
with  an  indistinct  white  dorsal  line.  Legs  black,  with  orange  colored 
scales  on  the  tibiae  of  the  middle  and  anterior  pairs. 

Wings  deep  velvety  black,  fringes  concolorous.  Anterior  wings 
with  two  large  sulphur  yellow  spots,  the  basal  one  longitudinal  and 
more  or  less  sub-quadrate.  The  apical  one  over  the  nervules,  trans- 
verse, varying  in  shape  from  ovate  to  pyriform.  Posterior  wings  with 
two  white  spots,  the  basal  one  large  and  sub-triangular,  the  apical  one 
much  reduced,  ovate  and  placed  slightly  beyond  the  middle.  Beneath 
as  above. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.30  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.55  inch. 


OF   NORTH    AMERICA.  7 

HahUai. — Northern  Atlantic  States,  (Coll.  generally.)  California. 
(Coll.  Boisduval). 

This  well  known  species  is  abundant  in  the  Northern  Atlantic 
States,  and  Boisduval  states  that  he  has  received  the  pupaj  from 
California.  The  larva  feeds  on  the  grape  ;  the  imago  appears  in  the 
latter  part  of  I\Iay.  The  following  notes  on  the  larva  and  its  habits  are 
extracted  from  "  Harris's  Entomological  Correspondence,"  page  285. 

Larva.  —  "Very  young  specimens  not  more  than  three-tenths  of  an 
inch  long,  were  destitute  of  the  black  transverse  lines  found  in  older 
specimens  ;  they  were  whitish,  tinged  with  dull  orange  red  on  the 
middle  of  each  segment,  and  with  numerous,  irregular,  brownish, 
transverse  lines  between.  The  dorsal  series  of  tubercles,  particularly 
on  the  fourth,  fifth,  sixth  and  eleventh  segments  were  very  prominent, 
acuminated  and  brownish  black;  the  others  were  brown  as  were  also 
the  feet.  The  head  and  top  of  the  first  and  last  rings  were  very 
pale  red,  and  the  dots  were  obsolete  or  invisible  on  these  parts. 
The  side  of  the  eleventh  segment  was  distinctly  marked  with  a 
white,  irregularly  shaped  spot.  The  hairs  on  the  tubercles  were 
distinct,  but  colorless.  As  the  larva3  become  older  and  larger,  their 
colors  become  more  intense  and  with  stronger  contrasts.  The  pale 
orange  bands  become  deep  orange  ;  the  transverse  brownish  lines  and 
the  tubercles  become  deep  black ;  the  head,  etc.,  become  darker 
colored,  and  the  black  dots  upon  it  are  visible  to  the  naked  eye.'" 

Full  grown  larva.  "  The  full  grown  larva  have  a  decided  blueish 
tinge,  entirely  owing,  however,  to  an  optical  phenomenon  from  the  con  ■ 
trast  of  the  white  with  the  transverse  black  lines.  The  head  is  of  pale 
dirty  orange  or  rusty  yellow  with  about  eight  black  dots  on  each  side  ; 
a  semi-circular  plate  on  top  of  the  first  segment  and  the  anal  valves 
are  pale  orange  dotted  with  black.  There  is  a  transverse  series  of 
black  dots  on  the  second  and  third  segments,  without  any  orange 
band.  Each  of  the  other  segments  is  transversely  banded  with  orange 
and  dotted  with  black,  the  dots  being  in  two  alternate  rows,  and  all  of 
them  emitting  distinct,  long  whitish  hairs.  Between  each  of  the  bands 
there  are  six  slender,  continuous,  black,  transverse  lines.  The  points 
are  also  connected  by  interrupted  black  lines.  Legs  at  base,  orange, 
black  externally  and  at  tip,  except  the  anal  pair  which  are  orange 
dotted  with  black.  The  large,  white,  lateral  spot  is  common  to  the 
side  of  the  tenth  and  eleventh  segments.  The  other  lateral  white  spots 
are  situated  immediately  behind  the  bands  on  the  fourth,  fifth,  sixth, 
seventh,  eighth  and  ninth  segments,  the  anterior  spots  being  largest ; 


8  ZYGCENID^    AND    BOMBYCID/E 

and  thence  they  diminish  to  the  ninth,  while  again  the  posterior  spot 
is  very  large,  and  very  distinct.  The  orange  bands  are  interrupted  on 
the  top  of  the  seventh,  eighth  and  ninth  segments." 

Pupa. — The  larva  enters  the  ground  to  undergo  its  transformation, 
constructing  an  earthy  cocoon,  no  silk  being  used  in  its  construction, 
and  only  sometimes  a  little  gummy  secretion.  The  larva  is  full  fed 
about  the  middle  of  July. 

2— ALYPIA  BRANNANI,  N.  S.    (Pi.  l.  fig.  8,  ^  .) 

3  . — Head,  black,  hairy;  sides  of  the  front  with  a  few  long  yellow 
hairs.  Antennae,  slender,  black,  slightly  thickened  in  the  middle. 
Palpi,  hairy,  black,  with  a  few  long  yellow  hairs  on  the  basal  joint,  and 
a  few  shorter  ones  at  the  base  of  the  terminal  article.  Prothorax,  hairy, 
black,  with  a  few  yellow  hairs  in  the  centre,  and  the  sides  and  beneath 
of  the  same  color.  Patagia,  clear  sulphur  yellow.  Abdomen,  above 
and  below,  black,  with  an  indistinct  whitish  dorsal  line.  Anal  tuft, 
black.  Legs,  black,  with  orange  colored  scales  on  the  tibiae  of  the 
middle  and  anterior  pairs. 

Wings,  deep  black,  with  fringes  of  the  same  color.  Anterior  wings 
with  the  costa  swollen  at  the  base,  making  the  costa  distinctly  con- 
cave beyond  the  middle,  much  more  so  than  in  A.  octomaculata. 
The  markings  consist  of  two  white  spots;  the  basal  one  being  sub- 
quadrate,  the  terminal  one  lying  across  the  nervules,  slightly  reduced, 
transverse  and  ovate.  Posterior  wings  with  two  white  spots,  the  basal 
one  moderate,  rounded,  divided  by  the  black  median  vein  ;  the  other 
beyond  the  middle,  reduced  and  sub-ovate.  Beneath  as  above,  except 
that  the  spots  are  somewhat  larger,  the  margins  being  clouded,  and 
less  clearly  defined  than  in  A.  octomaculata.  This  is  especially  the 
case  with  the  basal  spot  on  the  primaries. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.30  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.55  inch. 

Habitat. — California.      (Coll.  H.  Edwards). 

This  insect  was  taken  by  S.  Brannan,  Jun.,  near  Cisco,  on  the 
Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  at  an  elevation  of  about  6,000  feet,  in  July, 
on  the  flowers  of  various  composite  plants. 

While  strongly  resembling  A.  octomaculata  in  the  style  of  markings, 
it  is  easily  separated  from  that  species  not  only  by  the  difference  of 
color,  but  by  the  structure  of  the  costa  of  the  fore  wings,  which  resem- 
bles that  of  the  males  of  A.  Lorquiuii  and  A.  Similis. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


3.-ALYPIA  DIPSACI,    (Pi.  l,  Fig.  1). 


Alypia  dipsaci,  Grote,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc. ,  Vol.  i,  p.  236.    (Plate 

6,  fig.  36,    ?.)     (1868). 
Agarista  dipsaci,    Boisd.,    Am.    Soc.  Ent.   Belq. ,  Vol.    12,   p.   68, 

(1868-9). 

"  ?  . — Resembles  Alypia  octomaculata.  Black.  Head,  black;  labial 
palpi  well  extended  beyond  the  front,  black,  roughly  scaled;  eyes  very 
narrowly  margined  with  pale  sulphur  yellow  scales  before  the  antennal 
insertions,  and  more  prominently  and  continuously  so  beneath. 
Patagia,  pale  sulphur  yellow,  fringed  with  black  hairs.  Abdomen, 
entirely  black,  or  blackish.  Legs,  black;  anterior  and  middle  tibise 
clothed  with  orange  colored  scales;  on  the  anterior  tibige  the  scales  are 
thicker  and  more  prominent,  and  do  not  extend  over  the  lower 
extremity  of  the  joint ;  on  the  middle  tibice  the  orange  scales  are 
shorter,  forming  a  lateral  tuft,  and  include  a  black  dot  near  the  lower 
extremity  of  the  joint ;  the  middle  femora  are  faintly  shaded  with 
orange  inwardly.  All  the  tarsi  are  marked  with  whitish,  the  basal 
joints  most  distinctly.  Antennae,  long,  gradually  thickening  toward 
the  tips,  black,  narrowly  sub-annulate  with  white  over  their  slender 
basal  portion.'' 

"Wings,  black,  with  a  faint  reflection.  Primaries,  with  two  large 
sulphur  yellow  spots ;  the  first  towards  the  base,  smaller,  sub-triangu- 
late ;  the  second  over  the  nervules,  larger,  sub-pyriform,  oblique. 
Secondaries,  with  a  reduced,  basal,  sulphur  yellow  spot,  and  an  outer, 
much  larger  sub-quadrate  patch.  Beneath,  the  markings  of  the 
upper  surface  are  exactly  repeated,  while  the  yellow  of  the  spots  is 
paler.  The  fringes  of  both  wings,  on  either  surface,  are  entirely  black 
and  silky." 

Grote,  Trans,  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  i.  p.  326. 

Expanse  0/  wings,  ?  .  1. 10  inches.     Length  of  body,  ?  .  o.  55  inch. 

Habiial. —Ca.\\{om\^.     (Coll.  H.  Edwards  and  R.  H.  Stretch). 

This  species  is  readily  distinguishable  from  A,  octomaculata  by  its 
smaller  size,  and  the  different  color  and  proportion  of  the  spots  on  the 
secondaries.  The  specimen  in  my  collection  was  taken  by  Mr.  Lor- 
quin,  who  furnished  Boisduval  with  the  specimens  from  which  his 
description  and  that  of  Grote,  quoted  above,  were  drawn.  The  exact 
locality  in  which  they  were  taken  has  not  been  preserved,  though  it 
was  probably  in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas.  Dr.  Boisduval 
states  that  Mr.  Lorquin  has  raised  the  larvae  on  a  species  of  Dipsacus 


10  ZVGCENID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

of  which  he  does  not  know  the  Specific  name,  and  that  pupae  forwarded 
to  him  from  Cahfornia  by  the  same  gentleman,  were  disclosed  in  Paris 
in  the  following  May. 

4— ALYPIA  SACRAMENTI,    (Pi.  i,  fig.  2). 

Alypia  Sacramenti,  Grote,  Trans.    Am.  Ent.  Soc,   Vol.   i,  p.  327. 
(Plate  6,  fig.  38,    ?.)     (1868). 

Agdrisia  Sdcramenti,  Boisd.,  Ann.   Soc.  Ent.  Belq. ,  Vol.  12,  p.  69. 
(1868-9). 

"  ?  . — Size,  large.  Black.  Head,  black;  labial  palpi  well  extended 
beyond  the  point,  black;  inwardly  touched  with  pale  sulphur  yel- 
low scales.  Antennae,  long,  black,  thickened  toward  the  apices. 
Eyes,  narrowly  margined  on  the  front,  before  the  antennal  insertion, 
with  pale  sulphur  yellow,  and  more  prominently  and  continuously 
so  beneath.  Legs,  black,  anterior  and  middle  tibiae  clothed  with 
orange  colored  hair.  Thorax,  black;  the  patagia  and  sides  of  the 
prothorax  are  sulphur  yellow,  the  former  fringed  with  black  hairs. 
Abdomen,  entirely  black. 

"Wings,  ample  black.  Primaries,  with  two  sub-equal  sulphur 
yellow  spots ;  the  first  towards  the  base,  irregularly  sub-quadrate,  iti! 
upper  margin  being  angulated  ;  the  second  over  the  nervules,  sub- 
ovate,  oblique.  Secondaries,  with  a  single  reduced  sulphur  yellow 
spot  shading  to  whitish,  situate  beyond  the  discal  cell.  Underneath, 
the  spots  are  paler,  more  irregularly  shaped  and  notably  larger;  this 
latter  character  is  especially  to  be  perceived  when  the  single  spot  of  the 
secondaries  is  considered;  it  is  here  whitish  and  much  larger,  being 
externally  produced,  than  its  analogue  on  the  upper  surface." 

Grote  (loc.  cit). 

Expanse  of  wings,   ?.  1.30  inches.     Length  of  body ,  ?.  0.55  inch. 

Habitat. — California.      (Coll.  H.  Edwards  and  R.  H.  Stretch). 

The  present  species  sustain  a  similar  relation  to  A.  dipsaci,  with 
that  borne  by  A.  Langtonii  to  A.  Octomaculata.  It  is,  however,  larger 
than  any  of  the  allied  species.  From  A.  Dipsaci,  it  differs  prominently 
by  the  single  reduced  spot  of  the  secondaries;  and  from  A.  Grotei, 
Boisd.,  (a  species  which  I  have  not  yet  seen,)  in  having  only  two 
instead  of  three  spots  on  the  primaries. 

I  am  indebted,  for  this  fine  species,  to  my  friend,  Mr.  Henry 
Edwards,  of  San  Francisco,  who  took  three  specimens  in  July,  1870, 
in  the  neighborhood  of  Donner  Lake,  at  an  altitude  of  6,000  feet 
above  the  sea,   on   the   Sierra  Nevada  Mountains.     Boisduval   says 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  11 

(loc.  cit. )  that  it  is  found  in  the  neighborhood  of  Sacramento, 
which  being  in  a  broad  valley  and  nearly  at  the  sea  level,  would 
indicate  a  wide  range.  Mr.  Edwards  describes  the  flight  as  peculiar, 
the  insect  after  a  flight  of  a  few  yards  dropping  suddenly  among  the 
herbage,  and  when  captured  simulating  death  in  the  net.  This  latter 
characteristic  does  not  obtain  with  any  of  the  other  species  found  on 
this  coast. 

5.-ALYPIA    RIDINGSII,    (Pi.  i,  fig.  3). 

Alypia  Ridingsii,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  3,  p.  521. 
(Plate  5,  fig.  1,    3.)     (1864). 

"3. — Anterior  wings,  black,  with  a  slight  sub-cyaneous  metallic 
tinge;  apex,  produced,  rounded;  costa,  swollen  at  the  base.  A  large, 
sub-triangular,  verj'  pale  yellow  spot  on  the  median  vein,  beyond 
which  is  a  small,  rounded,  similarly  colored  spot  on  the  disc.  In  the 
terminal  space,  is  a  series  of  five  paler,  elongated  spots,  neatly  sepa- 
rated by  the  black  veins.  Posterior  wings,  black;  a  single  moderate, 
pale  yellow,  rounded  discal  spot,  beyond  which,  in  the  terminal  half 
of  the  wing,  is  a  large,  somewhat  ovate,  pale  yellow  spot,  divided  infe- 
riorly  twice  by  the  black  veins.  Fringes  on  all  the  wings,  black,  except 
at  the  apices  of  the  anterior  wings,  where  they  are  marked  with  white; 
under  surface,  resembling  upper.  Head,  palpi;  orbits  of  the  eyes, 
black;  prothorax,  whitish;  tegulce,  thorax,  abdomen  and  legs,  black, 
with  a  blueish  metallic  tinge;  middle  tibiae  with  bright  orange  tufts  on 
their  upper  surface,  not  reaching  the  apex  of  the  joint." 

Grote  (loc.  cit. ) 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.30  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.55  inch. 

Habitat. — ^Colorado  Territory.  Mr.  Ridings.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.) 
California.  (Coll.  Edwards,  Behr,  Behrens,  Stretch. ) 
Nevada.      (Coll.  Eaves). 

Resembles  A.  Maccullochii,  from  Canada,  and  A.  Lorquinii  and  A. 
Similis,  from  California.  Mr.  Grote  (loc.  cit.)  thus  describes  the  dif- 
ference between  this  species  and  A.  Maccullochii:  "The  basal  spot 
on  the  anterior  wings  is  more  triangular,  not  elongated  outwardly,  nor 
divided  by  a  black  line,  the  vein  being  covered  with  identically  colored 
scales;  the  terminal  band  is  broader,  composed  of  five,  instead  of  six 
spots;  the  'whitish  longitudinal  one,  of  the  under  surface  on  the  costal 
area,'  is  wanting;  the  spots  on  the  posterior  wings  are  quite  diff"erent, 
there  being  but  two  spots  in  our  species,  the  basal  one  small,  rounded, 
undivided  and  differently  placed;   the  'costal  streak  is  also  wanting.", 


12  ZYGCENID.E    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

Judging  from  Kirby's  figure,  the  costa  of  the  anterior  wings  in  our 
species  is  more  excavated;  apex,  more  produced  and  rounded;  the 
tegulae  are  black,  not  white,  as  are  also  the  orbits  of  the  eyes.  Mr. 
Walker's  description  contradicts  Kirby's  in  giving  the  middle  tibiae 
only  orange  tufts,  a  character  I  have  given  to  the  present  species  with 
some  hesitation,  the  legs  in  the  single  specimen  I  have  being  imper- 
fect, while  Kirby  describes  A.  Maccullochii  as  having  orange  tufts  on 
anterior,  and  middle  tibiae  like  A.  Octomaculta. " 

From  A.  Lorquinii  and  A.  Similis  it  may  be  readily  distinguished 
by  the  black  patagia,  and  the  shape  of  the  outer  spot  on  the  primaries. 
In  the  two  former  species,  this  is  ovate,  or  sub- linear,  while  in  A.  Rid- 
ingsii  the  spot  increases  in  width  Irom  the  costa  towards  the  inner 
angle,  where  it  is  abruptly  truncate;  and  its  inner  margin  is  irregularly 
concave,  owing  to  the  varying  length  of  the  segments  of  which  it  is 
composed. 

Mr.  Grote's  description  of  the  legs  is  correct,  the  middle  pair  only 
being  ornamented  with  orange  scales.  The  female  from  which  my 
figure  is  drawn,  differs  in  no  wise  from  Mr.  Grote's  description  and 
figure,  except  in  the  larger  size  of  the  disca!  dot  on  the  anterior  wings, 
a  peculiarity  also  common  to  the  females  of  A.  Lorquinii  and  A.  Sim- 
ilis, This  species  was  named  by  Mr.  Grote,  after  Mr.  James  Ridings, 
whose  labors,  in  Colorado  and  elsewhere,  have  greatly  added  to  our 
knowledge  of  North  American  Lepidoptera.  The  type  was  collected 
in  Colorado  Territory  by  Mr.  Ridings;  and  its  subsequent  occurrence 
in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco,  California,  and  at  Virginia  City, 
Nevada,  is  interesting,  as  indicative  of  the  wide  range  of  many  species 
west  of  the  Rocky  Mountains,  not  found  to  the  eastward  of  that  range. 
A.  Lorquinii,  and  Coloradia  Pandora,  Blake,  are  other  instances,  and 
when  the  high  Sierras  of  California  have  been  thoroughly  explored, 
we  shall  probably  find  a  yet  greater  similarity  in  their  faunas. 

6.-ALYPIA   LORQUINII    (PI.  i,  Fig.  i.) 

Alypia  Lorqiimii,  Grote,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  Vol.  i.,  p.  328.      (Plate 

6,  Fig.  39,  3.)     (1868.) 

Agarista  Lorquinii,  Boisd.,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belq.  Vol.  12,  p.  69. 

(1868-9.) 

"  5  . — Allied  to  the  Canadian  A.  Maccullochii  and  to  A.  Ridingsii 

from  Colorado  Territory.      Black.      Head,   black  ;  eyes  prominently 

margined  behind  with  sulphur  yellow  ;  labial  palpi  roughly  scaled, 

black,  prominently  exceeding  the  front ;  maxillae  blackish  ;  antennas 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  13 

black,  terminally  enlarged,  neatly  and  closely  sub-annulate  with  white 
along  their  basal  portion.  Thorax  black  ;  tegulse  sulphur  yellow, 
fringed  with  black  hairs;  abdomen,  black,  with  two  approximate,  dor- 
sal, sulphur  yellow  dots  at  the  base;  legs,  mostly  closely  scaled,  black- 
ish; anterior  and  middle  tibiae,  fulvous;  the  middle  femora  are  also 
somewhat  touched  with  fulvous  inwardly. 

"  Wings,  black,  somewhat  lustrous.  Anterior  wings,  with  the  costa 
swollen,  and  slightly  convex,  centrally  owing  to  the  enlargement  of 
interspace  above  sub-costal  nervure.  Veins,  marked  by  lustrous  scales. 
At  base,  a  large,  sulphur  yellow  patch,  obliquely  margined  outwardly, 
and  straightly  inferiorly,  neatly  divided  by  the  black  median  nervure 
into  dissimilar  portions.  A  rounded  spot  on  the  disc,  and  a  trans- 
verse, sulphur  yellow,  narrow,  elongate-oval  spot  beyond  the  disc, 
neatly  divided  four  times  by  the  black  nervules.  Secondaries,  with  a 
large,  whitish  spot  at  base,  the  black  median  nervure  separating  a 
small  portion  inferiorly.  Beyond  the  discal  cell,  an  elongate,  narrow, 
whitish  spot,  much  as  on  primaries  (but  reversed,  tapering  inferiorly), 
and  divided  three  times  by  the  black  nervules.  Fringes  on  both  wings, 
black  and  lustrous.  On  both  wings  beneath,  the  ornamentation  of 
the  upper  wings  is  reproduced;  the  spots  are  very  pale  yellow;  on  the 
secondaries  the  extra  discal  spot  has  lost  its  inferior  dot,  is  broader  and 
prolonged  above  sub-costal  nervure  towards  the  base  of  the  wing." 

Grote  (loc.  cit.) 

Expanse  of  wings,  $, ,  i.oo  inch.      Lenglh  of  body,    $  0.47  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.   Edwards,  Behr,   and  Stretch.)      Colo- 
rado Territory,  (Coll.  Edwards). 

Mr.  Grote  says  (loc.  cit.):  "Compared  with  three  6  specimens 
of  A.  Maccullochii,  agreeing  with  Kirby's  figure,  contained  in  the  Brit- 
ish Museum  Collection,  and  so  determined  in  the  B.  M.  Lists,  the 
present  species  differs  by  the  sub-terminal  band,  which  is  divided  into 
spots  by  the  black  nervules,  being  much  narrower  on  either  wing,  and 
coming  to  a  point  superiorly  on  the  primaries.  The  discal  spot  of  the 
primaries  is  smaller  in  A.  Maccullochii  than  in  A.  Lorquinii,  and  on 
the  under  surface  the  basal  patch  is  larger.  On  the  upper  surface  of 
the  secondaries,  the  sub-terminal  band  is  composed  of  five  spots  in 
Kirby's  species,  while,  in  A.  Lorquinii,  where  it  tapers  inferiorly,  it 
contains  but  four.  On  the  under  surface,  the  white  basal  patch  in 
Kirby's  species  is  more  extended,  and  the  sub-terminal  band  receives 
one  or  two  accessory  spots,  inferiorly.  Finally,  the  maculations  of  the 
secondaries  are  white  in  A.  Maccullochii,  and  pale  yellow  in  A. 
Lorquinii. " 


14  ZYGCENID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

The  precise  locality  in  which  the  specimens  were  taken,  which  Mr. 
Lorquin  forwarded  to  Dr.  Boisduval,  and  from  which  the  descriptions 
of  Boisduval  and  Grote  were  drawn  up,  has  not  been  preserved.  Boisd- 
uval states  that  he  received  the  chrysalis  from  Mr.  Lorquin,  and  that 
they  were  disclosed  in  Paris,  but  does  not  know  the  plant  on  which  the 
larvae  fed.  Mr.  Henrv  Edwards  took  one  specimen  in  July,  near  Yo- 
semite  Valley,  California,  at  an  altitude  of  nearly  8,000  feet  ;  and  I 
have  seen  one  specimen  captured  by  T.  Mead,  Esq.,  in  Colorado  Ter- 
ritory, on  the  Rocky  Mountains.  It  seems  probable  that,  as  we 
become  better  acquainted  with  this  genus,  the  species  will  be  found  to 
have  a  very  wide  geographical  range. 

7.-ALYPIA   SIMILIS,    (PI.  1,  fig.  5,   5  .)    N.  s. 

3  . — Black.  Head  black.  Eyes,  prominently  margined  behind 
and  beneath  with  pale  sulphur  yellow.  Palpi,  black,  roughly  scaled, 
projecting  prominently  beyond  the  front.  Antennae,  long,  black, 
gradually  thickened  towards  the  tips,  sub-annulate  with  white  on  the 
basal  portion.  Thorax,  black;  two  minute  pale  yellow  spots  on  the 
prothorax;  patagia,  pale  sulphur  yellow.  Abdomen,  black,  with  a 
minute  basal  yellow  dot  above.  Legs,  black  ;  tibiae  of  middle  and 
anterior  pairs,  clothed  with  pale  orange  scales;  tips  of  the  joints  of  the 
tarsi  whitish. 

Wings,  velvety  black,  with  faint  metallic  blue  reflections.  Anterior 
wings,  with  the  costa  swollen,  and  convex  centrally,  owing  to  the 
enlargement  of  the  interspace  above  the  sub-costal  nervure,  the  cen- 
tral portion  of  the  enlargement  being  nearly  destitute  of  scales  and  sub- 
diaphanous.  i\t  base,  a  large  triangular  sulphur  yellow  patch,  much 
produced  towards  the  inner  angle,  and  faintly  divided  into  two  unequal 
portions  by  the  median  nervure;  a  minute  yellow  discal  spot;  and  an 
outer  transverse,  sulphur  yellow,  broadly-ovate  band,  neatly  divided 
by  the  black  nervules  into  six  spots.  The  posterior  wings  have  a 
moderate,  pale  sulphur  yellow,  triangular,  basal  patch,  unequally 
divided  by  the  black  median  vein;  and  an  outer,  transverse,  sulphur 
yellow  band,  broad  on  the  costa  and  tapering  to  a  point  inferiorly, 
neatly  divided  by  the  black  nervules  into  five  unequal  spots.  Costal 
margin,  yellowish  from  the  base  to  the  outer  band.  Beneath,  as 
above,  except  that  the  costal  streak  on  the  secondaries  is  more  strongly 
marked.     Fringes  on  all  the  wings,  long,  black,  and  silky. 

Four  males  correspond  exactly  with  the  above  description,  the  only 
female  I  possess  (from  which  the  figure  is  drawn,)  differs  merely  in 


OF   NORTH    AMERICA.  15 

the  larger  size  of  the  discal  spot  on  the  primaries,  the  absence  of 
enlargement  on  the  costa,  and  in  having  seven  spots  to  the  outer  band 
on  the  primaries. 

Expa7ise  of  wings,  5  1.20  inches,   ?    1.30  inches.     Le7igth  of  body, 
5  .  o.  50  inch,    ?  .  o.  55  inch. 

Habitat. — California.      (Coll.  Edwards,  Behr  and  Stretch). 

Resembles  A.  Maccullochii  and  A.  Lorquinii.  From  the  former  it 
differs  in  having  all  the  maculations  pale,  sulphur  yellow,  those  on 
the  secondaries  of  A.  Maccullochii  being  white,  according  to  Kirby. 
From  A.  Lorquinii  it  may  be  readily  distinguished  by  the  larger  size  of 
the  terminal  band  on  all  the  wings,  which  all  have  one  more  spot  than 
in  A.  Lorquinii,  and  by  the  larger  proportion  of  yellow  in  the 
coloration. 

This  species  has  a  wide  range  in  the  coast  counties  of  California, 
north  of  San  Francisco,  appearing  to  prefer  the  mountain  regions. 
The  enlargement  of  the  costa  in  the  males,  which  occurs  also  in  A. 
Lorquinii,  finds  its  counterpart  in  the  alliecf  Australian  genus  Heca- 
tesia,  where  this  feature  is  yet  more  strongly  marked.  My  friend,  Mr. 
Henry  Edwards,  whose  enthusiastic  labors  have  added  so  greatly  to 
our  knowledge  of  California  Entomology,  first  called  my  attention  to 
this  similarity  of  structure,  as  also  to  the  similarity  of  the  clicking 
noise  made  by  the  males  of  both  these  insects,  when  in  pursuit  of  the 
female  ;  a  noise  probably  produced  in  some  way  by  the  drum-like 
expansion  of  the  costa.  The  imago  occurs  in  May  and  June  ;  has  a 
very  strong,  rapid,  irregular  flight,  and  is  exceedingly  difficult  to  cap- 
ture, as  it  is  found  chiefly  on  the  mountain  sides. 

8.-ALYPIA   LUNATA,    (PI.  l,  fig.  6,  5  .)  N.  S. 

?. — Brownish  black.  Head,  black.  Eyes,  palpi  and  antennae, 
black.  Antennce,  moderately  long,  very  slightly  thickened.  Collar, 
pale  sulphur  yellow.  Thorax,  patagia,  and  abdomen,  entirely  black. 
Legs,  entirely  black,  the  tibiae  of  the  middle  pair  alone  being  orna- 
mented with  orange  colored  scales. 

Anterior  wings,  full,  strongly  rounded  at  the  inner  angle,  with  the 
costa  slightly  concave,  and  much  angulated  at  the  base,  making  the 
head  perceptibly  less  prominent.  A  reduced,  pale  sulphur  yellow, 
triangular  spot  at  the  base.  A  moderate,  quadrate,  discal  spot  of  the 
same  color,  and  an  outer,  transverse,  pale  sulphur  yellow  band,  very 
deeply  emarginate  internally,  giving  it  the  appearance  of  two  pyriform 
spots  united   by  their  smaller  extremities.      Posterior  wings,   with  a 


16  ZYGCENIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

slight  indication  of  a  discal  dot,  and  an  outer  transverse  row  of  three 
pale  yellow  spots,  the  inner  one  large  and  sub-orbicular,  the  two  outer, 
small  and  faint,  and  more  or  less  connected  with  powdery  yellow 
scales.  Beneath,  as  above,  except  that  the  discal  spot  on  the  secon- 
daries is  more  distinct.  Fringes,  long  and  black,  except  at  the  apices 
of  all  the  wings,  where  they  are  white.  All  the  wings  show  a  few 
scattered  yellow  scales. 

Expanse  of  wings,  ?  .  1.65  inches.      Length  of  body,    $  .  0.65  inch. 

Habitat. — California.      (Coll.  Edwards,  Behrens  and  Stretch). 

Allied  to  A.  mariposa,  Grote,  (Trans.  Ent.  Soc,  Vol.  i.)  if  it  be 
not  a  variety  of  the  same  species.  It  differs  from  Grote's  species  (loc. 
cit. )  in  the  following  particulars  :  In  wanting  the  yellow  orbits  to  the 
eyes;  in  having  the  collar  yellow  instead  of  black;  in  having  orange 
colored  tufts  on  the  tibiae  of  the  middle  pair  of  legs;  and  in  the  union 
of  the  two  outer  spots  on  the  primaries  into  one  lunate  spot,  with  the 
extremities  of  the  crescent,  club-shaped.  Three  specimens  agree'with 
the  above  description  so* closely,  that  although  the  difference  between 
this  species  and  A.  Mariposa  are  slight,  they  appear  to  be  constant. 
The  large  elongate  wings  of  this  species,  separate  it  widely  from  all 
the  other  species  of  this  genus,  except  A.  Mariposa,  and  perhaps  A. 
Grotei,  Boisd.     The  latter  insect  is  yet  unknown  to  me. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  17 

Genus,  PSYCHOMOKPHA,  Harris. 

"Body,  slender,  hairj'  at  the  tip.  Palpi,  slender,  nearly  horizontal, 
extending  a  little  beyond  the  clypeus,  covered  with  loose  hairs  so  as 
to  conceal  the  joints.  Tongue,  moderate,  spirally  rolled.  Antennse 
in  the  male  pectinated  on  both  sides,  the  pectinations  rather  short, 
simple  in  the  female.  Wings,  short,  somewhat  triangular,  with  the 
outer  margins  rounded;  discal  areolet  of  the  hind  wings  short,  closed 
by  a  sinuous  vein.  Abdomen,  not  extending  beyond  the  hind  wings. 
Legs,  short,  hairy;  spurs  of  the  hind  tibiae,  three,  slender,  nearly  con- 
cealed by  the  hairs." 

Doubleday,  in  his  letters  to  Dr.  Harris,  (Harris.  Ent.  Corn,  1869, 
pp.  130,  and  137,)  expresses  his  belief  that  this  genus  ought  to  be 
placed  near  Brephos  among  the  noctuae,  stating  on  the  authority  of 
Abbot,  that  although  the  larva  has  the  full  compliment  of  legs,  it 
seems  to  be  a  semilooper  in  its  walk.  Dr.  Harris  seems  to  have  been 
of  the  same  opinion.  The  neuration  of  the  wings  appears,  to  me,  to 
entitle  it  to  the  present  position  to  which  it  has  been  assigned  by  Grote 
and  Robinson,  in  their  catalogue  of  the  North  American  species  of 
these  groups. 

1.-PSYCH0M0RPHA    EPIMENIS,    (PI,  1,  fig.  10). 
Noctua  epimenis,  Drury,  App.  HI.   Exot.   Ins.  HI,  39,  pi.  29,  fig.  2. 

Psychornorpha  epimenis,  Harris. 

Glaucopis  epimenis,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  136.     (1862.) 

Psychomorpha  epimenis,  Clem.,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.,  p.  297. 
(1862). 

Brown.  Head,  thorax,  and  abdomen,  with  all  their  appendages, 
black.  Anterior  wings,  rich  brown,  sprinkled  with  light,  metallic  blue 
scales,  which  form  a  narrow  band  close  to,  and  parallel  with,  the  outer 
margin,  and  marked  with  a  large,  ovate,  transverse,  whitish  yellow 
patch  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing.  The  spot  touches  the  costa,  but 
does  not  reach  to  the  inner  margin,  and  is  notched  on  the  inner  side 
above  the  median  vein.  Posterior  wings,  deep  brown,  with  a  large, 
dark,  orange  red  patch,  occupying  nearly  the  entire  outer  half  of  the 
wing,  scarcely  touching  the  outer  margin,  and  tapering  rapidly  to  the 
anal  angle. 

Beneath,  as  above;  except  that  there  are  dark,  metallic  blue  scales 
on  the  costa  of  the  posterior  wings,  and  none  on  the  anterior  wings, 


18  ZYGffiNIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

except  a  few  along  the  costa.  On  the  anterior  wings,  there  is  also  a 
small,  triangular,  pale  yellow  spot  at  the  base,  between  the  sub-costal 
and  median  veins,  and  a  smaller,  transverse,  quadrate  spot  of  the  same 
color,  which  unites  behind  with  the  angular  projection  of  the  large 
patch. 

Expanse  of  wings,  i  .00  inch.     Length  of  body,  o.  40  inch. 

Habitat. — Atlantic  and  Southern  States.     The  specimen  figured  was 
taken  at  Waco,  Texas. 

"  The  larva, "  according  to  Abbot,   ' '  feeeds  on  Bignonia  radicans, 
and  is  pale,  with  black  lines.'" 

Doubleday.     (Harris,  Ent.  Corn,  p.  13c). 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  19 

Genus  SCEPSIS  Walker. 

"  The  head  is  larger  in  proportion  to  the  rest  of  the  body  than  in 
Ctenucha,  since  it  is  a  little  broader  than  the  prothorax,  while  in 
Ctenucha  it  is  not  as  broad.  The  vertex  is  not  so  thickly  scaled  ;  the 
front  edge  of  the  clypeus  is  broader  and  straighter,  thus  making  the 
whole  clypeus  square;  as  long  as  broad,  since  the  sides  do  not  narrow 
so  much  as  usual  towards  the  front  edge.  Upon  removing  the  scales, 
the  occiput  and  epicranium  are,  together,  equal  in  length  to  the  cly- 
peus. The  occiput  is  transversely  oblong,  and  divided  by  a  mesial 
impression  into  two  halves,  considerably  shorter  than  broad.  The  epi- 
cranium is  subtrapezoidal,  narrowing  rapidly  in  front,  and  bilobed 
anteriorly  by  a  deep,  mesial  impression.  The  two  ocelli  are  situated 
not  on  either  of  the  pieces,  but  just  below  the  antennae,  and  at  each 
side  of  the  suture,  between  the  two  above  mentioned  pieces.  The 
clypeus  is  a  little  longer  than  broad.  At  its  base,  it  is  obtusely  angular 
between  the  antennae  ;  its  sides  narrowing  slightly  towards  the  front 
edge,  which  is  nearly  square.  On  the  basal  half  of  the  piece,  is  a 
narrow  ridge.  Mandibles,  very  slender,  directed  outwards,  with  long, 
fine,  dense  bristles.  Labrum,  small,  equilaterally  triangular.  Maxil- 
lae, well  developed,  reaching,  when  unrolled,  beyond  the  base  of  the 
abdomen. 

"Antennae,  like  those  of  Ctenucha,  but  with  longer  and  more  hairy 
pectinations.  In  the  females,  the  pectinations  are  shorter ;  clavate, 
ending  in  setae,  which  are  more  apparent  than  in  Ctenucha.  Palpi, 
ascending,  acute  and  slender,  reaching  beyond  the  front  by  a  distance 
equal  to  that  between  the  bases  of  the  antennae.  Thorax,  rather  slen- 
der, a  little  longer  than  broad.  The  scutal  pieces  of  the  pro-thorax 
are  united  closely  along  the  medial  suture,  each  half  not  being  so  sep- 
arate or  so  orbicular  as  in  Ctenucha.  The  patagia  are  narrow,  not 
reaching  to  the  end  of  the  meso-scutellum.  Owing  to  the  thin  scanty 
squamation,  the  form  of  the  tergal  pieces  of  the  thorax  can  be  very  dis- 
tinctly seen;  the  meso-scutellum  is  hardly  as  long  as  broad,  and  is  very 
obtusely  pointed  behind.  It  is  much  narrower  and  longer  than  in 
Ctenucha;  so,  also,  the  meta-scutellum,  which  is  rounded  behind,  and 
very  slighdy  produced  into  a  slight  obtuse  angle. 

"  Primaries,  three  times  as  long  as  broad,  being  long  and  narrow. 
Costa,  straight  to  the  outer  third,  where  it  is  curved  slowly  around  to 
the  somewhat  produced  apex.  Outer  margin,  one-half  as  long  as  the 
inner;   very  oblique. 

"  The  costal  nervure  terminates  at  the  outer  third  of  the  wing,  and 
runs  very  close  throughout  its  length  to  the  edge  of  the  wing.     First 


•20  ZYGCENID.E    AND    BOMBYCID.'E 

subcostal  arises  very  near  the  upper  discal  ;  second  subcostal  arises  a 
little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  tirst  subcostal  ;  third  subcostal  is  short, 
and  arises  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  distance  between  the  apex 
of  the  wing  and  the  origin  of  the  upper  discal  nervule.  The  fourth 
subcostal  branches  off  very  near  the  apex,  and  is  very  short,  being  but 
one  fourth  as  long  as  the  fifth  subcostal,  which  last  arises  at  a  less 
angle  from  its  nervure  than  in  Ctenucha.  The  discal  nervures  are 
much  more  curved  inward  than  in  Ctenucha.  The  median,  beyond 
where  it  throws  off  its  fourth  median,  is  bent  upward  exactly  parallel 
with  the  costa.  Though  longer,  the  nervules  are  thrown  off  much  as 
in  Ctenucha,  but  the  distance  between  the  origins  of  the  third  and 
fourth  medians  is  proportionally  greater  than  in  Ctenucha. 

"Secondaries  not  quite  half  as  broad  as  they  are  long,  being  much 
produced  towards  the  apex,  and  behind  reaching  to  the  basal  third 
of  the  abdomen,  Costa  straight,  convex  near  the  base  ;  apex  acute  ; 
outer  edge  nearly  three  times  as  long  as  the  inner  ;  straight  on  the 
outer  half  of  its  length,  but  becoming  a  little  convex  toward  the 
internal  angle,  which  is  well  rounded,  while  the  inner  edge  itself  is 
straight.  The  subcostal  goes  remarkably  straight  to  the  apex,  where 
its  curves  a  little  downward  ;  it  throws  off  a  single  straight  nervule 
a  little  within  the  outer  third  of  its  length.  The  upper  discal  is  a 
third  longer  than  the  lower,  which  is  the  stouter  of  the  two.  The 
three  first  medians  are  very  short,  one  third  as  long  as  the  whole 
median,  the  third  shortest.  First  curved,  second  and  third  straight, 
fourth  curved  downward  near  its  origin.  The  submedian  is  obsolete 
at  its  basal  third,  the  terminal  pordon  being  more  like  a  nervure  than 
a  mere  fold.  It  is  close  to'  the  internal  and  remote  from  the  median. 
Internal  straight,  cutting  off  a  large  triangular  area  comprising  the 
internal  angle. 

"  Legs  rather  long,  slender,  thinly  scaled,  the  spines  minute  and 
weak.  The  hind  legs  differ  from  Ctenucha  in  being  much  more  slender, 
not  at  all  swollen.  There  are  the  same  proportions  in  the  length  of  the 
joints. 

"Abdomen  broad,  and  acutely  pointed  at  the  tip  in  both  sexes, 
with  slight  lateral  tufts  along  the  sides.  The  female  tip  is  more  obtuse 
than  in  the  male,  thus  approaching  female  Procris,  with  its  truncated 
tips,  more  than  Ctenucha  with  its  simple  pointed  tip.  The  genitals  are 
simple,  and  concealed  within  the  eighth  ring  of  the  abdomen.*     There 

*  In  this  place  A.  S.  Packard,  jun.,  suggests  that  the  genital  apparatus  afford  ex- 
cellent generic  and  specific  characters  in  this  family  and  probably  in  many  others. 


OF   NORTH    AMERICA.  21 

is  apparent  a  tergal  piece,  and  a  sternal  pair  of  short  clavate  appendages." 
Packard.  Notes  on  Fam.  Zygoenidag,  Proc.  Ess.  Inst.,  1864. 
This  genus  is  readily  separated  from  Ctenucha,  ''  by  the  curved  palpi 
which  are  considerably  shorter  ;  the  thicker  clavate  pectinations  of  the 
antennae,  the  marked  differences  in  the  neuration,  and  the  slender  hind 
femora.  The  clypeus  is  much  wider,  and  the  mesial  ridge  is  not  so 
prominent  or  so  long  as  in  Ctenucha,  the  clypeus  of  which  narrows 
much  more  rapidly  towards  the  front  edge."     (Packard,  loc.  cit.) 

l.-SCEPIS  FULVICOLLIS,     (Plate  l,  fig.  y). 

Glaucopis fulvicollis,  Hiibn. 

Glaucopis  semidiaphana,  Harris,  Cat.  N.  Am.  Sphing.  38-4.  (1839). 

Scepsis  fulvicollis,  Walk.,  C.  B.  M.  Lep. 

Glaucopis  semidiaphana^  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.   136.    (1862). 

Ctenucha  fulvicollis,  Clem.  App.  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  287.    (1862). 

Scepsis  Packardii,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  4,  p.  308.  (1865). 

5.  ?. — Head  and  antennse,  black.  Palpi,  black,  with  a  few  saf- 
fron colored  hairs  at  the  base.  Prothorax,  above  and  below,  saffron 
colored.  Thorax  and  patagia,  blackish.  Abdomen  and  legs,  blueish 
black. 

Anterior  wings,  smoky  black,  with  the  costa  very  narrowly  edged 
with  ochre,  and  the  disc  somewhat  diaphanous.  Posterior  wings, 
blueish  black  around  the  margins,  the  remainder,  hyaline. 

Expanse  0/  ivittgs,  1.30  to  1.50  inches.  Length  of  lody,  o.  50  to 
0.55  inch. 

Habiiai.—Czn^idTi  West,  (Coll.  S.  H.  Scudder).  California,  (Coll. 
Edwards,  et  als.).  Illinois,  Florida,  [Doubleday  in  Harris'  Ent.  Corr. 
p.  122].  Colorado  Territory,  (Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil., Vol.  4,  p. 
308).     Texas,  (Belfrage). 

This  insect  has  a  wide  geographical  range,  as  will  be  seen  by  the 
localities  quoted  above.  It  was  formerly  abundant  on  the  site  of  San 
Francisco,  but  is  no  longer  to  be  found  in  that  locality.  At  Alameda, 
on  the  opposite  shore  of  the  bay  of  San  Francisco  (California),  my 
friend,  H.  Edwards,  found  it  in  moderate  abundance  in  August, 
frequenting  the  flowers  of  a  species  of  Solidago.  Doubleday,  in  a 
letter  to  Dr.  Harris,  (loc.  cit., )  states  that  he  took  it  in  September,  in 
Illinois,  frequenting  flowers  belonging  to  the  same  genus;  and  what 
is  remarkable,  that  it  used  to  come  to  his  lamps  at  night  in  Florida, 


22  ZYGCENID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

and  that  he  does  not  remember  to  have  taken  a  single  specimen  in 
that  locality  during  the  daytime.  H.  Edwards  describes  the  flight  as 
very  strong,  and  much  resembling  that  of  the  Sphingidae. 

S.  Packardii,  Grote,  was  in  all  probability  described  by  Mr.  Pack- 
ard (notes  on  the  Family  Zygaenidae,  p.  43,  1864)  from  specimens 
which  had  been  captured  several  years,  and  lost  the  freshness  of  their 
coloration.  On  comparing  specimens  taken  near  San  Francisco  dur- 
ing the  past  year  with  others  received  from  the  Atlantic  States,  I  am 
unable  to  detect  the  slightest  difference,  the  blackish  tint  to  the  wings, 
and  blueish  abdomen  being  present  in  both.  I  have  others  taken 
some  years  back,  which  have  acquired,  some  completely  and  others 
in  a  greater  or  less  degree,  the  light  brown  tint  to  the  wings,  and  the 
brown  abdomen,  spoken  of  by  Mr.  Packard  as  peculiar  to  the  Cali- 
fornian  specimens;  and  if  these  differences  were  specific,  by  far  the 
larger  number  of  the  specimens  I  have  received  from  the  Eastern 
States,  would  have  to  be  referred  to  S.  Packardii,  Grote.  After  a 
most  careful  examination,  I  am  satisfied  that  there  is  no  specific 
difference,  and  therefore  give  S.  Packardii,  Grote,  as  a  synonym  for 
the  present  species.  The  figure  accompanying  this  description  is 
drawn  from  a  California  specimen. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 
Genus,  CTENUCHA,  Kirby. 

"In  this  genus  the  front  of  the  head  is  as  broad  as  the  distance 
from  the  insertion  of  the  antenna  to  the  front  edge  of  the  clypeus, 
being  full  and  convex.  Ocelli,  large.  Eyes,  full  and  globose,  of  the 
usual  size.  When  denuded  the  clypeus  is  seen  to  be  short  and  scutel- 
late,  as  long  as  broad,  rising  between  the  antennae  into  a  low  obtuse 
point.  In  front  it  sweeps  rapidly  away  from  the  eyes,  rising  from 
them,  while  the  front  edge  contracts  rapidly,  the  sides  being  slightly 
excavated  just  behind  the  square  sub-truncate  front  edge,  which  seen 
from  below  is  somewhat  arched.  On  the  surface  is  a  slight  mesial 
ridge  extending  and  increasing  in  size  to  the  base  of  the  piece.  The 
two  pieces  behind,  viz:  occiput  and  epicranium,  are  together  in  length 
equal  to  ihe  clypeus,  so  that  the  antennae  are  situated  very  exactly 
midway  from  the  base  to  the  front  of  the  head.  The  "vertex"  of  the 
head  is  clothed  with  much  longer  scales  than  the  frontal  ones  which 
project  out  between  the  antennas.  The  occiput  is  regularly  transversely 
oblong,  being  about  four  times  as  wide  as  long.  The  epicranium  is 
narrow,  sub-triangular,  truncate  in  front;  and  at  its  base  encroaches  a 
little  upon  the  occiput,  than  which  it  is  one  fourth  longer.  The  tri- 
angular labrum  is  short,  broad  and  obtusely  pointed.  Mandibles, 
slender,  being  nearly  twice  as  long  as  broad,  not  very  acute,  with  long 
setae  converging  over  the  maxills  which  are  well  developed,  and  when 
unrolled  reach  to  the  base  of  the  abdomen.  The  palpi  are  long  and 
slender,  of  good  size,  porrect,  somewhat  flexuous  in  their  course, 
curving  downward  at  their  base,  and  then  rising  a  little,  in  front  of  the 
head,  while  their  tips  are  a  little  depressed.  First  joint  nearly  as  long 
as  the  second,  with  long  depressed  scales  beneath,  but  generally  the 
scales  are  fine.  Second  joint  twice  as  long  as  broad,  and  with  the 
third,  which  is  a  little  shorter  and  acute,  reaches  out  in  front  of  the 
clypeus." 

"Antennae,  half  as  long  as  the  primaries,  with  long,  finely  scaled, 
pectinations,  each  of  which  bears  a  terminal  setae.  In  the  female  the 
pectinations  equal  in  length  that  of  the  joints  of  the  antennae." 

"Thorax,  and  body  generally,  stout  and  finely  scaled.  Patagia, 
large,  free  from  the  tergum  beneath,  reaching  behind  nearly  to  the 
posterior  edge  of  the  meso-scutellum,  while  its  posterior  scales  reach 
to  the  base  of  the  abdomen.  The  prothoracic  scales  are  orbicular,  large, 
and  are  unitedly  broader  than  the  head.  Meso-scutum  short,  broader 
than  long,  scutellum  large  and  pentangular,  the  longest  side  being  the 
posterior  edge,  which  is  a  little  convex,  and  scarcely  angulated  in  the 


24  ZYGCENIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

middle.  Wings  broad;  the  primaries  a  little  less  than  half  as  broad  as 
long.  Costa  full,  convex  towards  the  apex,  which  is  rounded  acute. 
Outer  margin  half  as  long  as  the  costa,  more  than  usually  oblique. 
Inner  edge  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  costa.  The  costal  area  is  very 
narrow  in  this  genus,  since  the  subcostal  runs  very  near  the  edge  of  the 
wing,  and  its  first,  second  and  third  nervules  are  very  long  and  parallel 
to  the  costal  edge.  Third  subcostal  simple,  the  fourth  arises  midway 
between  the  apex  of  the  wing  and  the  origin  of  the  second  subcostal. 
Fifth  slightly  removed  towards  the  middle  of  the  discal  area,  arising 
directly  opposite  the  first  and  second  median  nervules,  the  origins  of 
which  are  united,  the  second  being  straight,  while  the  first  and  third 
are  arched,  the  last  one  named  arising  very  near  the  two  first.  They 
then  enclose  a  very  regular  semioval  area.  Fourth  median  arises  at  a 
distance  from  the  third  equal  to  the  length  of  the  two  discal  nervules, 
which  are  straight,  and  unitedly  are  directed  exactly  at  right  angles  to 
the  costa. 

' '  The  secondaries  are  broadly  triangular,  reaching  nearly  to  the  tips. 
The  costa  is  decidedly  convex  within  its  middle;  the  apex  is  produced, 
but  very  much  rounded,  as  in  the  internal  angle,  though  the  inner  edge 
is  itself  very  straight,  and  is  one-half  as  long  as  the  costa.  The  lower 
discal  nervule  is  directed  obliquely  outward,  and  both  are  curvilinear. 
The  space  between  the  first  and  third  median  is  acutely  triangular, 
since  the  nervules  are  nearly  straight. 

"The  legs  are  long  and  slender,  the  hind  tibiae  with  two  pairs  of 
small  acute  unequal  spurs,  of  which  the  inner  pair  are  the  smaller. 
Hind  tarsi  longer  than  the  hind  tibiae,  and  the  first  tarsal  joint  is  a 
little  shorter  than  the  three  succeeding  ones  taken  together.  Abdomen, 
twice  the  length  of  the  thorax,  provided  with  minute  lateral  tufts,  slowly 
tapering  towards  the  tip,  which  is  subacute,  though  not  abruptly  pointed." 

Packard,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  April,  1864. 

The  colors  of  the  genus  are  bluish  black  or  brown  on  the  primaries, 
which  are  usually  concolorous,  but  occasionally  have  the  veins  of  a  dif- 
ferent hue,  and  deep  blue  black  on  the  secondaries,  with  more  or  less 
Vermillion  or  yellow  on  the  head,  collar  and  epaulettes.  The  general 
size  of  the  insects  is  about  two  inches  across  the  win^s. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


25 


The  following  is  a  tabulation  of  the  species  found  in  the  United 
States.     The  genus  also  extends  to  Mexico,  New  Granada  and  Chili. 

a.  Forewings  black. 

*  Abdomen  unicolorous. 

Costa  black       -         -         -         . 
Costa  white  .         -         _ 

*  Abdomen  bicolorous. 

Terminal  5  segments  red  - 
Terminal  2  segments  red 

b.  Fore  wings  brown. 

Patagia  black   -         -         -         - 
Patagia  red  -         -         -         - 

c.  Fore  wings  veined. 

Veins  white       .         .         -         - 
Veins  yellow         .         .         . 

Of  these  species  one  (C.  Virginica)  is  found  only  in  the  Atlantic 
States;  one  (C.  Cressonana)  is  from  the  Rocky  Mountains  of  Colorado 
Territory;  one  (C.  Venosa)  is  found  in  Texas  and  Mexico,  while  the 
other  five  are  from  California,  from  which  it  would  appear  that  the 
Pacific  Coast  may  be  considered  the  natural  habitat  of  the  genus.  The 
species  from  the  latter  locality  differ  slightly  from  those  of  the  more 
eastern  States,  the  anterior  wings  among  other  things  being  somewhat 
narrower,  but  the  differences  are  of  such  a  character  as  scarcely  to 
warrant  their  separation  into  another  genus. 


4. 

C. 

Ochroscapus. 

3- 

C. 

Multifaria. 

7- 

C. 

Robinsonii. 

8. 

C. 

Harrisii. 

I. 

C. 

Virginica. 

5- 

C. 

Brunnea. 

2. 

C. 

Cressonana. 

6. 

C. 

Venosa. 

1.-CTENUCHA  VIRGINICA,    (Plate  1,  Fig.  15.  ?  • ) 

Sphinx?   Virginica,   Charpentier,  Edit.  Esp.  Exot.   Schm.    Sphing. 

Exot.     Plate  2,  fig.  3   3,4   ?•     (1830.) 
Cienucha  Lalreillana,   Kirby,  Faun.  Bor.  Am.  iv,  p.  305,   i.  (428.) 

(1837.) 
Glaucopis  Latrtillana,  Harris,  Cat.  N.  Am.  Sphing.  39,  5.  (1839.) 
Cienucha  Latreillana,  Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Het.  p.  282, 
Glaucopis  Lalreillana,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  136.  (1862.) 
Cienucha  Lalreillana,  Clem.  App.  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  285.  (1862.) 
5. — Front  black.   Vertex  and  sides  of  head,  orange.    Palpi,  orange, 
with  the  terminal  article  black.     Antennae,  black,  with  very  deep  pec- 
tinations.   Prothorax  above,  deep  metallic  blue.    Prothorax  below  and 


26  Zl'GCENIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID/E 

base  of  the  patagia,  orange.  Rest  of  patagia,  black.  Thorax  and  ab- 
domen, deep  cyaneous,  blacker  below.  Legs,  black,  with  metallic  blue 
reflections. 

Anterior  wings,  smoky  black  or  brown,  with  the  fringes  white,  and 
slightly  interrupted  on  middle  of  the  outer  margin.  Posterior  wings, 
deep  blue  black  ;  fringes  white,  interrupted  with  black  near  the  apex. 
Beneath,  entirely  deep  sooty  black. 

$  . — Differs  only  in  having  antennae  with  very  short  pectinations. 

Expanse  of  tvings :  1.90  inches.     Length  of  body  :  0.75  inch. 

Habitat :  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  Canada,  Eastern  and  Middle  States  (Grote.) 
Maine  (Sanborn  and  Packard.) 

This  insect  is  reported  as  having  been  taken  by  Mr.  Grote  in  damp 
woods  near  Buffalo,  N.  Y.,  and  appears  to  be  generally  distributed  over 
the  Northern  Atlantic  States.  Dr.  Packard  says  of  it :  "I  have  taken 
the  moth  late  in  July,  at  Perry,  Maine,  and  early  in  August  at  Bruns- 
wick. It  flies  in  the  hot  sun,  hovering  over  flowers,  and  is  not  difficult 
to  capture,  since  its  flight  is  not  strong  or  rapid.  In  cloudy  days  it 
clings  to  the  stems  of  plants,  and  can  be  easily  taken  with  the  hand." 

Larva. — The  larvae,  from  which  the  following  descriptions  were 
drawn  up  by  A.  S.  Packard,  Jun.,  "were  found  June  6th,  on  the  spears 
of  grass,  which  grew  in  a  sunny  place  upon  a  high  neck  of  land  running 
out  into  Casco  Bay,  Maine." 

"  The  head  is  large,  being  nearly  as  wide  as  the  prothoracic  ring. 
The  verdcal  region  is  largely  developed  and  is  considerably  narrower 
above  than  in  front.  The  epicranium  is  small,  being  nearly  equila- 
terally  triangular,  the  clypeus  is  narrower  than  the  epicranium  is  long, 
and  is  raised,  thickened,  and  its  front  edge  distinctly  convex.  The 
labrum  is  short,  and  divided  into  two  remote  broad  and  short  lobes. 
The  mandibles  are  very  broad,  short,  obtuse  and  thick.  The  labium 
and  maxillae  can  not  very  well  be  made  out  in  my  specimen,  they  are 
fleshy  and  with  no  determinate  form  for  comparison." 

"The  body  is  short  and  rather  thick,  the  rings  moderately  convex, 
and  in  consistence  the  skin  is  softer  and  more  flexible  than  usual. 
On  each  side  of  the  body  are  six  rows  of  tubercles,  the  tergal  ones 
much  the  largest.  There  are  on  each  ring  of  the  abdomen  four  large 
warts,  arrayed  in  a  broad  trapezoid,  becoming  linear  in  position  on 
the  thoracic  rings,  and  on  the  supra-anal  plate.  These  tubercles  give 
rise  to  dense  fascicles  of  evenly  cut  hairs,  which  radiate  out  on  every 
side  so  as  nearly  to  conceal  the  body,  and  give  it  when  viewed  from 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  27 

above  a  regular  broad  elliptical  form,  with  very  even  sides.  The 
eighth  ring  is  not  enlarged,  but  the  body  from  that  ring  tapers  pos- 
teriorly rather  rapidly  to  the  tip,  though  not  by  any  means  so  much  so 
as  in  Eudryas.  The  abdominal  legs  are  short,  thick  and  hairy,  and 
the  thoracic  legs  are  still  more  bristly. " 

"The  hairs  on  the  upper  part  of  the  larvee  are  collected  into  a 
mesial  line  of  slight  tufts.  The  head  seen  from  above  is  concealed 
by  dense  over-arching  hairs.  True  and  false  [abdominal]  legs  covered 
by  lateral  radiating  hairs.  The  outline  of  the  tergum  is  hardly  tufted, 
but  rather  scolloped,  the  scollop  on  the  third  and  twelfth  rings  of  the 
body  being  most  prominent,  becoming  short  thick  tufts.  The  hairs 
when  magnified  are  seen  to  have  long  thick-set  spinules. " 

"  The  specific  characters  are  these  :  The  body  of  the  larva  is  purpl- 
ish livid,  covered  with  white  and  yellow  hairs.  Those  hairs  on  the 
first  two  thoracic,  and  last  two  abdominal  rings  are  all  white.  The 
head  is  a  bright  shiny  red,  black  in  front.  There  is  a  sub-dorsal  and 
lateral  row  of  bright  yellow  elongated  spots,  one  for  each  ring,  which 
are  conspicuous  through  the  hairs.  Thoracic  legs,  black  ;  abdominal 
legs,  reddish,  nearly  concolorous  with  the  head." 

"A  few  specimens  in  the  fourth  [.?]  stage,  i.  e. .  that  next  to  the  last 
moulding,  differed  thus  :  They  are  more  oblong  in  outline.  Those 
hairs  which  in  the  full-fed  larva  were  described  as  white,  are  here 
black.  The  mesial  line  of  scollops  here  become  actual  tufts  and 
black  in  color,  of  which  the  first  and  last  are  the  longest.  The  hairs 
over-arching  the  head  and  tip  of  the  abdomen  are  whitish  gray.  The 
colors  of  the  body  and  the  two  rows  of  yellow  spots  are  the  same  as  in 
the  mature  larva." 

Dr.  Packard  further  states  that  the  cocoon  is  composed  entirely  of 
the  hairs  from  the  body  of  the  larva,  which  are  held  together  by  the 
minute  spinules  with  which  they  are  beset.  "No  silk  is  spun  through- 
out the  whole  operation.  I  afterwards  carefully  examined  portions  of 
the  cocoon  under  the  microscope,  and  could  detect  no  threads  of  any 
kind."  From  a  larva  which  assumed  the  pupa  state,  June  17th,  the 
imago  was  evolved  July  15th.  "The  female  laid  smooth  green 
spherical  eggs  in  a  patch,  side  by  side  upon  the  side  of  the  vessel, 
which  hatched  out  July  28th.  The  young  larvae  were  about  twice  the 
size  of  those  of  Orgyia  when  of  the  same  age.  They  had  large  heads, 
and  the  body  gradually  decreased  in  size  towards  the  opposite  extrem- 
ity. The  hairs  were  sparse,  long  and  rather  uneven,  much  resembling 
young  Orgyise.      It  will  be  seen  that  the  larva  lives  twelve  days  in  the 


28  ZYGCENIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

egg,  about  ten  months  as  a  larva,  since  there  is  but  a  single  brood  in 
the  year,  and  they  must  hybernate  when  two  thirds  grown.  It  spends 
about  twenty  days  in  the  pupa  state,  and  but  a  few  days  as  a  moth." 

2.-CTENTICHA   CRESSONANA,    (Plate  1,  fig.  U,  5  .) 

Ctenucha  Cressonana,   Grote,   Proc.    Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  Vol.  2,  p.  64. 
[Plate  8,  fig.  5,    ?.]      [1863]. 

"Anterior  wings,  blackish-brown  with  the  median  vein,  its  two 
middle  branches  and  the  sub-median  nervule,  striped  with  white. 
Costal  margin,  yellowish  white.  Exterior  margin,  fringed  with  white. 
Base  of  the  wings  tinged  with  metallic  blue.  Posterior  wings,  black- 
ish blue,  fringed  with  white.  Collar  and  thorax,  metallic  blue;  tegulae, 
bordered  with  white.  Head,  orange,  metallic  blue  betw-een  the  eyes. 
Palpi,  yellowish,  terminal  joint,  black.  Abdomen,  metallic  blue 
above,  blackish  beneath.     Legs  and  antennae,  black." 

Grote   [loc.  cit.] 

Expanse  of  tvings.  1.90  inches.  Lerigih  of  body,  0.75  inch. 
Habitat. — Colorado  Territory.  [Coll.  Ent.  Soc,  Phil.,  and  Stretch.] 
For  my  specimen  of  this  fine  species  I  am  indebted  to  my  friend, 
Mr.  T.  L.  Mead.  It  was  named  by  Mr.  Grote  after  Mr.  E.  T.  Cresson, 
of  Philadelphia.  In  relation  to  the  affinities  of  this  species,  Mr.  Grote 
says:  [loc.  cit.]  "  This  species  is  intermediate  between  C.  Latreillana, 
Kirby,  [C.  Virginica,  Charp.]  and  C.  Venosa,  Walker,  and  very  distinct 
from  either.  In  size  it  approaches  the  former,  and  in  the  shape  of 
the  wings  and  markings  of  the  anterior  pair,  the  latter  species.  In  C. 
Venosa,  the  stripes  on  the  anterior  wings  are,  however,  yellow,  and 
there  is  a  third  on  the  sub-costo  inferior  nervule,  which  is  wanting  in 
C.  Cressonana."  There  are  other  slight  difi'erences  in  the  coloration 
of  the  palpi  and  fringes,  but  the  markings  of  the  anterior  wings  sepa- 
rate it  readily  from  its  congeners. 

3.-CTENUCHA   MULTIFARIA,    (Plate  l.  fig.  11.) 

Apistosia  .<=>  multifaria,  Walk.,  C.  B.  M.  Lep.  Het.,  Pt.  2.      [1854]. 
Glaucopis  riibroscapus,  Menetries,  En.  Cor.  Am.  Mus.  Pet,  p.  142, 

Plate  14,  fig.  7-  [1855]- 
Apistosia  ?  jnul/ifaria,  Clem.  App.  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  302.  [1862.] 
Ctenucha  rubroscapus,  Grote,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  p.  33L  [1868-9] . 
Ctenucha  7-ubroscapus,  Boisd.,  Am.  Soc.  Ent.  Bel.,  p.  71.  [1868-9]. 
"  (3  .  Head,  crimson  on  the  vertex,  occiput,  and  between  the  eyes; 
front,  black.      Labial  palpi,  entirely  crimson,  except  the  short  terminal 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  29 

article,  which  is  black.  Antennae,  long,  black,  closely  bipectinate. 
Prothorax,  above,  black,  behind  the  head,  crimson.  Tegulae,  largely 
crimson,  at  the  sides,  outwardly,  these  are  narrowly  and  evenly 
bordered  with  black,  and  fringed  with  longer  hair-like  scales.  Abdo- 
men, brilliant  cyaneous,  changing  to  greenish,  anal  hairs  black.  Legs, 
black  ;  anterior  coxaj,  whitish  ;  middle  femora,  spotted  with  white 
above  the  tibial  joint.  Anterior  wings,  brownish-black  above,  much  as 
in  C.  Virginica;  the  costal  edge  is  entirely  and  markedly  white  from  base 
to  apices,  the  latter  fringed  with  white,  as  in  C.  Ochroscapus.  Fringes, 
black,  except  before  internal  angle,  where  they  are  prominently  white. 
Secondaries,  blueish-black,  much  as  in  C.  Virginica;  the  fringes  are 
white  at  apices  and  before  anal  angle,  elsewhere  black.  Under  sur- 
face, resembling  upper.  Grote  [loc.  cit.] 
Expanse  of  ivings,  1.90  inches.  Length  of  body,  0.60  inch. 
Habitat. — California.  [Coll.  Mus.,  Berol. ,  Stretch,  etals.  ] 
This  species  differs  in  coloration  from  C.  Ochroscapus,  in  having 
the  head  and  patagia  crimson  instead  oi yelloiv,  and  the  costa  of  the 
anterior  wings  prominently  white.  It  is  abundant  round  the  Bay  of 
San  Francisco,  frequenting  low  marshy  places,  and  in  this  particular 
appears  to  differ  widely  from  C.  Ochroscapus,  which  is  a  true  moun- 
tain insect.  C.  Multifaria  flies  in  June  and  July;  is  exceedingly  slug- 
gish in  its  habits,  and  is  frequently  found  clinging  to  the  stems  of 
grasses  and  carices,  from  which  it  may  be  easily  shaken  into  the  col- 
lecting net.  When  worn  and  faded,  the  vermillion  of  the  head  and 
epaulettes  assumes  an  orange  tint,  but  never  the  deep  yellow  so 
characteristic  of  C.  Ochroscapus. 

4.-CTENUCHA    OCHROSCAPUS,    (Plate  1,  fig.  13.) 

Ctenucha  Ochroscapus,  Grote,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc. ,  Vol.  i,  p.  330. 
[1868). 

Ctenucha  Corvina,  Boisd.,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Bel.,  Vol.  12,  p.  71. 
[1868I. 

5.  ?. — SizeofC.  Virginica.  Head,  entirely  orange  yellow.  Labial 
palpi,  shorter  than  in  C.  Virginica,  and  held  porrectedly  against  the 
front;  the  short  terminal  article  is  black,  while  the  basal  joints  are 
entirely  orange  yellow.  Antennae,  long,  black,  closely  bipectinate; 
in  the  ^  the  pectinations  are  larger  than  in  the  $  ,  but  shorter  than  in 
C.  Virginica  ? .  Collar,  dark  cyaneous,  bordered  anteriorly  and 
laterally  with  powdery  orange  yellow  scales,  which  also  obtain  obso- 


30  ZYGCENID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

lately  centrally.  Sides  of  the  prothorax,  orange  yellow.  Tegulae, 
largely  orange  yellow,  narrowly  and  evenly  black  on  the  sides  out- 
wardly. Thoracic  disc,  dark  cyaneous.  Abdomen,  above,  bright 
cyaneous;  beneath,  black.  Legs,  black;  in  the  6,  inwardly  shaded 
with  obscure  whitish,  Anterior  wings,  dull  black,  with  a  faint  C3'an- 
eons  shade  at  base,  immaculate.  Fringes,  black,  except  at  apices, 
where  they  are  prominently  white,  and  are  again  faintly  whitish  before 
anal  angle.  Secondaries,  black,  shaded  with  cyaneous  centrally  and 
over  internal  margin;  fringes,  black,  except  at  the  apices,  where  they 
are  white.     Under  surface,  resembles  upper,  but  more  brownish." 

Grote  [loc.  cit.] 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.80  inches.     Length  of  hodv,  0.60  inch. 

Habilal. — California.      [Coll.  Mus.  Berol.;  H.  Edwards;  Stretch.] 

Grote  says  of  this  species  :  "  C.  Ochroscapus  and  C.  Multifaria  differ 
from  C.  Virginica,  and  C.  Cressonana  in  that,  the  head  is  slightly 
narrower  behind,  while  the  labial  palpi  are  somewhat  shorter  and  por- 
rected.  These  differences  do  not  seem  to  authorize  their  generic 
separation,  since  in  the  totality  of  their  remaining  characters  they 
agree  with  the  typical  species  of  the  genus,  wnich  they  resemble  in 
form,  size,  and  in  the  style  of  ornamentation."      [Grote.  loc.  cit.] 

I  have  seen  but  three  specimens  of  this  species,  and  these  were 
taken  by  my  friend,  Henry  Edwards,  Esq.,  at  an  altitude  of  about 
4,500  feet,  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  in  the  neighborhood  of 
the  Yosemite  Valley,  in  July,  1S71.  It  was  found  in  company  with 
G.  Hopfferi,  frequenting  streams  and  water  courses,  and  did  not 
appear  to  be  rare,  but  exceedingly  wild  and  rapid  in  its  flight,  and 
difficult  to  capture.  It  alighted  frequently  on  the  flowers,  but  was 
easily  disturbed.  These  habits  are  very  different  to  those  of  its  nearest 
ally,  C.  Multifaria,  and  serve  to  add  additional  value  to  the  specific 
characters  as  here  given.  These  differences  of  flight,  are  often  of 
great  use  in  helping  us  to  draw  the  line  of  specific  differences,  and 
should  be  more  frequently  observed  than  appears  to  have  been  the  case 
heretofore. 

6.-CTENUCHA  BRUNNEA   N.  s. 

(3  .  $  . — Front,  black.  Palpi,  except  the  terminal  joint  which  is 
black,  occiput,  hind  margin  of  the  eyes,  and  internal  margin  of  the 
patagia,  bright  scarlet.  Thorax  and  abdomen,  bright  metallic  blue. 
Legs,  blackish,  with  the  tips  of  the  tibia?  whitish.  Antennae,  long,  and 
deeply  pectinated  in  the  male. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  31 

Anterior  wings,  clear  pale  brown,  with  the  veins  and  all  the  mar- 
gins of  the  wings  blackish,  and  a  few  steel  blue  scales  at  the  base. 
Extreme  costa  and  fringes,  white,  interrupted  with  dusky  about  the 
middle  of  the  outer  margin.  Posterior  wings,  velvety  black,  with 
metallic  blue  reflection^;  fringes,  white,  interrupted  near  the  anal  and 
apical  angles  with  blackish.  Beneath,  as  above,  except  that  the 
anterior  wings  have  a  deeper  tint,  and  the  posterior  wings  are  browner 
than  above. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  1.90  inches.      Length  of  body,  0.60  inch. 

Habitat. — -California.      [Coll.  Behr,  H.  Edwards  and  Stretch.] 

This  fine  species  was  taken  by  Dr.  Behr,  of  San  Francisco,  in  Marin 
County,  California,  on  the  slopes  of  Mount  Tamalpais,  and  I  am 
indebted  to  him  for  the  specimen  in  my  collection.  While  more 
allied  to  C.  Multifaria  and  C.  Ochroscapus,  than  the  other  members  of 
the  genus,  it  is  abundantly  distinct  from  either.  It  was  taken  in  swampy 
localities,  sitting  on  the  stems  of  carices,  and  shows  but  very  little  ten- 
dency to  vary  in  its  coloration,  as  the  inspection  of  some  ten  specimens 
proves.  This  insect  is  also  found  on  San  Miguel  Island,  off  the 
coast  of  California,  my  friend,  W.  Harford,  having  taken  a  number  of 
specimens  in  that  locality. 


6.-CTENUCHA  VENDS  A,    (Plate  1,  fig.  12,    ^  .) 

Philoros  vetiosa.  Walk.,  C.  B.  M.  Lep.  Het.,  1854. 

Cfenucha  venosa,  Clem.  App.  Syn.  Lep.  N.  A.,  p.  286.  [1862.] 
3. — Antennae,  black.  Front,  metallic  greenish  blue.  Vertex, 
Vermillion  red.  Eyes,  black.  Palpi,  black,  with  a  few  red  and  orange 
scales  on  the  basal  joint  beneath.  Patagia,  blackish,  narrowly  bor- 
dered in  front  and  on  the  inner  margin  with  yellow.  Legs,  black, 
with  greenish  reflections  on  the  femorae.  Thorax,  blackish  above; 
beneath,  with  greenish  reflections.  Abdomen,  sericeous  green  above, 
blacker  beneath. 

Anterior  wings,  brownish  black,  with  a  greenish  bloom,  with  three 
longitudinal  yellow  stripes,  the  first,  abbreviated,  on  the  sub-costo 
inferior  nervule;  the  second  on  the  median  nerve,  forking*  on  its  two 
middle  branches;  the  third  on  the  internal  vein;  the  two  latter  both 
originate  at  the  base  of  the  wing,  but  none  of  the  stripes  reach  the 
outer  margin.  Costa,  narrowly  edged  with  yellow  on  the  basal  two- 
thirds,  with  white  on  the  apical  third.     Fringes,   white,    interrupted 


32  ZYGCENID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

with  black  on  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin.  Posterior  wings,  black, 
with  greenish  reflections  at  the  base.  Fringes,  white,  interrupted  on 
the  outer  margin  with  black. 

Beneath,  slaty  black,  with  a  greenish  bloom,  and  green  reflections 
at  the  base  of  the  posterior  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.55  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.55  inch. 

Habitat, — Texas.  [Coll.  Capt.  Pope,  Smith.  Inst.]  Mexico.  [Coll. 
Behr,  Edwards,  Stretch,  etc.] 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  33 


ZYGJENIN51. 
Genus  PYROMORPHA,    H.  S. 

"Head  moderate,  free,  vertex  rather  elongated,  smooth;  ocelli 
large.  Face  moderately  broad,  rounded,  slightly  protuberant.  Eyes 
rather  small,  scarcely  prominent.  Antennae  with  bases  almost  united, 
rather  thick,  but  tapering  at  the  tips,  pectinated.  Palpi  extremely 
short.     Tongue  about  half  as  long  as  the  thorax  beneath. 

"Fore  wings  rather  broad,  ovate;  the  discal  cell  broad,  behind 
fusiform.  The  subcostal  vein  sends  two  short,  nearly  erect,  marginal 
nervules  to  the  costa;  and  from  the  superior  angle  of  the  disc,  arise 
two  long  nervules,  on  a  short,  common  stalk,  the  lower  one  of  which 
is  the  apical,  but  delivered  rather  above  the  tips.  The  discal  vein  is 
rather  faint,  and  gives  rise  to  two  disco-central  nervules,  the  upper  one 
rather  on  the  costal  side  of  the  wing.  Median  vein,  four-branched; 
the  posterior  nervule  arising  a  little  behind  the  first  marginal  branch. 
The  fold  is  thickened,  and  the  sub-median  shortly  forked  at  the  base. 
Hind  wings  ovate,  as  broad  as  the  fore  wings,  and  in  length  equal  to 
that  of  the  body,  without  costal  vein.  Sub-costal  is  furcate,  the  lower 
branch  giving  rise,  at  an  obtuse  angle,  to  a  thickened  discal  vein,  which 
is  angulated  above  the  medio-superior  nervule,  where  it  receives  the 
discal  fold,  and  above  this  is  given  off  a  single  disco-central  nervule. 
Median  vein  four-branched,  with  branches  equi-distant,  except  the  two 
superior  ones. 

"  Body  slender,  cylindrical.  Patagia  minute,  rolled.  Abdomen 
not  tufted  at  the  tips  or  on  the  sides,  about  one-half  the  length  of  the 
body  beneath.  Legs  slender;  fore  tibiae,  with  a  short,  concealed  spur 
on  its  middle;  hind  tibi^,  with  two  extremely  minute  apical  spurs. 

C/em.  App.  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am. 


34  zyGJEmDM  and  bombycidjE 

l.-PYROMORPHA  DIMIDIATA.     (PI.  2,  fig.  14.) 

Pyromorpha  dimidiata,  H.  S. ,  Lep.  Ex.  Sp.  Nov.  Ser.  I,  fig.  222. 
Mallhaca perlucidula,  Clem.  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  54 1 .  ( 1 860.) 
Malthaca perlucidula,  Morris,  Syn,  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  134.      (1862.) 
Malihaca perlucidula,  Clem.  App.  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  28S.      ( 1862. ) 
Lycomorpha  dimidiata,  Clem.  App.  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  288.    ( 1 862. ) 

3  .  ?  . — Entire  insect  smoky  black,  except  the  basal  half  of  the  pri- 
maries above  the  fold,  and  the  costa  of  the  secondaries  from  the  base  to 
the  middle,  which  are  luteous.     Wings  somewhat  diaphanous. 

Expanse  of  wings,  0.95  inch.     Length  of  body,  0.32  inch. 

Habitat. — Atlantic  and  Western  States.  "Illinois,  Mr.  Kennicott, 
Maryland,  Dr.  Morris."  Morris. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  35 


ZYGJENIDJE. 

ZYG^ffiNINJl. 

Genus  GNOPHSILA.    walker. 

"  Head  moderate,  rather  small,  as  are  the  eyes,  which  are  not  very 
full;  clypeus  globose,  swollen,  projecting  in  front;  two  occelli,  before 
and  between  which  the  epicranium  is  roundedly  elevated,  rising  to  a 
ridge  behind;  maxillae  moderately  developed,  when  unrolled,  not  so 
long  as  the  thorax.  Palpi  slender,  extending  beyond  the  head,  held 
nearly  horizontally  and  on  a  plane  with  the 
body,  third  article  somewhat  depressed,  not 
pointed.  Antennas  of  the  male  somewhat 
shorter  than  those  of  the  female,  finely  bipec- 
tinate,  the  pectinations  tapering  just  before 
the  tip,  and  are  more  separated  and  fewer, 
compared  with  the  male  antennas  in  Ctenu- 
cha.  In  the  female  the  pectinations  are  shorter  and  stouter,  bearing 
terminal  setae.  Legs  unarmed  and  finely  scaled.  Abdomen  some- 
what exceeding  posterior  wings.  Quite  similar  in  external  conforma- 
tion in  both  sexes. 

"Anterior  wings  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad;  costal  margin 
straight,  slightly  depressed  before  costal  angle;  external  margin  round- 
ed, not  very  oblique;  internal  margin  straight.  Discal  space  open; 
sub-costal  nervure  arcuated  before  the  apex,  crowding  the  nervules  to- 
gether; first  and  second  sub-costal  nervules  approximate  at  base  ;  third 
being  short,  throwing  off  a  branchlet  just  before  the  margin;  second 
thrown  off  before  the  fifth,  on  the  opposite  side  of  the  vein,  while  in 
Clenucha  it  arises  much  beyond;  apical  interspace  widening  towards 
costa;  fifth  sub-costal  nervule  thrown  off  directly  from  the  nervure,  not 
removed  as  in  Clenucha,  towards  the  middle  of  the  discal  area.  First 
and  second  median  nervules  united  at  base;  second  greatly  nearer  the 
first  than  the  third,  which  latter  is  bent  downwards;  fourth  much  re- 
moved from  third.  Sub-median  nervure  perfectly  straight,  and  parallel 
with  internal  margin. 

"  Posterior  wings  nine  veined;  discal  space  partially  closed,  the  vein 
becomins:  towards  the  centre  a  mere  thickening  of  the  membrane. 


36  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

The  costal  nervure  is  perfectly  straight,  sending  off,  immediately  at 
base,  the  upper  discal  nervure,  which  is  slighter,  nearly  straight,  and 
throws  off  a  nervule  near  external  margin.  Lower  discal  nervule 
(median)  nearly  straight;  the  third  median  nervule  springing  from 
the  second,  its  origin  further  removed  towards  the  external  margin  than 
that  of  the  first.  Sub-median  nervure  curvilinear,  much  removed 
from  median  ;  internal  nervure  arising  from  the  base  of  the  wing, 
straight,  short. 

"The  ornamentation  is  black,  with  sub-cyaneous  abdominal  and 
alar  shades  ;  the  veins  are  black,  regularly  defining  large  white  * 
patches  on  both  wings.  The  insect  (G.  Vermiculata)  mimics  the  but- 
terfly Stalachtis  heliconoides,  H.  S.  The  thoracic  and  capital  tegument, 
when  denuded  of  scales,  is  pitch  black,  shining,  as  are  the  veins. 
Where  the  wing  scales  are  black,  the  membrane  beneath  is  of  a  pale, 
blackish  hue;  where  they  are  white  it  is  pale  yellowish.  The  pro- 
thorax  beneath,  and  the  anterior  femora  above,  are  covered  with 
orange-yellow  hairs,  as  in  allied  genera,  but  these  do  not  spread  on 
the  occiput  above. 

"Allied  to  Qenucha,  Kirby,  than  which  I  consider  it  of  higher  value. 
In  that  genus,  the  6  antennal  pectinations  are  more  numerous  and 
the  stock  longer.  The  palpi  in  Callalucia  ( Gnophala,  Walker, )  are 
shorter,  not  so  flexuous,  and  third  article  is  differently  shaped,  though 
somewhat  similarly  held.  The  nervulation  differs  much  from  Ctenu- 
cha,  since  the  third  subcostal  nervule  is  furcate;  discal  space  open.  In 
Ctenucha,  the  posterior  wings  are  seven-veined,  first,  second  and  third 
nervules  of  the  lower  discal  vein  springing  from  one  point,  and  the 
costal  and  internal  nervules  are  wanting. " 

Grok,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  4,  p.  315.      (1865.) 

The  above  diagnosis  is  drawn  from  G.  vermiculata,  and  appeared 
under  the  name  of  Callalucia,  Grote,  which  equals  Gnophccla,  Walker. 

l.-GNOPHJELA  VERMICULATA.    (PI.  2,  fig.  l.) 

Omoiala  vermiculata,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  2,  p.334.  ( 1 863.) 
Laynprosoma  vermiculata,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  2,  pi.  6. 

fig.  I,  6.     (1863.) 
Callalucia  vermiculata,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  4,  p.  3 1 6.    (1865) 
Gnophccla  vermiculata,  Grote,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vol.  i ,  p.  33  2.  ( 1 868) 

*  White  must  be  unintentional;    both  species  are  yellow. — R.  H.  S. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  37 

$  .  $  . — Black  and  yellowish  white.  Palpi  black.  Head  black, 
with  scattered,  whitish  scales  on  the  front,  vertex,  and  behind  the  eyes. 
Prothorax  and  patagia  black,  with  scattered  whitish  hairs.  Prothorax 
beneath,  clothed  with  orange  hairs,  which  color  also  extends  between 
the  anterior  pair  of  legs.  Thorax  and  abdomen  black,  with  deep, 
blueish  reflections,  the  latter  ornamented  with  a  very  narrow,  white, 
stigmatal  line.  Legs  black,  with  a  few  whitish  scales  about  the  tips  of 
the  joints,  tibial  spurs  of  the  posterior  pair  white. 

Wings  black,  with  large,  semi-diaphanous,  yellowish  white  spots. 
Anterior  pair,  with  a  large  discal  spot  divided  into  three  parts  by  the 
black  median  vein  and  its  fourth  branch.  Of  these,  the  upper  lies  in 
the  discal  area,  terminating  somewhat  obliquely  at  the  origin  of  the 
first  median  nervule,  and  reaching  rather  more  than  halfway  to  the 
base  of  the  wing.  The  lower  lies  beneath  the  median  vein,  and  is 
bounded  by  the  fold  in  the  interspace;  it  extends  nearly  to  the  base  of 
the  wing,  and  terminates  on  the  fourth  median  nervule,  midway  be- 
tween its  origin  and  the  outer  margin  of  the  wing.  The  middle  spot 
lies  between  the  median  vein  and  its  fourth  nervule,  and  is  sharply  an- 
gulated  outwardly.  There  is  in  addition,  a  broad,  oblique,  cur\'ed 
transverse  band  across  the  nervules,  neatly  divided  by  the  black  nerv- 
ules  into  four  unequally  oblong  spots.  Fringes  black,  very  slightly 
white  at  the  apices. 

Secondaries  with  a  large  discal  patch  lying  between  the  sub-costal 
vein  and  the  sub-median  fold,  and  terminating  outwardly,  about  half 
way  between  the  origin  of  the  nervules  and  the  outer  margin  of  the 
wing.  Veins  and  nervules  black.  Fringes  black,  whitish  at  the  apex 
and  anal  angle. 

Expmtse  of  wings,  1.75  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.70  inch. 

Habitat. — Colorado  Territory.     (Ridings  and  Mead.) 

Of  the  habits  of  this  well  marked  species,  I  can  learn  but  little, 
except  that,  like  its  cogener,  G.  Hopfferi,  it  is  abundant,  though  local. 
The  specimen  from  which  the  figure  was  drawn,  was  one  of  sixteen 
which  my  friend,  T.  L.  Mead,  had  in  his  net  at  the  same  time.  These 
were  taken  on  one  spot  in  a  few  minutes,  and  during  the  balance  of  a 
season's  collecting,  he  met  but  one  other  specimen.  The  original  type 
was  collected  by  Mr.  James  Ridings.  It  has  not  occurred,  so  far  as  I 
know,  outside  of  the  locality  named. 


38  ZYGiENIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDyE 

2.-GN0PH^LA  HOPFFERI.    (Pi.  2,  fig.  2.) 
?  Glaucopis  lahpenm's,  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal,  p.  27.      (1852.) 
Gnophccla  Hopfferi,   Grote,   Trans.   Am.   Ent.   Soc,   vol.  i,  p.  332. 
(1868.) 

"  (5  .  $  . — Size  large.  Head  black.  Labial  palpi  black,  except  at 
base,  where  they  are  powdered  with  orange-yellow  scales.  Sides  of  the 
pro-thorax  orange  yellow,  which  color  extends  between  the  anterior 
legs  at  base.  Legs  black,  slighdy  touched  with  white  ;  the  minute 
spurs  on  middle  and  hind  tibise  are  white.  Thoracic  region,  above 
and  beneath,  black.  Abdomen  cyanous  black;  a  white,  lateral,  stig- 
matal  line,  as  in  G.  vermiculata.  Wings  large  and  full.  Primaries 
trigonate,  brownish  black,  with  three  dull,  lemon-yellow  spots  at  the 
middle,  divided  by  the  median  nervure  and  its  fourth  nervule;  between 
this  latter  at  base,  and  the  continuation  of  the  nervure,  the  outer  and 
smallest  is  placed.  The  upper  spot,  at  the  outer  extremity  of  the  discal 
cell,  is  restricted  as  in  G.  sequinoctialis.  Over  the  nervules,  terminally, 
is  an  oblique  series  of  four  interspaceal,  unequal,  ovate,  yellow  spots, 
of  which  the  second  and  largest  is  placed  opposite  the  discal  cell;  these 
spots  are  further  apart  than  in  G.  ^quinoctialis  or  G.  vermiculata. 
Secondaries  resembling  primaries  in  coloration  and  ornamentation, 
but  with  a  very  faint  bluish  reflection.  A  large  central,  yellow  patch, 
analagous  to  the  spots  at  the  middle  of  primaries,  is  divided  by  the 
median  nervure  into  two  unequal  spots,  while  the  third,  at  the  base  of 
the  fourth  median  nervule,  is  obsolete.  Two  ovate  yellow  spots  are 
situated  opposite  the  disc,  and  are  separated  by  the  black,  first  median 
nervule.  Under  surface  of  both  wings  resembling  upper.  The  fringes 
on  either  pair  are  black,  faintly  touched  with  white  at  the  apices  of  pri- 
maries and  costal  angles  of  secondaries."  (Grote,  loc.  cit. ) 

Expanse  of  ivings,  5  ,  2.10;   ?  2.30  inches.    Length  of  body,  $  ,  0.75; 

$  ,  0.80  inch. 
Habitat. — California.      (Coll.  Edwards,  Behrens,  Behr,  etc.)     (Coll. 

Mus.  Berol.,  and  Dr.  Felder,  Vienna,  auth.  Grote. ) 

This  fine  species  was  named  by  Mr.  Grote  after  Mr.  C.  Hopffer, 
the  well-known  Lepidopterist  of  Berlin.  It  was  readily  distinguished 
from  G.  vermiculata,  by  its  superior  size,  the  deeper  tint,  of  the  yellow 
markings  and  the  larger  proportion  of  black  in  the  coloration  ;  the  ex- 
ternal marsfin  of  the  secondaries  is  also  more  angulated  than  in  the  lat- 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  39 

ter  species.  Glaucopis  latipennis,  Boisd.,  (Am.  See.  Ent.  Belg.,  vol.  12, 
p.  27,  1868-9),  ^'"''^  Morris  (Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  136),  is  probably 
the  present  species,  but  the  description  is  too  vague  to  make  the  deter- 
mination absolute  without  inspection  of  the  types.  The  insect  is  found 
in  the  foot-hills  of  the  Sierra  Nevadas,  and,  though  apparently  local, 
is  not  uncommon  where  it  occurs. 

Since  the  above  was  in  type  I  have  seen  a  series  of  fine  specimens  of 
this  insect  in  the  collection  of  Lord  Walsingham,  taken  by  him  in 
Oregon  during  his  recent  visit  to  this  coast.  They  differ  in  no  wise 
from  those  found  in  California. 


40  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCID^E 


ZYGEmDE. 

ZYGM^IDE. 

Genus    LYCOMOKPHA,    Harris. 

"  The  front  of  the  head  is  provided  with  long  scales  extending  to  the 
base  of  the  maxilte.  When  the  head  is  denuded,  the  clypeus  is  broadly 
scutellate,  the  length  being  equal  to  the  breadth,  with  the  basal  margin 
produced  backwards,  and  encroaching  more  on  the  epicranium  than 
usual.  The  front  edge  contracts  suddenly  into  a  square  portion  resting 
above  the  mandibles  and  maxillae.  The  epicranium  is  small  and  short, 
deeply  impressed  by  a  mesial  line  and  divided  thereby  into  two  trian- 
gular halves  ;  while  the  occiput  is  transversly  oblong,  being  twice  as 
broad  as  long. 

"  The  antennae  have  short  setiferous  densely  scaled  pectinations  ;  in 
the  female  they  are  serrated,  the  teeth  terminating  in  single  seta?. 
Mandibles  rather  long  and  slender,  projecting  out  beyond  the  scales 
of  the  front. 

"  The  body  of  this  genus  is  long  and  narrow,  slender.  The  thorax 
is  narrow,  and  the  pleurae  of  each  thoracic  segment  are  very  oblique. 
Pro-thoracic  scales  (being  the  two  halves  of  the  pro-scutum)  ovate 
elliptical.  The  meso-scutum  is  remarkably  small,  being  shorter  than 
broad,  and  no  longer  than  the  scutellum,  which  is  of  much  greater 
length  than  usual.  The  form  of  this  last  piece  is  much  different  from 
what  we  find  in  Cieniicha.  In  form  it  is  pentagonal,  the  front  edge  be- 
ing transverse,  the  two  posterior  sides  forming  a  triangle,  while  the 
two  anterior  sides  are,  though  nearly  parallel,  yet  slightly  divergent. 

"  Wings  remarkably  long  and  narrow  ;  primaries  nearly  three  times 
as  long  as  broad,  being  remarkably  long  and  narrow  as  in  the  Lithosiae. 
Costa  straight  as  far  as  the  apex,  which  is  much  rounder  than  usual 
as  is  also  the  internal  angle,  while  the  inner  edge  is  but  one-fourth 
shorter  than  the  costal.  The  nervules  arise  remark- 
ably equidistant,  and  their  origins  are  much  shorter 
'and  nearer  the  outer  edge  than  in  the  allies  of  the 
genus.  The  short  subcostal  nervules  run  rapidly  to 
the  costal  edge.     First,   second  and  fifth  of  equal 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  41 

lengths,  the  thin!  not  branched  and  equal  in  length  to  the  fourth, 
while  the  origins  of  each  are  opposite  the  inner  third  of  the  fifth, 
which  arises  near  the  middle  of  the  discal  space.  Two  discal  nervules 
of  equal  length  meet  to  form  an  angle  pointing  inwards,  from  which  a 
fold  is  thrown  inwards  along  the  middle  of  the  discal  space.  Median 
nervules  much  straighter  than  usual,  their  interspaces  oblong,  and  of 
very  equal  size.  Origins  of  second,  third  and  fourth  equidistant.  Sub- 
median  nervure  long  and  distinct. 

"  Secondaries  long  and  narrow,  the  apex  much  produced,  the  inner 
angle  not  reaching  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  Costa  convex,  a  little 
excavated  just  before  the  apex.  Outer  margin  two-thirds  as  long  as  the 
costa,  angulated  slightly  on  the  second  median.  Inner  edge  very  short, 
being  one-half  as  long  as  the  costal.  First  and  second  subcostal  ner- 
vules nearly  equal  in  length.  The  upper  discal  is  very  long  and  ob- 
lique, and  with  the  lower  discal  is  parallel  with  the  outer  edge  of  the 
wing.  But  three  median  nervules  present.  First,  obsolete  ;  second  and 
third,  parallel  ;  third  and  fourth  shorter  than  the  second  and  directed 
downward.  Distance  between  the  two  first  median  nervules  one-third 
as  great  as  that  between  the  third  and  fourth. 

"  The  slender  abdomen  is  a  little  more  than  twice  the  length  of  the 
head  and  thorax. 

"The  coloration  is  Prussian  blue,  with  saffron  bases  to  the  wings, 
somewhat  as  in  Pyromorpha. 

' '  Compared  with  other  genera  of  the  sub-family,  this  interesting  ge- 
nus presents  some  notable  differences,  all  the  characters  being,  as  it 
were,  influenced  by  the  close  relationship  to  the  Lithosise.  This  is 
seen  in  the  dentated  antenna,  neither  simple  as  in  the  Lithosi^,  nor 
pectinated  as  is  the  rule  in  its  own  group.  The  Lithosian  characters 
also  appear  in  the  head,  in  the  form  of  the  clypeus  especially  ;  and  in 
the  unusually  slender  body,  with  its  narrow  wings,  and  elongated  scu- 
tellum  of  the  meso-thorax.  Though  after  all  the  Zygcenic  characters 
prevail  so  extensively  that  it  is  a  little  strange  that  observers  after  Dr, 
Harris'  time  should  change  his  location  of  the  genus  to  a  place  among 
the  Lithosiidas.  Though  the  larva  is  a  lichen-feeder  and  thus  in  this 
early  stage  is  like  Lithosia  and  allies,  we  must  consider  the  insect  as 
simply  analogous  in  its  habits  as  well  as  structure  to  that  genus,  and 
not  be  misled  by  these  strong  resemblances." 

Packard,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.,  April,  1864. 


42  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

The  three  species  found  in  the  United  States  may  be  tabulated  thus: 

*  Fore  wings  bicolorous. 

t  Base  yellow  -  -  -  -       Z.  Pholus. 

Base  Red         -  -  -  -  Z.  Miniali. 

*  Fore  wings  concolorous,  pale  brick  red  -       Z.  Palmerii. 

l.-LYCOMOEPHA  PHOLTJS.    {PL  2,  fig.  3.) 

Sphinx  pholus,  Drury.     (  1770.) 

pholus,  Fabricius,  Sp..  Ins.,  vol.  2,  166,  49.     (  1781.) 
Lyconiorpha pholus,  Harris,  Sill.  Am.  Jour.  Sci.,  vol.  36. 
Glaucopis  pholus,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj,  Veg. ,  p.  341,  fig.  164.      (1862.) 
Glaucopis pholus,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  135.     (1862.) 
Lvcomorpha pholus,  Clem.,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.,  p.  289.  (1862.) 

5  .  $  .  Entire  insect  deep  blue-black,  almost  black,  with  the  ex- 
ception of  the  patagia  and  the  basal  half  of  all  the  wings,  which  are 
orange. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  1.20  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.40  inch. 
Habitat. — Northern  Atlantic  States. 

Larva. — "Pale  green,  with  yellowish  spots  running  into  green; 
head  black,  covered  with  a  few  short,  whitish  hairs  ;  body  sparingly 
clothed  with  rather  long  hairs,  which  are  white  on  the  sides  and  black 
on  the  back,  the  hairs  arising  singly  from  minute  tubercles,  those  on 
the  third  segment  the  longest,  and  with  the  others  before  them  directed 
forward.  It  eats  the  lichens  on  stone  heaps  and  shady  places,  and 
undergoes  its  transformations  in  a  thin  silky  cocoon."  Harris. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  43 


ZYG^ENIDH. 
ZYGJENINJ;, 
^  Genus    ANATOLMIS.    Packard. 

"  Head  of  moderate  size,  broad  and  short.  Occiput  and  epicranium 
together,  equal  in  length  to  the  clypeus  ;  epicranium  bilobate,  much  as 
in  Lycomorpha,  with  much  the  same  proportions.  The  clypeus  is  very 
broad,  scutellate,  just  as  broad  as  long,  covered  with  broad  flat  scales 
which  converge  towards  the  median  line.  Eyes  small,  hemispherical, 
their  diminished  size  adding  to  the  breadth  of  the  small  clypeus  between 
them.  Antennae  situated  nearly  midway  between  the  front  edge  and 
the  base  of  the  head  ;  rather  slender,  with  very  short  broad  pectinations 
equalling  in  length  the  joints,  and  covered  densely,  especially  on  the 
sides,  with  stout  hairs,  and  terminating  in  a  single  seta.  Maxillae  well 
developed,  longer  than  the  head  is  broad.  Palpi  long,  porrect,  reaching 
beyond  the  front ;  third  joint  minute  conical  subacute,  nearly  continu- 
ous with  the  second,  which  is  not  very  broad. 

"Body  slender,  thorax,  not  much  broader  than  abdomen  ;  wings 
remarkably  long  and  narrow.  Primaries  a  little  more  than  three  times 
as  long  as  broad  ;  costa  very  straight,  a  little  convex  on  the  outer  third; 
apex  rounded  ;  outer  edge  very  convex,  very  short  ;  inner  edge  remark- 
ably long,  and  nearly  parallel  with  the  costa,  very  straight,  the  usual 
convexity  near  the  insertion  very  slight. 

"  Costal  very  near  the  margin,  and  infringing  on  the  middle  of  the 
first  subcostal  ;  third  subcostal  of  very  equal  length, 
first  curved  towards  the  costa,  the  third  shorter  than 
.^  _. ^  the  first:  fourth  branched  within  its  middle,  enclos- 

'-  ^^-i-~-^~J  jng  a  narrow  long  triangular  apical  interspace;  fifth, 

not  removed  from  its  nervule  at  its  origin.  Median, 
nervules  arise  at  the  outer  third  of  the  wing.  First  and  second  are 
united  at  their  base  ;  third  and  fourth  are  equidistant  from  the  second, 
Submedian  curve  long,  well  marked,  but  no  nervure.  Very  long  in- 
ternal nervnre.     Fringe  rather  long,  especially  just  below  the  apex. 

"  Secondaries  very  long,  twice  as  long  as  broad,  narrow  triangular, 
hardly  reaching  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.     Apex  much  produced, 


44  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDi?': 

though  obtuse.  Costa  very  straight,  outer  edge  very  long,  remarkably 
straight,  internal  angle  rectangular,  not  reaching  much  beyond  the 
base  of  the  anal  tuft. 

"  Subcostal  divides  near  the  outer  fourth  of  the  wing  ;  first  and  second 
median  very  short,  nearly  parallel  ;  third  very  remote,  but  of  the  same 
length. 

' '  Legs  long  and  slender,  finely  scaled.  Hind  tibial  spurs  very  small 
unequal  acute,  inner  pair  very  remote,  and  half  as  large  as  the  terminal 
pair.  Tip  of  abdomen  provided  with  large  anal  valves  of  unusual  size, 
being  laterally  broad  lanceolate. 

"The  squamation  is  fine  and  powdery,  compared  with  Lycomorpha, 
to  which  it  is  nearest  allied,  besides  the  very  different  style  of  coloration, 
the  primaries  are  narrower,  costa  straighter,  secondaries  more  triangular, 
owing  to  the  rectangular  inner  angle.  But  in  the  structure  of  the  head, 
of  the  antennae,  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen,  it  agrees  closely  with 
Lycomorpha,  and  these  characters  are  those  which  place  it  without 
doubt  in  the  Zygaenidse,  though  after  a  casual  glance  one  would  not 
hesitate  to  call  it  a  Lithosian.  The  blueish  scales  of  the  body,  the 
dark  mahogany-colored  tegument,  the  fine  pov/dery  squamation,  and 
the  slender,  very  equally  jointed  legs  and  pectinated  antennae  aid  in 
determining  the  true  position  of  this  interesting  genus. 

"  From  the  resemblance  to  the  parallel  genera,  Hypoprepia  and  Atol- 
mis,  among  the  Lithosiidse  I  have  praposed  the  name  above  given. " 

Packard,  Proc.  Essex  Inst,  April  1864. 

1-ANATOLmS   GROTEI.    (Pi.  2,  fig.  4.) 

Anatolmis  Groiei,  Packard,  Proc.  Essex  Inst.  (1864.) 
5  .  ?  . — Vermillion  red  and  smoky  purple.  Head  and  appendages 
blackish,  thorax  red.  Primaries  red  throughout,  except  the  fringe  and 
the  edge  of  the  outer  third  of  the  costa,  which  area  deep  smoky  purple, 
nearly  black.  Secondaries  red  on  the  basal  third,  beyond  smoky  pur- 
ple ;  the  red  extends  from  just  within  the  middle  of  the  inner  edge  to 
near  the  apex  upon  the  costal  edge.  Legs  purple,  concolorous  with 
the  abdomen.  Beneath  colored  the  same  as  above.  There  are  no 
other  markings  on  the  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.30  inches.    Length  of  body,  0.45  inch. 

Habitat.— Co\ov2ido  Territory,  (Coll.  Phil.  Ent.  Soc,  T.  L.  Mead, 
H.  Edwards,  R.  H.  Stretch.) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  45 

The  original  type  of  this  species  was  from  Pike's  Peak,  Colorado 
Territory,  (loc.  cit. );  the  specimen  from  which  the  figure  was  drawn 
was  kindly  presented  to  me  by  Mr.  T.  L.  Mead,  who  took  it  in  the 
same  locality. 


46  ZYGJENID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 


B0MB7CID£. 
LITHOSIINa;. 
Genus  HYPOPREPIA.    Hubner. 

"  Body  stout,  rather  short,  elongato-subfusiform.  Head  rather  small. 
Palpi  stout,  very  much  shorter  than  the  hea^  ;  third  joint  acuminated, 
not  half  the  length  of  the  second.  Tongue  short.  Ab- 
domen oblanceolate,  not  extending  quite  so  far  as  the 
^J^^^=^  hind  wings.  Legs  moderately  stout ;  hind  tibiae  with 
two  minute  apical  spurs.  Wings  moderately  broad,  not 
long.  Primaries  slightly  convex  in  front  ;  the  hind 
angle  somewhat  rounded  ;  first  and  second  inferior  veins  almost  con- 
tiguous at  the  base  ;  third  about  eight  times  nearer  to  the  second  than 
to  the  fourth."  Clemens,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  303. 

I.-HYPOPREPIA  FITCOSA.    (Pi.  2,  fig.  12.) 

Hypoprepia  fucosa,   Hlibn.,  Zutr.  Dritt.  Hand.,  p.  21,  figs.  471,  472. 

(1825.) 
Liihosia  miniata,  Kirby,  Fauna,  Bor.  Amer.,  pi.  4,  p.  305.      (1837.) 
Gnophria  vittata,  Harr.,  Rt.  Ins.,  Mass.,  p.  241.     (1841.) 
Hypoprepia  fucosa,  Walk.,  B.  M.  Cat.  Lep.,  p.  487.     (1854.) 
Liihosia  miniata,  Walk.,  B.  M.  Cat.  Lep.,  p.  512.     (1854.) 
Atolmis  tricolor,  Fitch,  Third   Report.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  p.  168.     (1856.) 
Atobnis?  miniata, Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  544.  (i860) 
Gnophria  vittata,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  256.      (1862.) 
Hypoprepia  fucosa,  Clem.,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App. ,  p.  303.   (1862.) 
Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc,  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  98. 

5  .  ?  . — Palpi  pale  reddish,  tips  black.  Head,  thorax,  and  patagia 
scarlet,  sometimes  inclining  to  yellowish.  Abdomen  lead  color,  scar- 
let at  the  base  and  tip,  and  with  a  broad  ventral  streak  of  the  same 
color. 

Primaries  lead  color,  narrowly  margined  on  the  costa  and  outer 
margin,  and  also  on  the  basal  three-fourths  of  the  inner  margin  with 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  41 

scarlet.  There  is  besides,  a  broad  longitudinal  stripe  of  the  same 
color,  furcate  on  the  outer  half  of  the  wing.  Fringes  lead  color.  In 
many  specimens  the  scarlet  of  the  wings  is  paler,  and  the  costa  and 
basal  half  of  the  central  stripe  are  strongly  yellowish. 

Secondaries  scarlet,  with  a  broad  outer  plumbeous  band.  In  those 
specimens  which  show  yellow  tints  on  the  primaries  the  secondaries 
are  much  paler,  and  the  outer  band  is  reduced  to  half  its  width,  and 
strongly  sinuated  on  its  inner  edge.  Fringes  slate  color,  concolorous 
with  the  outer  band. 

Expanse  of  wings.  1.10-1.30  inches.    Length  of  body,  0.40-0.50  inch. 
Habitat. — Eastern  States,  Maine,  (Verrill)  ;  Mass.,  (Sanborn  Shurt- 
leff);  Mich.,  (Miles)  ;  Georgia,   (Walker.) 

Larva. — Of  the  larva  Dr.  Harris  says,  (Ins.  Inj,  Veg. ,  p.  342,  Ed. 
1862)  :  "The  caterpillar  lives  upon  lichens,  and  maybe  found  under 
loose  stones  in  the  fields  in  early  spring.  It  is  dusky,  and  thinly  cov- 
ered with  stiff,  sharp,  and  barbed  black  bristles,  which  grow  singly 
from  small  warts.  Early  in  May  it  makes  its  cocoon,  which  is  very 
thin  and  silky ;  and  twenty  days  after  is  transformed  to  a  moth." 


48  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDjE 


BOMBYCID^. 
LITHOSIINa;. 
Genus  CISTHENE.    (Walker.) 

Male. — Body  rather  short,  moderately  stout.  Palpi  much  shorter 
than  the  head  ;  third  joint  conical,  acuminated,  less  than  half  the 
length  of  the  second.  Antennae  stout,  setose,  setaceous,  rather  more  than 
half  the  length  of  the  body.  Abdomen  not  extending  so  far  as  the  hind 
wings;  tips  forcipated.  Legs  moderately  stout,  hind  tibiae 
with  four  rather  long  spurs.  Wings  moderately  broad, 
not  long.  Fore  wings  very  slightly  convex  in  front,  ob- 
lique at  the  tips ;  rounded  and  not  angular  behind ; 
third  inferior  vein  fully  twice  further  from  the  second  than  the  second 
from  the  first ;  fourth  nearly  twice  further  from  the  third  than  the  third 
from  the  second. 

The  two  California  species  of  this  genus  feed  on  plants  belonging 
to  the  anomalous  genus  Byssus,  and  occur  in  Dr.  Behr's  manuscripts 
under  the  name  of  Byssophaga.  The  three  species  found  in  the  United 
States  may  be  tabulated  thus  : 

*  Hind  wings  pale  tawny. 

f  Band  on  ant.  wings  reaching  the  costa  -         C.  faustinula. 

Band  on  ant.  wings  not  reaching  the  costa         -     C.  nexa. 

*  Hind  wings  rosy. 

•|-  Fore  wings  with  transverse  band     -         -         -         C.  unifascia. 
Fore  wings  with  spot  on  costa  and  inner  margin    -     C.  subjeda. 

l.-CISTHENE  FAUSTINULA.    (PI.  2,  fig.  10.) 

Lithosia  faustinula,  Boisd. ,  Am.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.,  vol.  12,  p.  73.  (1868.) 
5  .  ?  . — Head,  palpi,  antennae,  thorax  and  its  appendages  tawny 
white  ;  eyes  black  ;  abdomen  tawny.  Anterior  wings  with  the  costa 
nearly  straight,  somewhat  rounded  near  the  apex;  smoky  gray  in  color, 
with  a  short,  narrow,  marginal  streak  at  the  base  of  the  wing,  on  the 
inner  margin,  and  a  transverse  band  beyond  the  middle,  twice  con- 
stricted, and  somewhat  broadest  on  the  inner  margin,  of  a  pale  tawny 
or  dirty  white,  the  adjacent  portions  of  the  wing  being  somewhat  darker 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  49 

in  tint  than  the  general  color.  Posterior  wings  pale  tawny  white,  very 
narrowly  margined  with  pale  smoky  gray  at  the  apex.  Fringes  of  all 
the  wings  concolorous  with  the  adjacent  portions  of  the  wings.  Beneath 
as  above,  except  that  the  band  on  the  anterior  wings  is  somewhat  less 
clearly  defined. 

Var./usca.  The  markings  are  identical,  but  all  the  portions  which 
are  dirty  white  in  the  type,  are  pale  smoky  gray,  nearly  concolorous 
with  the  anterior  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings,  i.oo  inch.      Length  of  body,  0.35  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.  Edwards,  Behr,  Behrens,  etc.) 

This  species  is  found  in  the  wooded  districts  round  the  bay  of  San 
Francisco,  but  is  less  abundant  than  the  following.  The  variety _/"«j-<:<2, 
from  the  collection  of  Dr.  Behr,  was  taken  abundantly  in  Napa  valley. 

2.-CISTHENE  NEXA.    (Pi.  2,  fig.  11.) 

Lithosia  nexa,  Boisd.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.,  vol.  12,  p.  74.      (1868.) 
Cisthene  grista,  Packard,  Rep.  Peab.  Acad,  Sci.      (1872.) 
5.?. — Head,    antennce,    palpi,   thorax,    legs  and  abdomen  pale 
tawny   white.      Anterior  wings   with    the  costa   straighter  than   in  C. 
Faustitiula,  clear  smoky  gray,  with  a  short  streak  on  the   inner  margin 
at  the  base  of  the  wing,  and  a  triangular  spot  with  serrated  edges,  hav- 
ing its  base  on  the  inner  margin  and  extending  somewhat  beyond  the 
median  vein,  pale  tawny  white.     The  projecting  points  of  this  spot 
are  edged  with  black  at  their   apices.     Posterior  wings  pale  tawny 
white,  largely  clouded  with  pale  smoky  gray  at  the  apices.     Fringes 
concolorous   with   the   adjacent   portion  of  the   wings.     Beneath  as 
above,  except  that  the  gray  shades  are  deeper  and  more  uniform  in 
tint,  and  the  spot  on  the  anterior  wings  more  contracted  in  area. 
Expanse  0/  wings,  0.85  inch.     Length  of  body,  0.30  inch. 
Habitat. — California,  (Coll.   Edwards,  Behr,  Behrens,  etc.) 
This  species  is  found  in  woods  round  the  bay  of  San  Francisco.     It 
may  be  readily  distinguished  from  B.   Faustinula,  by  the  larger  apical 
cloud  on  the  posterior  wings,  by  the  band  on  the  anterior  wings  not 
reaching  the  costa,  and  by  its  smaller  size.     It   is  also  much   more 
abundant. 


50  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 


EOMBYCIDi;. 
LITHOSIINJE. 
Genus  CLEMENSIA*    Packard. 

"Head  large,  front  broad,  clypeus  triangular,  very  broad  between 
the  antennae.  Antennae  very  slender,  simple,  with  fine  set^e  be- 
neath ;  $  still  more  filiform  and  without  setas.  Palpi  three-jointed, 
free  from  the  head,  porrect,  the  whole  of  the  third  joint  reaching  be- 
yond the  front  of  the  head,  and  only  one-fourth  shorter  than  the  second 
joint,  acutely  pointed.  Maxilte  long  and  slender,  reaching  to  the 
second  pair  of  coxse  when  extended. 

"  Thorax  just  as  long  as  broad,  of  equal  width  with  the  abdomen. 
The  pro-thorax  is  badly  separated  from  the  meso-thorax.  Patagia 
slight,  not  reaching  beyond  the  base  of  the  meso-scutellum. 

Primaries  a  little  more  than  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Costa  continu- 
ously convex  from  base  to  sub-acute  apex  ;  outer  edge  very  oblique,  a 
little  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  inner  edge,  which  is  especially 
convex  at  the  basal  half  Costal  region  very  broad,  first  to  fourth  sub- 
costal nervules  very  short,  equal  in  length,  and  going  rapidly  to  the 
costal  edge;  the  fifth  subdivides  within  its  middle  and  the  triangular 
interspace  between  the  two  branches  is  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Sixth 
subcostal  and  first  median  nervules  are  parallel  and  of  the  same  length. 
The  three  first  madian  nervules  arise  very  near  together,  while  the 
fourth  is  remote  as  usual,  and  arises  just  within  the  middle  of  the 
length  of  the  wing. 

"  Secondaries  broad  triangular;  reaching  to  the  base  of  the  anal  tuft, 
apex  a  little  produced  ;  costa  convex  throughout,  from  base  to  apex, 
internal  angle  well  rounded.  Subcostal  subdivides  midway  between 
the  apex  and  discal  nervules,  enclosing  a  triangular  space.  The  three 
upper  median  nervules  are  very  approximate,  their  interspaces  narrow, 
linear.  Legs  long,  slender,  with  four  sub-equal,  very  long  acute  tibial 
spurs  which  are  a  little  shorter  in  the  ?  .  Abdomen  stout,  broad  as 
the  thorax  and  four  times  as  long.     In    5  a  broad  obtuse  anal  tuft, 

*  Named  after  the  late  Dr.  Brackenridge  Clemens. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  51 

in   ?    its  cylindrical   tip   is  suddenly    truncate,  not  narrower  than  the 
base  of  the  abdomen.  *         *         * 

This  genus  is  closely  allied  to,  and  yet  very  distinct  from  Millochrista 
of  Europe.  The  head  is  broader  between  the  antennae  which  are 
stouter,  and  the  palpi  are  larger  and  longer.  The  costa  of  the  wings 
are  fuller,  the  outer  edges  more  oblique,  and  consequently  the  apex 
more  acute  than  in  Millochrista.  The  neuration  is  very  distinct  from 
the  European  genus,  since  the  subcostal  nervules  are  shorter,  the  three 
first  median  nervules  much  nearer  at  their  origins  and  throughout 
their  length,  and  the  fourth  median  arises  near  the  middle  of  the  wing, 
while  in  Millochrisla  it  arises  at  the  basal  third  of  the  wing.  In  the 
secondaries  the  triangular  apical  interspace  is  shorter  and  broader  in 
Clemensia.  The  legs  are  longer,  slenderer,  as  are  the  tibial  spurs 
which  are  nearly  twice  the  size  of  those  in  Millochrisla. " 

Packard,  P roc, 'Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  102.     (1864.) 

l.-CLEMENSIA  ALBATA.    (PI.  2,  fig.  13,  $  .) 

Clemensia  albata.  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  vol.  3,  p.  103.   (1864.) 

' '  White  with  ashen  and  brown  scales,  dark  spots  and  a  black  lun- 
ate discal  spot.  Front  grayish  white.  Edges  of  the  prothoracic 
scales  pure  white.  Thorax  and  abdomen  with  grayish  scales  ;  anal 
tuft  white. 

"  Primaries  with  six  or  seven  black  costal  spots.  Midway  between 
the  base  of  the  wing  and  the  discal  spot,  a  sinuate  abbreviated  line 
proceeding  from  the  fourth  costal  spot  to  just  below  the  median  nerv- 
ure.  A  dot  below  on  the  internal  nervures.  A  slight  black  streak  on 
each  side  of  the  fourth  median  below  the  discal  spot.  Between  this 
median  spot  and  the  base  of  the  wing,  in  the  3  ,  a  slighdy  tawny  dis- 
coloration. Outer  edge  of  the  wing  clear  white.  Marginal  row  of 
black  dots  fine,  but  very  distinct.     Fringe  clear  white. 

"Secondaries  white  but  finely  dusted  with  gray  scales,  gathered  into 
a  diffuse,  very  indistinct  extra-mesial  line.     No  discal  dot. 

"  ?  is  clearer  white,  the  extra  basal  line  is  much  less  distinct  than 
in  the  5  ,  consisting  of  a  linear  spot  connected  with  the  costal  one. 

Expanse  of  wings,  $  0.83,  ?  0.90  in.    Length  of  body,  $  0.35,  ?  0.40  in. 

Habitat. — New  England  States.  Norway,  Me.,  (Mus.  Comp.  Zool. , 
Smith.)     Brunswick,   Me.,  Augusta." 

Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vok   3,  p.  103.     (1864.) 


52  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 


BOMBYCIDJE. 
LITH0SIIN5;. 
Genus  ETJPHANESSA.    Packard. 

"  The  head  is  much  elevated  behind  the  antennae,  the  epicranium 
divided  on  its  surface  into  two  bosses.  Clypeus  much  elevated,  surface 
convex.  The  front  narrows  rather  rapidly  anteriorly.  Antennae  sim- 
ple, scaled  above  and  on  the  sides,  setose  beneath.  Palpi  porrect, 
passing  nearly  one-half  their  length  beyond  the  front.  Primaries 
two-thirds  as  broad  as  long  ;  costa  rounded  towards  the  apex.  Outer 
margin  oblique,  almost  as  long  as  the  inner  margin.  Internal  angle 
rounded.  Costal  nervure  bent  down  towards  the  subcostal,  parallel 
at  its  termination  with  the  three  subcostal  nervules.  A 
scalene  triangular  area  below  the  subcostal,  one  of  the  two 
shorter  sides  of  which  consists  of  the  common  i-ase  cf  the 
fourth  and  fifth  subcostal;  the  other,  by  the  anastomosis  of 
the  fourth  subcostal  with  its  main  nervure.  The  first  median  becomes 
independent,  arising  from  the  middle  of  the  discoidal  area. 

' '  Secondaries  nearly  as  large  as  the  primaries,  very  broad.  Outer 
margin  full,  rounded  ,  internal  angle  about  midway  in  the  wing,  the 
internal  edge  being  short.  Scales  minute,  thin,  wings  semi-transpar- 
ent in  spots. 

"  This  genus  differs  from  Nudaria,  with  which  it  has  been  confounded 
by  Walker  and  subsequent  writers,  in  the  smooth  finely-scaled  nar- 
rower front,  while  the  antennce  are  not  tufted  at  the  base  as  in  the  Eu- 
ropean genus.  Besides  the  palpi  are  much  longer,  and  project  far 
beyond  the  front ;  the  triangular  fore  wings  are  much  broader  and  they 
have  straighter  costas  than  in  Nudarta.  In  the  last  named  genus 
also,  the  inner  edge  is  nearly  hvice  as  long  as  the  outer,  while  in  Eu- 
phanessa  it  is  considerably  shorter  than  the  outer  edge.  The  seconda- 
ries in  our  genus  reach  much  farther  beyond  the  tip  of  the  abdomen. 
There  are,  moreover,  constant  dilTerences  in  the  neuration  of  the  two 

genera. " 

Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc,  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  102.     (1864.) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  53 

l.-EUPHANESSA  MENDICA.    (Pi.  2.  fig.  9.) 

Nudaria  mendica,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  II.,  p.  576.     (1854.) 
Eudule  biseriata,  H.  S.  Lep.  Exot. ,  p.  19,  fig.  441.     (1855.) 
Nudaria  ?  mendica,  Clem.,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  app. ,  p.  300.     (1864.) 
Euphanessa mendica,  Pac,  Proc.  Ent.Soc.  Phil.,  vol.3,  p.  102.  (1864.) 
^  .  ?  . — Entire  insect  pale,  ochreous  yellow,  with  the  wings  subdia- 
phanous,  the  costa  and  outer  margins  being  somewhat  darker.     Eyes 
black.     Anterior  wings  with  two  oblique,  irregular,  transverse,   pale 
grayish  bands,  made  up  of  irregular  shaped  spots.     The  basal  band 
consists  of  a  large  subquadrate  spot  on  the  discal  area,  a  much  reduced 
rounded  spot  immediately  below  the  median  vein,  and  another  of  the 
same  size  above  the  internal  vein  and  nearer  the  base  of  the  wing.     The 
outer  band  lies  across  the  nervules,  is  very  irregular,  and  consists  of 
unequal  spots  in  the  interspaces;  its  inner  side  is  nearly  straight,  except 
a  projection  thrown  out  to  the  discal  vein ;  the  outer  side  is  irregularly 
dentate.     There  is  a  small  spot  on  the  outer  margin,  about  midway 
between  the  apex  and  internal  angle.     Posterior  wings  immaculate. 
Expanse  of  wings,  i.io  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.45  inch. 
Habitat. — New  England  States  and  Canada,  (Auth.  Sanborn,  Pack- 
ard and  Saunders.) 

This  insect  appears  to  be  but  little  liable  to  variation.  Packard  states 
that  it  is  common  in  low  swampy  grounds  or  dry  pine  woods  in  July. 
After  Plate  2  was  engraved,  I  found  the  following  notes  in  relation 
to  this  species,  which  throw  considerable  doubt  on  the  classification  of 
this  insect  with  the  Bombycidae,  and  seem  to  indicate  that  it  ought  to 
be  referred  to  the  Geometridae.  Mr.  Saunders  (Can.  Ent.  vol.  3,  p. 
227,)  writes:  "  A  female  of  this  species  deposited  eggs  on  the  side 
of  a  box,  in  which  it  was  confined,  on  the  2d  and  3d  of  July.  They 
were  of  a  bright  red  color,  and  the  young  larvae  were  hatched  from 
them  on  the  8th  of  the  same  month.  They  were  extremely  active, 
about  one-tenth  of  an  inch  long,  with  cylindrical  bodies,  and  true 
geometers  in  their  larval  characteristics  and  mode  of  progression. 
The  following  description  was  taken  at  this  stage  in  their  history. 

"  Head  large,  bilobed,  dark  brown.  Body  above  dull  brownish  green, 
with  a  slight  pinkish  tinge,  and  with  many  short  black  and  brown  hairs. 
Under  surface  similar  to  the  upper  ;  feet  and  prolegs — of  which  latter 
there  were  only  tivo pairs — greenish  and  semi-transparent." 

All  efforts  to  find  suitable  food  for  these   larvae  failed,  so  that  their 


64  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

subsequent  history  is  still  unknown.  It  is  greatly  to  be  hoped  that 
Mr.  Saunders  will  yet  succeed  in  solving  this  question  ;  as  our  knowl- 
edge now  stands,  it  seems  not  unlikely  that  this  insect  must  be  ulti- 
mately removed  to  the  Geometridas. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  55 


BOMBYCIDJE. 
LITHOSIINS;. 
l.-UTETHEISA.    HUbner. 

"Head  small,  smooth,  with  ocelli.  Eyes  prominent.  Antennce 
simple  in  each  sex,  rather  short  and  slightly  pilose  beneath  in  the 
males.  Palpi  curved,  ascending  nearly  to  the  middle  of  the  face, 
squamose,  basal  joint  tumid,  middle  joint  long,  terminal  joint  short, 
ovate.     Tongue  about  equal  to  the  thorax  beneath. 

"  Fore  wings  elongate-trigonate,  length  exceeding  that  of  the  body 
by  at  least  one-third  ;  subcostal  vein  with  a  nar- 
row cell  above  the  discal  vein,  with  a  single  mar- 
ginal branch  arising  anteriorly  to  it  and  one  from 
its  hinder  apex;  the  subcostal  vein  continues  to- 
wards the  tip  of  the  wing  from  the  apex  of  the  sub- 
costal cell  subdividing  into  post-apical  and  apical 
branches,  the  latter  furcate.  Discal  vein  simple, 
angulated.  Median  four-branched,  the  posterior  very  remote  from  the 
other  branches. 

«  "  In  the  hind  wings  the  subcostal  vein  is  bifid  from  the  origin  of 
the  discal.  Clemens,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  313. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  of  wide  geographical  distribution,  and 
their  unusual  variation  renders  the  limitation  and  determination  of  the 
species  a  most  difficult  task,  and  one  which  can  only  be  solved  by  a 
thorough  knowledge  (which  we  do  not  at  present  possess,)  of  their 
preparatory  stages.  U.  pulchella  of  Europe  is  claimed  by  many  writers 
to  be  identical  with  an  Australian  species  which  also  occurs  as  far  north 
as  the  Phillipine  Islands  ;  and  there  are  many  reasons  why  the  three 
forms  found  in  North  America,  and  which  I  have  enumerated  as  spe- 
cifically distinct,  should  be  united  under  one  common  name.  It  is 
somewhat  surprising  that  common  as  this  insect  is  in  some  localities, 
its  history  should  not  be  better  known.  It  may  be  that  some  fortunate 
individual  has  raised  it  from  its  larval  stage,  but  has  failed  to  make  its 
history  a  matter  of  record.  To  any  such  I  can  only  say  that  there  is 
no  more  important  service  to  be  rendered  to  the  science  than  the  care- 


56  ZYGiENIDjE    AND    BOMBYCIDvE 

ful  Study  and  record  of  Embryological  conditions,  and  no  more  inviting 
and  interesting  field.  Tiie  mere  collection,  preservation,  and  compari- 
son of  the  imaginal  forms,  however  requisite,  will  never  lead  us  to  a 
true  knowledge  of  what  should  really  constitute  a  species,  and  the 
wonderful  revolutions  resulting  from  the  study  of  the  early  history  of 
many  species,  will  amply  reward  and  interest  the  student. 


l.-UTETHEISA  BELLA.    (PI.  2,  fig.  15.) 

Tinea  bella,  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  885.     {i7(>7-) 

Nochia  belli,  Drury,  Exot.,  vol.   i,  p.  51,  pi.  24,  fig.  3.     (i770-) 

Bombyx  bella,  Fabricius,  Syst.  Ent.,  p.  585.     (i775-) 

Phalcena  bella,  Cramer,  Exot.,  vol.  2,  p.  20,  pi.  109,  fig.  c.d.  (1779.) 

Bombyx  bella,  Fabr.,  Sp.  Ins.,  vol.  2,  p.  203.     (1781.) 

Bombyx  bella.  Fabr.,  Mant.  Ins.,  vol.  2,  p.  131.     (1787.) 

Bombyx  bella,  Fabr.,  Ent.  Syst.,  vol.  3,  p.  479-     (i793-) 

Utetheisa  bella,  Hiibner,  Verz.,  Schmett,  p.  168.     (18 16.) 

Deiopeia bella,  Westn.,  Ed.  Drury,  vol.  i,  p.  46,  pi.  24,  fig.  3.    (1837. ) 

Deiopeia  bella.  Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Lep.,  pi.  8,  p.  568.     (1854  ) 

Deiopeia  bella,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am. ,  p.  25 1 ,  app. ,  p.  3 13.  ( 1 862.) 

Deiopeia  bella,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.,  New  Ed.,  p.  342,  pi.  6,  fig.  3.  ( 1 862?) 

Uklheisa  bella,  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  p.   105.      (1863  ) 

Groie,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  5,  p.  234. 

3  .  ?  . — Palpi  whitish,  apical  joint  black.  Head  white,  with  a  trans- 
verse black  spot  on  the  vertex,  and  a  bilobed  black  spot  on  the  front. 
Prothorax  white,  with  two  black  dots  and  the  extreme  sides  yellow. 
Patagia  white,  yellow  at  the  base,  with  two  black  dots  on  each.  Thorax 
whitish,  with  three  pairs  of  black  dots.  Abdomen  whitish  above,  banded 
with  black  beneath.     Thorax  beneath  spotted  with  black. 

Primaries  lemon yelloiv  to  orange,  with  six  transverse  white  bands,  each 
containing  a  series  of  black  dots.  The  first  band  is  immediately  at  the 
base  of  the  wing,  while  the  fifth  scarcely  reaches  the  costa,  and  unites 
with  the  sixth  about  the  middle  of  the  wing.  The  outer  margin  has  a 
row  of  interspaceal  black  dots,  narrowly  margined  interiorly  with  white. 
Fringes  white  with  dusky  markings. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  51 

Secondaries />/;//(•,  varying  in  intensity,  with  a  narrowly  white  bordered 
black  outer  margin,  widest  at  the  apex,  where  it  encloses  a  pink  costal 
spot,  having  also  beyond  the  middle  of  the  outer  margin,  an  enlarge- 
ment towards  the  middle  of  the  wing.  There  are  also  traces  of  two 
similar  spots  on  the  costa.      Fringes  white. 

Beneath  all  the  wings  are  deep  red,  with  the  costa  of  the  primaries 
yellowish.  The  white  bands  of  the  primaries  do  not  appear,  but  the 
black  bands  are  more  prominent,  as  the  spots  are  more  or  less  confluent^ 
and  appear  as  broken  black  bands.  The  markings  of  the  secondaries 
are  reproduced  except  that  the  two  costal  spots  are  deep  black  and  very 
conspicuous. 

Expatise  of  wings,  1.55  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.65  inch. 

Habitat. — Atlantic  States,  from  Massachusetts  to  Texas.  (Coll.  gen- 
erally.) 

The  above  description  is  drawn  from  a  full  colored  specimen  from 
Massachusetts,  presented  to  me  by  F.  Sanborn.  I  have  before  me  four 
specimens  from  the  northern  Atlantic  States  and  five  from  Texas.  The 
only  difference  of  note,  is  the  varying  intensity  of  the  yellow  of  the  pri- 
maries, those  specimens  which  are  palest  having  the  black  spots  reduced 
in  size,  with  some  few  of  them  occasionally  obsolete,  but  whatever  the 
degree  of  obsolesence,  the  color  of  the  wings  is  'sXxW yellow,  and  if  all  the 
markings  were  obliterated,  would  be  ivhite.  A.  S.  Packard,  jun. , 
(Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  106,)  after  the  examination  of  fifty 
specimens  from  Maryland,  notes  no  other  diff"erences,  except  that  in 
one  specimen  the  black  border  of  the  secondaries  sent  large  broad 
expansions  towards  the  middle  of  the  wing.  (See  also  U.  ornatrix  and 
U.  speciosa.) 

2.-TITETHEISA   SPECIOSA.     (PI.  2,  fig.  16.) 

Deiopeia  speciosa,  Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Lep.  pi.  8,  p.  568.     (1854.) 
Deiopeia  speciosa,  Clem.,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  app.  p.  314.     (1862.) 

6  .  ?  . — The  foregoing  description  of  U.  bella,  will  do  for  the  present 
species,  except  that  where  U.  bella  is  yellow,  U.  speciosa  is  red,  on  the 
upper  surface  of  the  primaries,  and  on  the  thoracic  parts.  In  one  spe- 
cimen before  me,  the  abbreviated  fifth  band  unites  with  the  fourth, 
instead  of  the  sixth  transverse  band. 

Expafise  ofrviftgs,  1.60  inches.      Length  of  body,  0.65  inch. 

Habitat. — Atlantic  States  and  West  Indies. 


58  ZYG.TL,KlDJiL    AND    BOMnVCID^ 

The  specimen  from  which  the  figure  was  drawn,  was  forwarded  to 
me  with  other  insects  from  Massachusetts,  by  F.  Sanborn,  but  its  precise 
locality  was  not  stated.  Walker  gives  the  West  Indies  as  the  locality 
from  which  the  type  of  his  species  was  received.  The  red-winged  form 
seems  indeed  to  be  the  one  most  prevalent  among  these  islands,  but  I 
have  yet  to  see  anything  which  is  intermediate  in  color  between  [/.  bella 
and  speciosa. 

3.-UTETHEISA  ORNATRIX.    (Pi.  2,  fig.  18.) 

Noctua  ornairix,  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.,  p.  839.     (1767.) 
Nociua  ornatrix ,  Drury,  Exot.,  vol.  i,  p.  51,  pi.  24,  fig.  2.      (1770) 
Bomhyx  ornatrix,  Fabricius,  Syst.,  Ent. ,  p.  586.     (1775.) 
PhalcEna  ornairix,  Cramer,  Exot.,  vol.  2,  pp.  107-108,  pi.  166,  figs. 

CD.  F.     (1779-) 
Bo??ibyx  ornairix,  Fabr. ,  Sp.  Ins.,  vol.  2,  p.  203.     (1781.) 
Bombyx  ornatrix,  Fabr.,  Mant.  Ins.,  vol.  2,  p.   131.      (1787.) 
Bomhyx  orjiatrix,  Fabr.,  Ent.  Syst. ,  vol.  3,  p.  479.      (1793.) 
Utelheisa  ornatrix,  Hiibner,  Verz.  Schmett,  p.   168.      (1868.) 
Ulelheisa  orfialrix,  Hiibner,   Samm.    Exot.   Schm.,   vol.    2,    Lep.    3, 

Phal.  2,  Ver.  4.     (i 806-1 824.) 

Deiopeia  ornairix,  Westw.  Ed.    Drurv,  vol.    i,  p.  46,  pi.  24,  fig.  2. 

(1837.) 
Deiopeia  ornatrix,  Walker,  C.  B.  M.,  Lep.,  pi.  8,  p.  567.     (1854.) 

Grole,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  5,  p.  234. 

Expanse  of  wings ,  1.70  inches.     Length  0/ body,  0.65  inch. 

Habitat. — Texas,  Mexico,  West  Indies. 

(S  .  $  . — Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  as  in  U.  bella,  except  that  the 
portions  colored  yellow  in  U.  bella,  are  verrnillioJi  in  U.  Ornatrix. 

Yx\xa.-^x\Q.%  pale  flesh  color,  with  minute  black  dots  disposed  as  follows: 
one  at  the  base  of  the  median  vein,  one  on  the  inner  margin  near  the 
base,  four  on  the  costa,  a  sinuated  subterminal  band,  and  an  outer  series 
on  the  outer  margin.  Between  the  two  terminal  bands  there  is  a  narrow 
broken  vermillion  band,  and  the  costa  is  narrowly  edged  with  the  same 
color  between  the  black  dots. 

Secondaries,  ivhite,  subhyaline,  with  marginal  band  and  markings  as 
in  U.  bella.     Costa  faintly  tinged  with  pinkish. 

Beneath,  primaries  deep  red,  costa  yellowish,  the  black  dots  on  the 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  59 

costa,  and  the  marginal  bands  seen  above  being  more  clearly  indicated. 
Secondaries  as  above  except  that  the  costa  is  broadly  pink,  nearly  con- 
colorous  with  the  primaries. 

I  have  before  me  three  specimens  from  Texas,  and  three  from  Maz- 
atlan,  in  Mexico.  The  only  variations  to  note  on  the  primaries,  are 
the  presence  in  one  specimen  of  what  would  be  the  subcostal  spot  of 
the  short  fifth  band  of  U.  bella;  and  in  two  specimens,  of  two  interior 
subcostal  spots  of  what  corresponds  to  the  fourth  band  in  the  same 
species.  In  two  Mexican  specimens  the  secondaries  are  largely  clouded 
with  black,  and  one  Texan  example  has  the  costal  two-thirds  of  the 
same  wings,  concolorous  with  the  primaries.  These  variations  do  not, 
however,  affect  the  distinctive  character  of  the  insects  in  which  they 
occur. 

Much  may  be  said  in  favor  of  the  view  that  the  three  foregoing 
species  are  merely  geographical  varieties  of  one  and  the  same  thing, 
and  they  are  not  here  presented  with  perfect  confidence  that  they  are 
specifically  distinct,  but  in  the  absence  of  all  knowledge  of  their  pre- 
paratory stages,  and  in  view  of  their  geographical  distribution,  the  strik- 
ing dissimilarity  of  their  "  fascies,"  and  the  difficulty  of  deciding  which 
should  be  considered  the  type,  I  have  presented  them  in  this  way,  with- 
out wishing  by  so  doing  to  pass  upon  the  question  of  their  specific 
identity. 

The  whole  genus  is  one  of  very  diflicult'determination.  It  seems  to 
me  that  while  U.  bella  may  possibly  be  specifically  distinct,  there  is  a 
possibility  that  speciosa  and  ornairix  may  merge  by  degrees  one  into  the 
other,  yet  among  all  the  specimens  I  have  seen  I  have  met  with  but 
one,  which  I  could  not  immediately  refer  to  one  or  other  of  the  three 
species,  if  they  are  so  considered.  This  specimen  is  from  Porto  Rico, 
W.  I.,  and  is  figured  on  plate  2,  fig.  17.  The  upper  wings  most 
nearly  resemble  U.  speciosa,  (plate  2,  fig.  16,)  while  the  secondaries  are 
like  those  of  U.  ornatrix.  It  is  the  occurrence  of  individuals  such  as 
this  which  obscure  the  question.  Grote,  in  speaking  of  U.  bella  from 
Cuba,  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  5,  p.  235,)  seems  to  me  to  have  had 
before  him  specimens  with  reddish  upper  wings,  which  would  place 
them  under  U.  speciosa,  Walker,  and  if  we  consider  these  to  be  identi- 
cal with  the  typical  yellow  winged  U.  bella,  the  entire  series  must  be 
united  under  one  specific  name  (U.  ornatrix),  for  speciosa  and  ornairix 
(on  accountofthe  base  ofcoloringofthe  primaries  being  red  in  both  cases) 
are  much  more  likely  to  be  specifically  identical  than  the  yellow  bella  and 
flesh  colored  ornatrix.    The  strongest  argument  in  favor  of  their  specific 


60  ZYGyENID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

identity  is  to  be  found  in  the  constancy  of  the  coloring  of  the  under  sur- 
face of  the  primaries  in  all  three  varieties,  and  in  the  fact  that  however 
kw  of  the  black  markings  of  the  upper  surface  may  be  present,  those 
that  remain,  even  in  omatrix,  occupy  exactly  the  same  position  as  the 
corresponding  markings  in  full  colored  individuals.  On  the  other  hand 
ornatrix  seems  to  be  a  Mexican  type;  speciosa,  a  West  Indian  type,  and 
bella,  a  more  northern  type;  and  even  in  Texas,  where  both  ornairix 
and  bella  occur,  the  two  insects  retain  their  characteristic  markings.  A 
knowledge  of  their  larval  stage  can  alone  decide  this  question  satisfac- 
torily. 


OK    NORTH    AMKKICA.  61 


B0MBYCID51. 
ARCTIINS;. 
Genus  CALLIMORPHA,   Latreille. 


"  Fore  wings  usually  with  two  subcosto-marginal  nervules  from  the 
disc,  and  a  costal  cell  formed  by  the  second  branch,  sometimes  much 
contracted  and  narrower  and  placed  above  the  discal  vein  or  exterior 
to  the  disc;  in  this  case  there  is  but  one  marginal  nervule  from  the  disc. 
The  post-apical  nervule  arises  either  about  midway  between  the  end  of 
the  costal  cell  and  the  apical  nervulet,  or  from  the  end  of  the  cell.  The 
subcosto-inferior  and  the  discal  arise  at  a  common  point,  the  latter 
curved.  Median  vein  four-branched,  (the  origin  of  the  first,  second, 
and  third  branches  close  together  and  equidistant,)  the  posterior  nervule 
remote  from  the  penultimate  branch.  Hind  wings  broader  than  the 
fore  wings;  neuration  arcticeform,  the  subcostal  becoming  furcate  exte- 
rior to  the  origin  of  the  discal  vein.  Primaries  triangulate,  twice  as  long 
as  broad;  costa  slightly  curved,  apex  square,  hind  angle  slightly  rounded. 

"  Head  moderate,  free,  smooth;  with  ocelli.  Face  and  vertex  nar- 
row. Eyes  rather  large  and  prominent;  antennas  slender,  filiform  and 
ciliated  in  both  sexes;  labial  palpi  somewhat  exceeding  the  clypeus, 
rather  porrected  but  subascending,  smooth,  and  towards  the  base  pilose; 
the  middle  and  basal  joint  nearly  equal,  the  terminal  joint  quite  short 
and  ovate.     Tongue  as  long,  or  nearly  as  long,  as  the  thorax  beneath. 

"Body  slender;   thorax  smooth;    patagia   cylindrical  or  revolute, 
scarcely  ascending  above  the  vertex  and  pilose;  breast  and  abdomen 
smooth;  legs  rather  slender,  the  tibial  spur  of  the  anterior  concealed; 
hind  tibise  with  four  moderate  spurs,  longer  than  the  hind  femora." 
Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  p.  535,  i86c. 

The  American  species  of  this  genus  are  white  or  luteous,  with 
brown  markings,  while  the  European  forms,  such  as  hera  and  dommula 
are  ornamented  with  red  and  green.  The  three  species  found  in  our 
limits  may  be  tabulated  thus  :     (They  all  occur  in  the  Atlantic  States.) 

*  Posterior  wings  ocherous. 

Anterior  wings  with  white  and  brown  markings      -       C.  clymene. 
"  "     with  brown  markings     -     C.  inter rupto-7na7tginaia. 

*  Posterior  wings  white. 

Anterior  wings  white  with  brown  markings      -       -       C.  Lecontei. 


62  ZYG^NID.E    AND    BOMBYCID.E 

l.-CALLIMORPHA  LECONTEI.    (PI.  2,  figs.  20.  21.) 

Callimorpha  Lecontci,  Boisd.,  Guerin,  Icon.  Regne  An.  Griffith's  Cuv. 

An.  Kingd.,  plate  32,  fig.  4.     (1831.) 
Callimorpha  militaris,  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.,  p.  592.     (1833.) 
Callimorplia  viiUtaris,  Harris,  Rep.  Ins.  Mass.,  p.  243.     (184  i.) 
Hypcrcompa  Lcconki,  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.,  p.  651.     (1855.) 
Callimorpha  leucomelas,  H.  S.,  Lep.  Exot.,  p.  17,  fig.  431-     (1855.) 
Callimorpha  Lcconlei,  H.  S.,  Lep.  E.xot.,  p.  72.     (1858.) 
Hypercompa  Lecontei,  Clem.,    Proc.  Acad.    Nat.   Sci.    Phil.,   p.    536. 

(i860.) 
Callimorpha milihtris,  Clem.,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.,  p.  345-    (1862.) 
Hypercompa  Lecontei,  Saundens,  Syn.  Can.  A  ret.,  p.  28.      (1863.) 
Var.  Hypercompa  confinis,  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.,  p.  65 1 .    (1855.) 

Hypercompa  confinis,  Clem. ,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil. ,  p. 
(i860.) 

Hypercompa  confinis,  Clem.,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.,   p.  345- 
(1862.) 

Hypercompa  confinis,  Saund.,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.,  p.  28.      (,1863.) 
Var.  Hypercompa  contigua.   Walk.,   Cat.   Lep.   B.   M.  III.,   p.  652. 

(1855-) 
Hypercompa  contigua,  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  536. 

(i860.) 
Hypercompa  contigua,  Clem.,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.,  p.  346. 

(1862.) 
Hypercompa  cotitigua,  Saund.,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.,  p.  26.     (1863.) 
Var.  Hypercompa  fulvicosta,  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil,  p.  536. 

(i860.) 
Hypercompa  fulvicosta,  Saund.,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.,  p.  26.     (1863.) 
Callimorpha  vestalis,  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  108. 

(1864.) 
Tatiada  conscita,  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  XXXII.,  p.  377.   (1865.) 

This  insect,  as  the  above  synonomy  will  prove,  is  a  most  variable 
species.  The  variety  which  is  figured  as  fig.  165  of  the  third  edition 
of  Harris'  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.,  is  taken  as  the  type  in  the  following  descrip- 
tion, it  appearing  to  be  a  medium  between  the  Hypercompa  confinis. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  63 

Walker,  in  which  the  dark  coloring  most  largely  predominates,  and 
the  Callimorpha  vestalis,  Packard,  where  all  the  markings  on  the  pri- 
maries are  obsolete.  This  variety  is  the  Callimorpha  mililaris,  Harris, 
(plate  2,  fig.  20.) 

3.  ?. — White  and  brown.  Head  fulvous;  palpi  fulvous;  tips  brown, 
Prothorax  pale  fulvous  with  two  brown  dots  near  the  median  line. 
Thorax  brown,  with  two  lateral  white  stripes.  Abdomen  whitish,  with 
a  narrow  dorsal  brown  line.  Thorax  beneath  pale  fulvous,  legs  the 
same,  outside  of  the  tibiae  and  femora  of  the  two  anterior  pairs  brown. 

Anterior  wings  while,  marked  with  brown.  A  brown  stripe  on  the 
inner  margin  below  the  submedian  vein,  which  throws  off  an  oblique 
transverse  band  across  the  nervules,  its  inner  edge  terminating  at  the 
apex.  Outer  edge  brown  nearly  to  the  anal  angle,  thus  enclosing  a 
large  ovate  patch  of  while,  supplemented  near  the  apex  by  a  small 
white  spot.  Costa  above  the  subcostal  vein,  brown  nearly  to  the  apex, 
with  two  angular  projections  directed  backwards,  one  terminating  at 
the  origin  of  the  first  median  nervule,  the  other  about  midway  betw^een 
it  and  the  apex.  There  are  generally  corresponding,  but  less  promin- 
ent projections,  on  the  oblique  band.  Posterior  wings  white  immacu- 
late. 

Beneath  as  above,  except  that  the  markings  of  the  primaries  are 
quite  obscure,  while  the  costa  and  apical  portion  of  the  oblique  band 
have  a  yellowish  tinge. 

Expanse  of  ivittgs,   r.8o  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.70  inch. 

Habitat. — Canada  and  Eastern  United  States.  Canada,  (.Saunders.) 
New  York,  (Edwards.)  Mass.,  (Sanborn.)  Delaware,  (Doubleday.) 
St.  Louis,  (Agassiz.)     (Coll.  generally.) 

Considering  this  form  (pi.  2,  fig.  20,)  as  the  type,  all  the  other  modi- 
fications can  be  derived  from  it,  either  by  the  expansion  and  confluence 
of  the  brown  markings,  or  by  their  obsolescence  being  more  or  less 
complete.  In  C.  fidvicosta,  Clemens,  the  markings  are  all  obliterated 
on  the  anterior  wings.  Plate  2,  fig.  21  shows  a  variety  in  which  the 
oblique  band  only  is  obliterated.  By  the  union  of  the  toothed  projec- 
tions of  the  brown  costal  margin  with  those  of  the  oblique  band,  the 
wings  become  five-spotted  and  we  have  C.  Lecontei,  Boisduval.  By 
continuing  this  expansion  of  the  brown  markings  we  get  successively 
C.  coniigua  and  C.  cotifinis  of  Walker.  Not  having  seen  the  two  last 
mentioned  varieties,  I  have  included  them  as  synonyms  on  the  author- 
ity of  Grote,  who  has  compared  the  originals  in  the  British  Museum, 
(Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vol.  2,  p.  72.)    Some  forms  here  classified  as  vari- 


64  ZYGJEmDJE    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

eties  may  prove  to  be  valid  species  when  their  history  is  known,  as,  for 
instance,  C.  coiitigua,  which  is  stated  by  the  editor  of  the  Canadian  En- 
tomologist, (vol.  I,  p.  45,)  to  be  quite  a  constant  form.  For  convenience 
of  reference,  the  following  references  to  the  markings  of  the  different 
varieties  are  added  : 

C.  contigua,  Walker,  "Primaries  brow^n,  with  a  white  discal  stripe 
which  widens  from  the  base  to  a  little  beyond  the  middle,  and  with  two 
large  subapical  white  spots.  Secondaries  with  a  small  brown  spot  near 
the  hind  border." 

C.  confinis,  Walker,  "Primaries  brown,  with  a  discal,  slightly  angu- 
lar white  stripe,  and  an  elongate  triangular  oblique  subapical  white 
band." 

C.  fulvicosta,  Clemens,  of  which  C.  vestalis,  Packard,  is  only  a  syno- 
nym, ' '  White,  palpi  orange  yellow,  tips  blackish.  Head,  prothorax 
and  anterior  edge  of  fore  wings,  especially  beneath,  orange  yellow. 
Sometimes  the  costa  of  the  fore  wings  is  dark  brownish.  Breast  and 
legs  orange  yellow,  the  middle  of  fore  tibiae  and  tarsi  blackish.  Abdo- 
men tipped  with  yellowish  orange." 

Larva;  C.  Lecontei. — Mr.  Saunders  succeeded  in  rearing  four  speci- 
mens, which  he  states  resembled  each  other  very  closely,  but  does  not 
give  the  name  of  the  variety  produced.  The  larvae  were  found  June  10, 
feeding  on  horse  gentian,  (Triosteum  perfoliatiim);  they  entered  the 
chrysalis  state  June  19-20,  and  produced  the  imago  July  12-14.  The 
following  is  his  description  of  the  larva  : 

"Length  i.io  inches,  nearly  cylindrical.  Head  rather  small,  bi- 
lobed,  black  and  shining,  with  a  few  short  hairs,  mandibles  black,  palpi 
pale  brown  tipped  with  black. 

"Body  above  black,  with  transverse  rows  of  elevated  shining  black 
tubercles,  from  each  of  which  arises  a  spreading  tuft  of  short  bristly 
hairs,  a  bright  yellow  dorsal  stripe,  and  a  wide  band  of  the  same  color 
on  each  side,  this  latter  intersected  with  streaks  and  centered  with  a 
broken  band  of  black ;  about  half  way  between  the  dorsal  and  lateral 
stripes,  is  a  row  of  pale  whitish  dots,  forming  a  faint  broken  line. 

"Under  surface  dirty  greyish  white,  with  streaks  and  dots  of  brown, 
feet  black,  prolegs  dirty  white  on  inside,  with  a  patch  of  shining  black 
on  the  outside  of  each."  Canadiafi  Entomologist,  vol.  i,  p.  20. 

Larva ;  C.  fulvicosta. — Figured  by  Riley  in  3rd  Ann.  Rep.  St.  Ent. 
Missouri,  p.  132,  fig.  56,  a.  b.  c,  the  following  description  being  copied 
from  the  same  work  on  p.  134  :      "Color  velvety  black  above,  pale 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  65 

bluish  gray  speckled  with  black  below;  a  deep,  orange  medio-dorsal 
line  (usually  obsolete  towards  each  end),  and  a  more  distinct,  wavy, 
broken,  yellow  stigmatal  line,  with  a  less  distinct  coincident  pale  line 
below  it.  Covered  with  large,  highly  polished,  roughened,  deep  steel- 
blue  warts,  the  irregularities  of  which  as  they  catch  and  reflect  the  light, 
look  like  pale  blue  diamonds.  Closely  examined  these  warts  are  found 
to  be  covered  with  small  elevations,  each  of  which  furnishes  a  short  stifl' 
yellow  hair,  these  hairs  radiating  in  all  directions  around  the  warts 
which  are  placed  as  follows  :  joint  i,  with  an  anterior  transverse  row  of 
eight,  and  a  posterior  dorsal  row  of  four  ;  joints  2  and  3  each  with  a 
transverse  row  of  eight  across  the  middle;  joints  4-1 1  inclusive,  each 
with  four  circular  ones  anteriorly,  and  two  irregular  ones  posteriorly 
on  dorsum  (each  of  the  last  evidently  formed  by  the  blending  of  two), 
and  two  on  each  side  near  the  middle  of  the  joint ;  joint  1 2  w^ith  two 
that  are  irregular  on  the  back,  and  one  that  is  circular  on  each  side. 
Anal  shield  formed  of  one  large  irregular  wart.  In  addition  to  these 
there  is  a  narrow  subventral  wart  on  each  side,  and  two  large  ventral 
ones  on  each  of  the  legless  joints.  Head  polished  black  with  a  few 
black  hairs.  Thoracic  legs  polished  black,  but  pale  at  the  joints  inside; 
prolegs  black  outside,  flesh  colored  within  and  at  extremities.  Stig- 
mata not  perceptible.  Largest  in  the  middle  of  the  body.  Average 
length  0.90,  greatest  diameter  o.  15  inch." 

"  Described  from  six  peach-feeding  specimens.  Alcoholic  specimens 
do  not  reflect  the  pale  blue  points." 

From  the  above  descriptions  it  will  be  seen  that  the  larva  of  C.  Leconki 
diff'ers  principally  from  that  of  C.  /ulvnosia,  in  lacking  the  blue  reflec- 
tions and  in  having  a  pale  dotted  subdorsal  line. 

Pttpa. — The  larva  of  C.  fuhicosta  is  said  by  Riley  to  spin  a  slight 
cocoon  of  white  silk,  changing  to  a  pupa  of  a  purple  brown  color, 
finely  and  thinly  punctured  and  terminating  in  a  horizontally  flattened 
plate,  which  is  furnished  with  numerous  yellowish  brown  curled  bristles. 
The  moth  issues  from  this  chrysalis  during  the  fore  part  of  June. 

Though  C.  fulvicosta  has  been  found  feeding  on  the  peach  tree,  it 
does  not  occur  in  sufficient  abundance  to  be  a  serious  pest  to  the  orchard. 


66  ZYGi^iNIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

2.-CALLIM0KPHA  INTERRUPTO-MARGINATA.    (Plate  2,  fig.  19.) 

Boynbix  inierruplo-viaj-ginata,  De  Beauvois,    "Ins.  Afriq.  et  Amer., 

p.  265,  pi.  24,  figs.  5,  6."     (1805.) 
Callimorpha  anchor  a,  Harris,  (M.  S.  figs.) 

Hypercompa  comma,  Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Lep.  III.,  p.  652.     (1855.) 
Hypercompa  interrupio-viarginata,  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil., 

p.  161,  536.      (i860.) 
Callimorpha  comma.  Morn,  Syn.  Lep.  N.Am.  supp.  ,p.  346.     (1862.) 

5  .  ?  . — Whitish,  brown,  and  fulvous.  Head  whitish,  fi-ont  and 
vertex  fulvous.  Palpi  yellowish,  apical  joint  dark  brown.  Patagia  and 
thorax  whitish,  the  latter  with  a  broad  longitudinal  median  stripe. 
Abdomen  yellowish,  with  a  faint  dorsal  dark  line,  most  distinct  at  the 
base.  Thorax  beneath,  and  legs  fulvous,  the  anterior  pair  dark  brown 
outwardly. 

Anterior  wings  whitish,  very  faintly  tinged  with  fulvous,  which  color 
is  most  intense  on  the  costa  at  the  apex.  The  costa  above  the  subcos- 
tal vein,  is  brown  nearly  to  the  apex;  the  outer  margin  from  the  apex 
to  the  fourth  median  nervule  is  also  brown,  as  is  also  the  inner  margin 
from  the  base  to  the  anal  angle.  This  last  brown  patch  does  not  unite 
with  the  one  on  the  outer  margin,  extends  above  the  internal  vein,  and 
throws  off  a  quadrate  expansion  towards  the  centre  of  the  wing,  termin- 
ating on  the  second  median  nervule. 

Posterior  wings  clear  ochre-yellow,  with  a  sub-cordate  brown  spot 
near  the  outer  margin,  and  rather  nearer  to  the  anal  than  to  the  apical 
angle.  Beneath  all -the  wings  concolorous  with  the  secondaries;  the 
spot  on  which  is  reproduced,  but  divided  into  two  by  the  yellow  A'ein. 
On  the  primaries  the  spots  are  obsolete,  except  that  portion  of  the 
brown  internal  margin  which  is  thrown  off  towards  the  disc  of  the  wing, 
and  that  portion  which  lies  between  this  expansion  and  the  inner  angle. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.70  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.65  inch. 

Habitat. — Northern  Atlantic  States  and  Canada.  Connecticut,  (Coll. 
Harris.)  Massachusetts,  (Trouvelot. )  New  York,  (Grote.)  St.  Ca- 
therine, C.  W. ,  (Coll.  Scudder.)     Wisconsin  and  Virginia,  (Clemens.) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  67 


B0MBYCID5;. 
ARCTIINJ;. 
Genus  KODIOSOMA,   N.  G.  *    Stretch. 

Head  small,  hairy,  somewhat  sunk  in  the  thorax.  Antennae  moder- 
ately long,  pectinated.  Palpi  stout,  very  hairy,  pendent,  but  very  slightly 
advanced  beyond  the  front.  Thorax  broad  and  stout,  very  hairy  as  are 
also  the  patagia.  Abdomen  stout,  hairy,  extending  beyond  the  hind 
wings,  tufted  at  the  tip  and  sides.  Legs  stout,  smoothly  scaled.  Wings 
subdiaphanous,  thinly  scaled,  twice  as  long  as  broad,  costa  straight, 
outer  margin  rounded,  inner  angle  rounded;  posterior  wings  two-thirds 
as  long  as  the  anterior  wings,  not  reaching  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen. 
Size  small,  color  generally  black.  , 

This  genus  comes  near  to  Phragmatobia.  Having  only  unique  speci- 
mens of  each  of  the  four  species  enumerated,  I  am  unable  to  give  the 
neuralion,  as  the  small  size  of  the  insects  precludes  the  possibility  of 
making  it  out  without  destroying  the  specimens.  This  meagre  descrip- 
tion must  therefore  stand  until  more  material  occurs.  It  is  drawn  up 
from  the  typical  species  fulva  and  nigra;  the  other  two  species  are  re- 
tained in  the  genus  provisionally. 

l.-KODIOSOMA  FULVA,  N.  S.     (PI.  2,  fig.  7.) 

Head  black,  hair}'.  Palpi  stout,  black,  tips  paler,  hairy,  pendent, 
scarcely  visible  beyond  the  front.  Antennae  black.  Prothorax  hairy, 
pale  buff.  Patagia  long,  narrow,  clothed  with  long  fine  black  hairs, 
as  is  also  the  thorax.  Legs  long,  slender,  black  inside,  white  outside. 
Abdomen  stout,  broad,  depressed,  clothed  with  long  silky  black  hairs 
above,  slightly  mingled  with  buff.    Tip  prominently  buff;  beneath  paler. 

Anterior  wings  long,  narrow;  costa  straight,  slightly  rounded  at  tip; 
outer  margin  rounded,  nearly  equal  in  length  to  the  inner  margin; 
inner  margin  straight,  nearly  parallel  with  the  costa.  Color  smoky 
black,  subdiaphanous,  thinly  scaled,  with  the  base  and  margins  of  the 
wing  slightly  darker  than  the  disc.     Costa  margined  narrowly  with  buff. 

■ ( ■ 

*  Kodioriy  small  fleece;  Soma,  body;  in  allusion  to  the  soft  fleecy-looking  body  parts. 


68  ZYG.ENIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID.E 

A  narrow,  transverse,  pale  buff  line,  somewhat  beyond  the  middle, 
angulated  inwardly,  and  scarcely  reaching  the  costa.  Fringes  short, 
pale  buff 

Posterior  wings  subdiaphanous,  pale  buff,  outer  third  smoky  black, 
narrowest  at  the  anal  angle.  Inner  margin  clothed  with  long  pale 
buff  hairs. 

Beneath  as  above,  but  much  paler. 

Expanse  of  wings,  0.90  inch.      Lengih  of  body,  0.30  inch. 

/^^(^z/'a/.— -California,  (Coll.  Henry  Edwards.) 

Described  from  two  specimens  taken  in  the  vicinity  of  San  Francisco, 
by  my  friend  H.  Edwards,  one  at  San  Mateo  and  the  other  at  Saucelito, 
both  frying  during  the  day  time. 

2.— KODIOSOMA  NIGRA,  N.  S.    (PI.  2,  fig.  8.) 

Head,  antennce,  palpi  thorax  and  legs  black.  Prothorax  pale  yellow. 
Abdomen  black  with  anal  tuft  yellow.  All  of  the  body  parts  stoutly 
built  and  very  hairy. 

All  the  wings  smoky  black,  thinly  scaled,  subdiaphanous,  color  most 
intense  at  the  base,  and  on  all  the  margins.  Costa  of  the  anterior 
wings  very  narrowly  edged  with  yellow,  there  being  as  well,  on  the  same 
wings,  a  faint,  straight,  oblique,  transverse,  narrow,  yellowish  band  be- 
yond the  middle.     Posterior  wings  immaculate.     Fringes  black. 

Expattse  o/zvings,  0.85  inch.     Length  of  body.  0.30  inch. 

Habitat. —Q2,\\{oxmz,  (Coll.  Dr.  Behr.) 

Described  from  a  single  specimen  raised  from  a  larva  found  in  May 
in  Marin  county.  t)r.  Behr  states  that  the  larva  bore  a  striking  resem- 
blance to  that  of  Syntomis  and  the  cocoon  to  that  of  Halesidota,  but  is 
unable  to  give  the  characters  of  the  larva  more  in  detail,  as  it  changed 
to  the  pupa  immediately  after  it  was  found.  The  anterior  wings  have 
the  costa  and  inner  margin  more  parallel,  and  the  apex  of  the  wing 
more  quadrate,  than  in  the  other  species  of  the  genus. 

3.-K0DI0S0MA  TRICOLOR,  N.  S.    (PI.  2,  fig.  5.) 

<?  . — Head  black.  Palpi  black,  hairy,  pendent,  only  slightly  ad- 
vanced beyond  the  front.  Prothorax  white,  clothed  with  evenly  cut 
hairs.  Patagia  large,  black;  thorax  black,  both  it  and  the  patagia  being 
covered  with  short  fine  hairs.     Legs  slender,  smooth,  black.     Abdomen 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  69 

broad,  stout,  abruptly  pointed,  clothed  with  short  hairs,  black  beneath, 
red  above,  the  tip  black,  and  the  base  clouded  with  black,  with  an  in- 
distinct dorsal  line  of  the  same  color.      Tip  slightly  tufted. 

Anterior  wings  long  and  narrow;  costa  straight,  rounded  at  the  apex; 
outer  margin  nearly  equal  to  the  inner  margin,  slightly  convex;  inner 
margin  straight.  Color  uniform  dull  greenish  black,  with  a  narrow, 
transverse,  white  band  beyond  the  middle,  bent  outward  on  the  costa. 
Base  of  the  costa  narrowly  edged  with  whitish.      Fringes  whitish. 

Posterior  wings  clear  red,  with  a  black  band  on  the  outer  margin, 
gradually  tapering  in  width  to  the  anal  angle.  Costa  blackish.  Fringes 
black. 

Beneath  as  above,  except  that  the  colors  are  paler,  the  transverse 
band  more  diffuse,  and  the  base  of  the  costa  whitish  on  both  wings. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  i.oo  inch.     Letjgih  of  body,  o.^o  mch. 

Zra3//«/.— Nevada,  (Coll.  Dr.  Behr.) 

Described  from  a  single  specimen  taken  in  May,  at  Carson  City,  Nev., 
flying  in  the  afternoon  over  low  herbage.  The  flight  strongly  resembled 
that  o{  Zygccna  filipejidida:. 

4.-K0DI0S0MA  EAVESII,  N.  S.    (PI.  2,  fig.  6.) 

Head,  palpi,  antennse,  thorax,  legs  and  abdomen  black,  the  latter 
sharply  truncated.     Prothorax  dirty  white,  clothed  with  short  hairs. 

Anterior  wings,  with  the  apex,  prominent,  and  the  outer  margin 
rounded  to  the  inner  angle.  Color  smoky  black,  deepest  on  the  costa, 
apex  and  base;  subhyaline  on  the  outer  half,  and  crossed  by  a  narrow- 
ish,  whitish  band,  originating  nearly  at  the  inner  angle,  and  extending 
to  the  costa,  where  it  encloses  a  black  dot.  This  band  is  somewhat 
angulate  inwardly.     Fringes  black. 

Posterior  wings  smoky  black,  deepest  at  the  base,  subhyaline  on  the 
outer  half  Beneath  as  above,  except  that  the  anterior  wings  are  whitish 
at  the  base. 

Expanse  o/ivings,  0.90  inch.     Length  0/ body,  0.40  inch. 

ZTdi^iM— Nevada,  (Coll.  R.  H.  Stretch.) 

Described  from  a  single  specimen  taken  near  Virginia  City,  Nevada, 
by  Mr.  William  Eaves  of  that  place.  This  species  approaches  K.  tricolor 
much  more  closely  than  the  two  Californian  species,  inasmuch  as  the 
body  parts  are  clothed  with  much  shorter  hairs,  and  the  whole  appear- 
ance of  the  insect  is  less  woolly.     Of  its  habits  I  can  add  nothing. 


70  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 


B0MBYCID3;. 
ARCHING. 
Genus  EPICALLIA.    Hubner. 

Antennae  moderate,  subsimple  in  both  sexes,  (E.  virginalis)  or 
slightly  pectinate  in  $  (E.  villica.)  Palpi  porrect,  slightly  pendent, 
somewhat  exceeding  the  front,  finely  scaled.  Head  clothed  with  short 
hairs.  Thorax  and  abdomen  finely  scaled,  the  latter  as  long  as  or 
exceeding  the  hind  wings.  Wings  ample.  Primaries  triangular  to 
subovate.  Costa  straight,  slightly  curved  at  the  apex,  outer  margin 
only  slightly  oblique.  Secondaries  large.  Primaries  spotted,  neuration 
similar  to  Euprepia. 

Larva  clothed  with  very  long  silky  hair  similar  to  Euprepia. 

This  genus  is  allied,  by  its  antennae  and  fine  scales  on  the  body  parts, 
to  Callimorpha  on  one  hand,  and  by  its  neuration  and  preparatory 
stages  to  Euprepia  on  the  other.  In  its  style  of  coloration  it  differs  widely 
from  the  last  genus  which  shows  a  strong  approach  in  this  respect  to 
Arctia.  But  one  species  is  found  in  the  United  States,  and  this,  in 
many  of  its  characters,  such  as  the  simple  antennae  and  finer  scales  of 
the  entire  insect,  shows  a  departure  from  the  European  type,  which,  as 
pointed  out  by  Packard,  appears  to  be  influenced  by  its  association 
with  the  woolly  European  genus,  while  the  American  form  conforms 
more  to  the  finely  scaled  American  genera  Callimorpha,  Euchaetes,  Ec- 
pantheria  and  Halisidota. 

1.— EPICALLIA  VIRGINALIS.     (Pi.  3,  figs.  2,  3,  4.    Pi.  10,  fig.  l,  Larva.) 

Chelonia  virginalis,  Boisd. ,  Lep.  Cal. ,  p.  49-      (1852.) 
Arctia  virginalis,  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.,  pi.  3,  p.  61 1.      (1855.) 
Arctia  virginalis,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  337.     (1862.) 
Epicallia  virginalis,  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  vol.  3,  p.  108.    (1864.) 
Epicallia  virginalis,  Grote,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vol.  i,  p.  '3,1^,.    (PI.  6, 
fig.42,cS.     (1867-8.) 
Var.  Agarista  guttata,  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal.,  p.  48.     (1852.) 

Pleretes guttata,  H.  S.,  Lep.  Exot.,  pp.  72,  St^,  fig.  464.     (1858.) 
Alypia  guttata,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  132.     (1862.) 
Epicallia  guttata,  Grote,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vol.  i,  p.  334.  (1868.) 
Callittiorpha  guttata,  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal.,  p.  74.      (1868-9.) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  11 

$  .  5  . — Type,  black  with  yellow  and  ochraceous  spots.  Head  bright 
reddish  ochre.  Palpi  and  antennae  black,  the  former  reddish  ochre  be- 
neath. Prothorax  black  with  a  small  sulphur  yellow  spot  on  each  side. 
Patagia  sulphur  yellow,  edged  with  black.  Thorax  black  with  a  small 
reddish  ochre  spot  behind.  Legs  black,  inside  of  anterior  and  middle 
pairs  largely  red  ochre.  Apical  half  of  posterior  tibiae  yellow,  which 
prevails  also  largely  on  tarsi.  Abdomen  black  above  and  below,  with 
the  tip,  and  indications  at  the  sides  of  each  segment,  of  narrow  trans- 
verse bands  of  reddish  ochre. 

Anterior  wings  deep  velvety  black,  with  twenty  to  twenty-two  clear 
yellow  spots,  disposed  as  follows  :  five  at  the  base  of  the  wing,  (being 
two  above  the  subcostal  vein,  two  below  the  median  vein,  and  one  in 
the  discal  area);  a  double  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  costa;  beyond  this, 
across  the  nervules,  an  oblique  band  of  four  unequal  ovate  spots,  di- 
vided, by  the  black  nervules;  between  these  and  the  inner  margin  are 
two  rounded  spots;  finally  the  nervules  are  crossed  by  an  outer  sinuated 
band  of  eight  spots,  those  next  the  costa  being  very  minute.  Between 
the  two  middle  spots  of  the  four  which  lie  below  the  median  vein,  there 
is  frequently  present  a  narrow  transverse  spot. 

Posterior  wings  black,  with  reddish  ochre  markings  as  follows  :  an 
irregular  median  band  broken  in  the  middle,  connecting  on  the  costa 
with  an  inner  transverse  spot ;  faint  indications  of  tw^o  or  three  basal 
spots,  and  an  outer  band  of  spots  touching  the  anal  angle  where  the 
spots  are  confluent. 

Van  ocliracea,  (pi.  3,  fig.  2,)  differs  in  the  colorof  the  abdomen,  and 
under  wings,  which  are  clear  yellow  ochre.  The  abdomen  is  black 
below,  ochreous  above,  with  narrow  transverse  black  bands,  sometimes 
more  or  less  confluent  at  the  base.  On  the  posterior  wings  the  black 
area  is  reduced  to  a  submedian  band,  a  transverse  spot  on  the  costa, 
an  extra  median  band  deeply  emarginate  in  the  middle,  and  traces  near 
the  apex  of  a  black  marginal  band.  The  main  nervules  are  frequently 
black  in  the  outer  portion  of  the  wings.  Var.  guttata  (pi.  3,  fig.  3), 
resembles  the  type,  except  that  the  abdomen  is  entirely  black,  except  the 
tip;  and  the  secondaries  are  uniform  black,  except  a  few  small  reddish 
ochre  spots,  variable  in  number,  near  the  outer  margin,  which  are  all 
that  remain  of  the  typical  markings. 

Expanse  of  wings,  2.20  inches.      Length  of  body,  0.90  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.  Edwards,  Behr,  etc.) 

Larva. — The  body  is  black;  the  first  three  segments  are  clothed  with 
dense  rust-red  hairs;  the  remaining  segments  with  very  long  silky  white 


72  ZYGiENID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

hairs,  mingled  with  black  along  the  sides,  and  a  few  rusty  hairs  on  the 
segment,  (anal,  pi,  lo,  fig.  i.)  It  feeds  on  the  various  species  of  lupin, 
is  full  fed  about  the  middle  of  July,  and  spins  an  irregular,  thin  open 
cocoon,  composed  entirely  of  white  silk  without  intermixture  of  the 
hairs  from  the  body.  The  imago  appears  in  August  and  flies  readily 
in  the  day  time.  Its  flight  is  strong  and  rapid,  making  it  a  difficult 
insect  to  take  on  the  wing. 

This  species  is  abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco, 
(though  extremely  subject  to  the  attacks  of  ichneumons  of  a  variety  of 
species)  and  also  at  Washoe  Valley  in  the  State  of  Nevada;  probably 
also  in  many  other  localities  where  its  favorite  food-plants  are  found. 
It  is  liable  to  many  variations,  as  is  the  case  with  many  species  of  this 
sub-family.  I  have  given  E.  guttata  as  a  synonym  after  careful  exam- 
ination of  a  large  number  of  specimens,  being  unable  to  draw  the  line 
of  distinction.  They  have  been  separated  on  the  differences  of  color- 
ation of  the  posterior  wings,  yet  in  a  long  series  it  is  possible  to  find 
specimens  of  every  intermediate  gradation  of  color,  while  if  extreme 
types  are  selected,  there  ought  to  be  three  instead  of  only  two  species. 
The  specimen  figured  on  plate  6  of  vol.  i  of  the  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc. 
is  evidently  the  intermediate  form,  in  which  the  fulvous  and  black  of 
the  lower  wings  are  nearly  equally  divided,  the  abdomen  being  black 
above,  with  traces  of  fulvous  bands  across  the  sides.  This  may  be 
considered  the  type,  although  Boisduval  appears  to  have  had  before 
him,  when  he  drew  his  description,  the  second  variety,  in  which  the 
fulvous  coloration  largely  predominates,  the  black  being  much  reduced 
in  area,  and  the  abdomen  banded  above  with  fulvous,  thus  giving  the 
insect  a  paler  and  distinct  appearance.  The  third  variety  ( E.  guttata) 
has  the  lower  wings  almost  entirely  black,  only  a  few  small  spots  re- 
maining of  the  fulvous  coloring. 

Now  from  larvas  collected  on  the  same  spot  and  at  the  same  time,  I 
have  raised  both  5  and  ?  of  varieties  i  and  2,  without  being  able  to  de- 
tect any  differences  in  the  larvce,  and  my  friend  Henry  Edwards,  of  San 
Francisco,  has  collected  varieties  i,  2  and  3  in  Nevada,  on  the  same 
ground  and  at  the  same  time,  and  assures  me  that  he  has  never  been 
able  to  detect  more  than  one  type  of  larva  on  the  locality  where  these 
were  taken.  It  follows  then,  that  while  the  absolute  identity  of  varieties  2 
and  3  is  not  yet  fully  established,  the  fact  is  proven  as  regards  i  and  2, 
which  differ  equally  widely,  and  all  the  evidence  is  in  favor  of  their  be- 
ing merely  varieties  of  the  same  insect.  The  gradation  of  coloration  is  in 
favor  of  this  view,  although  it  is  by  no  means  difficult  to  segregate  a  num- 
ber of  specimens  into  the  respective  varieties  with  tolerable  certainty. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  13 


BOMBYCID.E. 
ARCTIINJE. 
Qeuus  ARCTIA.    Schrank. 

Fore  wings  with  tlie  subcostal  nervure  having  two  marginal  nervules 
from  near  the  end  of  the  cell,  and  with  a  long  narrow  costal  cell  formed 
between  the  second  marginal  and  subcostal  vein,  and  extended  a  little 
beyond  the  origin  of  the  post-apical,  or  without 
this  cell.  The  subcosto  inferior  nervule  and  the 
discal  vein  arise  at  a  common  point,  and  toward 
the  apical  portion  of  the  wing  is  given  off  the  post- 
apical  and  apical  nervules.  The  median  vein  is 
four-branched,  the  posterior  nervule  being  very 
remote  from  the  others.  Hind  wings  broader  than 
the  fore  wings,  as  long  or  rather  longer;  neuration  as  usual  in  the 
family. 

Head  small,  rather  sunken  in  thorax,  hairy,  and  with  ocelli.  Front 
narrovir  and  hairy.  Eyes  small.  Antennse  in  the  S  shortly  pectinated, 
in  the  ?  serrated,  and  sometimes  slightly  pectinated.  Labial  palpi 
porrected,  hairy  and  exceeding  the  clypeus  by  about  one  half  their 
length;  the  third  joint  subacute,  nearly  or  quite  as  long  as  the  second 
joint.     Tongue  with  slender  filaments,  as  long  as  the  anterior  coxa?. 

Body  thick.  Thorax  covered  with  thick  hair.  Patagia  rather  large, 
more  or  less  overreaching  the  vertex.  Breast  rather  hairy.  Legs  rather 
stout,  with  all  the  femora  hairy.  Anterior  tibiae  longer  than  the  last 
joint  of  tarsus,  with  tibial  spur  concealed;  the  posterior  tibiaj  having 
four  moderate  spurs. 

Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  526.     (i860.) 


74  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

The  tabulation  of  the  species  of  this  genus  is  a  most  difficult  task. 
The  following  attempt  will,  however,  be  some  assistance  in  limiting  the 
researches  of  the  student  : 
a.  Primaries  dark. 

b.  Nervules  clothed  with  pale  scales. 

c.  Secondaries  crimson         -  Vifgo,  Sautidersu,  Achaia,  $, . 

cc.  "  black         ------      Anna. 

ccc.        "  yellow. 

f  Transverse  bands  on  primaries       -     Persephone,  Achaia  $,. 

Var.  Ochracea. 
f  No  transverse  band  on  primaries  -         -      Virguncida. 

car.  Secondaries  reddish  ochre  or  brick  red  -     Dahurica, 

Achaia  $  ,  Edwardsii,  Coinplicata. 
ccccc.  Secondaries  cinereous         -         -     Speciossima,  Quetiselii. 
b.  Nervules  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  wing. 

c.  Thorax  black,  -         -         -'        -         Behrii  Nevadensis. 

cc.        ' '      striped. 

d.  Primaries  with  longitudinal  stripes  only. 

*  Secondaries  red  or  reddish  -  Nais,  var. ;  Nais,  var.  deco7-ata. 

*  Secondaries  buff      ------     Nais. 

dd.  Primaries  with  longitudinal  and  transverse  stripes,  mark- 
ings narrow. 

*  Secondaries  red    -         -     Williamsii,  Bolanderi,  figurala. 

*  "  yellow  and  brown  -         -  figurala,  vzx.  celia. 
ddd.  Primaries  with  longitudinal  and  transverse  stripes,  mark- 
ings broad,  giving  the  wings  an  angular-spotted  appear- 
ance. 

*  Secondaries  red  or  I'eddish  -         auiholea  $  ,  Blakei. 

*  ' '  white  -         -         .         -         auiholea  5 . 

*  "  cinereous         -         -         -         .         -  gdida. 
A.    Primaries  pale         _         .         -  .         arge,  placeniia, pallida. 


l.-ARCTIA  AUTHOLEA.    (Pi  3,  fig.  3  <5  ,  4  ?  .) 

Chelonia  auiholea,  Boisd. ,  Lep.  Cal.,  p.  76.     (1868-9.) 
5  . — Very  pale  yellowish  white.     Head  and  prothorax  pale  yellowish. 
Patagia  and  thorax  of  the  same  color,  with  a  broad  black  stripe  down 
the  centre  of  each.     Abdomen  rosy  red,  with  the  last  segment,  and  a 
dorsal  row  of  small  spots  black. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  75 

Anterior  wings  pale  yellowish,  with  black  spots  disposed  as  follows  : 
two  basal  longitudinal  ones  ;  two  sub-quadrate  ones  on  the  costa, 
followed  by  a  triangular  one  near  the  apex,  and  a  small  sublunate  one 
at  the  extreme  apex.  A  triangular  spot  on  the  middle  of  the  outer 
margin  with  its  base  outward,  and  two  others  between  it  and  the  anal 
angle  with  their  bases  inwards.  The  first  quadrate  costal  spot  has  a 
small  portion  detached  by  the  light  median  vein,  and  opposite  it  near 
the  inner  margin  is  another  sub-quadrate  spot.  Between  the  second 
quadrate  costal  spot  and  the  inner  margin,  are  two  very  narrow  trans- 
verse spots.  Fringes  and  all  the  margins  of  the  wings  narrowly  and 
neatly  yellowish.  Posterior  wings  white,  with  the  inner  margins 
rosy  red. 

?  . — Similar  to  the  S  except  that  the  black  "on  the  abdomen  is 
more  prominent,  and  the  lower  wings  are  entirely  rosy  red,  with  a 
faint  discal  and  an  outer  band  of  four  black  spots,  of  which  three  are 
subcordate  with  the  points  outward,  the  fourth,  (being  the  second 
from  the  apex)  triangular  with  the  base  outward.    Fringes  pale  rosy  red. 

Expanse  of  wings,   1.70  inches.      Length  0/ body,  0.7c  inch. 

Habitat. — California,    (Coll.  H.  Edwards.) 

Of  this  handsome  and  characteristic  species  I  have  seen  but  one  6  ?  , 
both  to  taken  in  southern  California.  While  Boisduval's  description 
is  somewhat  vague  as  to  the  markings  of  the  primaries,  which  in  this 
genus  are  notoriously  difficult  to  describe  in  words  ;  the  words  "  lower 
wings  white,  with  the  abdominal  gutter  red,"  and  his  reference  to  the 
red  secondaries  of  the  ?  ,  satisfy  me  that  the  insect  here  figured  is  the 
same  described  by  that  writer,  who  states  that  he  has  received  the  male 
also  from  Mexico. 

2 -ARCTIA  BEHEII  N.  S.    (PI.  3,  fig.  12  5  ,  11  $  . ) 

i  . — Head,  thorax,  paiagia  and  abdomen  below  black.  Abdomen 
above  pale  orange,  with  the  terminal  segment,  and  a  dorsal  row  of 
transverse  spots  black. 

Anterior  wings  velvety  black,  marked  as  follows  with  pale  ochraceous 
yellow  :  a  narrow  longitudinal  streak  reaching  nearly  to  the  outer 
margin,  between  the  median  and  internal  veins,  and  a  narrow  edging 
to  the  inner  margin.  A  broad  basal  band,  and  two  submedian  bands 
reaching  from  the  costa  to  the  inner  margin  where  they  nearly  unite. 
In  addition  there  is  the  usual  outer  angulated  band,  originating  on 
the  costa,  midway  between  the  outer  band  and  the  apex  of  the  wing. 


t6  ZYGiENID^    AND    BOMBYCID.E 

Its  first  angle  scarcely  reaches  the  outer  margin  ;  its  second  rests  on 
the  outer  band,  enclosing  a  large  transverse  black  spot ;  its  third 
touches  the  outer  margin  but  does  not  connect  with  the  longitudinal 
streak.  The  costal  spot  at  the  base  is  divided  by  a  short  oblique  trans- 
verse band,     twinges  blackish. 

Posterior  wings  rose,  inclining  to  orange.  A  small  black  spot  on 
the  costa  beyond  the  middle,  and  a  marginal  row  of  five  black  spots 
the  first  apical,  the  other  three  triangular  with  their  bases  inward,  and 
apices  not  reaching  the  margin  of  the  wing.  Fringes  concolorous  with 
the  adjacent  parts  of  the  wing.  Beneath,  all  the  wings  are  as  above 
except  that  the  coloring  is  less  intense. 

?. — Similar  to  the  $  except  that  the  basal  band  is  narrower,  and 
the  median  bands  are  sharply  angulated  near  the  costa,  and  continued 
along  it  slightly  towards  the  base  of  the  wing.  The  longitudinal 
streak  does  not  extend  beyond  the  outer  median  band,  but  reappears 
W  near  the  outer  margin  connected  with  the  angulate  band.  Fringes 
*i'  black,  interrupted  with  yellowish.  On  the  secondaries  the  apical  and 
third  black  spot  are  united  and  merged  into  a  narrow  black  margin. 
Fringes  black  at  the  apex  only. 

Expanse  of  wings,  3  1.70,  ?  1.40- 1.70  inches.  Length  of  body, 
0.70  inch. 

Habitat. — Downieville,  California,   (Coll.  Dr.  Behr.) 

This  fine  species  I  have  named  with  much  pleasure  after  Dr.  Behr 
of  San  Francisco,  whose  extensive  collection  containing  many  novel- 
ties collected  during  a  long  residence  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  has  been 
generously  placed  at  my  disposal  for  the  purposes  of  this  work.  A. 
Behrii  may  be  readily  distinguished"  from  its  congeners  by  the  black 
head  and  thorax,  which  impart  to  it  a  most  distinctive  character.  In 
this  respect  it  resembles  A.  Nevadensis,  Grote.  Two  5  ?  examined, 
showed  no  tendency  to  variability. 

3.-ARCTIA  BOLANDERI,  N.  S.     (PI.  3,  fig.  13.) 

3  . — Anterior  wings  deep  blackish  brown  ;  costa  and  inner  margin 
narrowly  edged  with  yellowish  ;  fringes  the  same  color.  The  anterior 
wings  are  marked  as  follows  with  dirty  yellow  :  A  narrow  streak 
between  the  median  and  internal  veins  reaching  nearly  to  the  outer 
margin.  A  small  spot  on  the  costa  indicative  of  an  obsolete  basal 
band,  and  two  narrow  transverse  bands,  divergent  on  the  costa,  but 
meeting  on  the  longitudinal  streak  and  continuing  thence  as  one  to 


OF    NORTH    AiMERICA.  tt 

the  inner  margin.  Outside  of  this  is  the  usual  angulated  Hne,  resem- 
bling the  letter  z,  originating  on  the  costa  midway  between  the  outer 
transverse  band  and  the  apex.  Its  first  angle  is  somewhat  distant  from 
the  outer  margin,  its  second  rests  on  the  outer  median  band,  while 
the  third  nearly  touches  the  outer  margin  but  does  not  connect  with 
the  longitudinal  streak. 

Posterior  wings  rose  color,  with  the  outer  margin  from  the  apex  to 
near  the  anal  angle,  narrowly  banded  with  black,  the  inner  line  being 
sinuated.  Just  inside  of  this  are  three  small  black  spots.  Fringes 
yellowish.  Beneath  the  anterior  wings  are  paler,  with  the  yellow  mark- 
ings broader  and  less  clearly  defined  ;  the  posterior  wings  are  more 
inclined  to  orange,  with  indications  of  one  or  two  discal  dots,  in  ad- 
dition to  the  markings  seen  above. 

The  condition  of  the  body  parts  of  the  only  specimen  I  have  seen, 
is  such  as  to  preclude  an  accurate  description. 

Expanse  of  wings,  i.oo  inch.     Length  of  body,  0.40  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Collection  of  Dr.  Behr,  from  Mt.  Shasta.) 

This  well  marked  species  is  probably  the  smallest  of  the  North 
American  Arctians.  I  have  named  it  after  Professor  Bolander  of  San 
Francisco,  who,  though  more  specially  devoted  to  botanical  studies,  and 
eminent  therein,  has  greatly  aided  our  knowledge  of  California  Ento- 
mology by  collecting  insects  during  his  botanical  rambles  in  the  remote 
districts  of  the  State.     The  present  species  was  taken  by  him. 


4.-ARCTIA  EDWARDSII,  N.  S.    (Pi.  3.  fig.  9.) 

5. — Head  prothorax  and  patagia  pale  ochreous  yellow,  with  two 
black  spots  on  the  prothorax,  and  a  black  dash  in  the  centre  of  the 
patagia.  Thorax  black,  with  two  narrow  pale  ochreous  stripes.  Ab- 
domen dirty  red  above,  pale  ochreous  below,  with  the  terminal  segment 
and  base  black,  and  a  dorsal,  lateral,  and  two  ventral  rows  of  black 
spots.      Legs  black,  outside  of  tibiae  yellowish. 

Anterior  wings  black,  with  the  costa,  inner  margin  and  veins,  very 
narrowly  pale  ochreous,  and  the  following  markings  of  the  same  color. 
A  narrow  longitudinal  streak  below  the  median  vein,  forking  on  the 
outer  margin  ;  a  transverse  basal  band  slightly  curved  outwardly,  and 
beyond  this  a  bifurcate  median  band  originating  on  the  inner  margin, 
with  both  branches  slightly  convex  outwardly,  and  diverging  towards 
the  costa  in  the  form  of  the  letter  V ;  beyond  this  an  angulated  outer 


78  ZYCENID^    AND    BOMBYCID^, 

band,  one  extremity  resting  on  the  costa,  the  other  upon  the  upper 
fork  of  the  longitudinal  streak,  and  its  centre  on  the  median  band. 
Inside  the  basal  band  is  a  small  band  reaching  from  the  costa  to  the 
longitudinal  streak.     Fringes  yellowish. 

Posterior  wings  red,  inclining  to  orange,  blackish  at  the  base  and 
along  the  basal  half  of  the  inner  margin,  with  a  narrow  black  outer 
margin  toothed  between  the  black  spots,  which  are  arranged  as  follows, 
being  seven  in  number  :  one  at  the  base,  one  on  the  inner  margin, 
two  near  the  costa,  and  three  adjacent  to  the  outer  margin.  Fringes 
yellowish. 

Beneath,  the  anterior  wings  are  marked  as  above,  but  the  colors  are 
paler,  the  bands  more  diffuse,  and  the  veins  yellow  only  at  the  outer 
margin.  The  posterior  wings  are  more  inclined  to  orange  and  show 
in  addition  three  small  black  spots  on  the  costa. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  1.40  inches.      Length  0/ body,  o.^^\nc\\. 

Habitat. — San  Francisco,  California,  (Coll.  R.  H.  Stretch.) 

Allied  to  A.  Dahurica,  Boisd.,  from  which  it  may  be  readily  distin- 
guished by  the  rounded  apex  of  the  anterior  wings,  (these  being  acute 
in  A.  Dahurica)  and  the  distinct  V-shaped  form  of  the  median  bands. 
I  have  seen  but  one  specimen  and  in  this  the  antennae  are  wanting. 

5.-ARCTIA  DAHURICA.    (Pi.  3,  &«.  10,  ?  .) 

Chelonia  dahurica,    Boisd.,  Icon.  Hist.  Lep.  126,  2  fig.   i.     (1832.) 
Chelonia  dahurica,  H.  S.  Samm.  Eur.  Sch.  Band.  II,  p.  145.     ( 1845.) 
Chelo7tia  dahurica,  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal.,  p.  48.     (1852.) 
Arctia  dahurica,  Walker,  C.  B.  M.  Lep.  Het.  p.  3,  pt.  597.      (1855.) 
Arctia  dahurica,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  527.   (i860.) 
Arctia  dahurica,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  341.     (1862.) 
Arctia  dahurica,  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  p.  118.     (1864.) 
Arctia  dahurica,  Grote,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc,  vol.  i,  p.  336,  pi.  6, 

fig.  41.  (1868.) 
' '  5  . — Head,  pectus  and  labial  palpi  brownish  ;  behind  the  antennae 
are  ochreous  scales  ;  antennae  black,  finely  bipectinate.  Prothoracic 
pieces  black,  edged  with  ochreous  hairs.  Thorax  black.  Patagia 
black,  fringed  with  ochreous.  Thoracic  parts,  beneath,  clothed  with 
long  brownish  black  squamation.  All  the  tibice  are  pale  ochreous 
outwardly,  as  are  the  hind  tarsi,  while  the  anterior  femora  are   also 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  19 

partially  ochreous  toward  the  lower  end  of  the  joint ;  elsewhere  the 
legs  are  black  or  blackish.  Abdomen,  at  base  and  dorsally,  black, 
laterally  bright  ochreous  ;  a  segmentary  series  of  black  stigmatal  spots. 
Beneath  pale  ochreous  with  sublateral  series  of  broad  segmentary 
maculations  diminishing  towards  the  anus. 

"  Anterior  wings  somewhat  produced  at  apices,  black.  Costal  edge, 
towards  the  base,  pale  ochreous.  Nervules  finely  marked  by  pale 
ochreous  scales.  An  incomplete  sub-basal  transverse  band  and  an 
outwardly  arcuate  median  band,  not  extending  below  the  internal 
nervure.  A  longitudinal  stripe  running  from  the  base  below  the 
median  nervure  outwardly  to  internal  angle,  before  which  it  is  furcate 
on  cell  I  b ;  on  this  stripe  rests  terminally  a  series  of  transverse  bands, 
resembling  the  letter  K,  with  the  straight  stroke  turned  towards  the 
base  of  the  wing  and  the  fusion  of  the  bands  (sometimes)  obsolete 
on  cell  3.  The  short  fringes  are  pale  yellow,  and  extend  uninterrupt- 
edly from  the  apices  over  the  rounded  internal  angle  along  internal 
margin.  Beneath  the  wing  is  paler,  while  the  markings  of  the  upper 
surface  are  repeated,  but  less  distinctly ;  the  veins  are  obsoletely  marked 
with  pale  scales.  Secondaries  largely  black ;  subterminally  these  show 
irregularly  shaped  and  elongated  bright  ochreous  patches  ;  fringes  as 
on  primaries.  Beneath  the  secondaries  are  largely  marked  with  bright 
ochreous  bands  on  a  black  ground."     (Grote,  loc.  cit. ) 

?  . — Same  as  3  except  in  the  smaller  amount  of  black  on  the  second- 
aries, where  the  black  spots  are  not  confluent  as  in  the  S  ,  but  are 
distributed  as  follows  :  one  at  the  base,  a  median  row  of  three  spots, 
an  outer  row  of  the  same  number,  one  of  them  touching  the  anal 
angle,  and  a  black  outer  margin  dentate  between  the  outer  row  of 
spots. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  5  1.34,  ?    1.60  inches.     Length  0/ body,  <5  0.55, 
?  0.60  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.  Boisduval,  Edwards,  Stretch. ) 

This  insect  is  found  in  the  neighbourhood  of  San  Francisco,  but 
appears  to  be  rare.  Dr.  Boisduval  states  that  the  type  of  this  species 
was  received  from  Siberia,  but  is  inclined  to  the  opinion  that  this 
locality  may  be  erroneous,  as  Eschscholtz  from  whom  he  received  it, 
collected  also  in  Russian  America  on  the  Aleutian  Islands,  and  may 
have  taken  it  in  the  latter  place. 

Arciia  complicata,  Walker,  from  Vancouver's  Island,  appears  to  be  a 
very  closely  allied  species,  even  if  it  be  not  identical  with  A.  Dahurica ; 


80  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

indeed  it  is  quite  possible  that  the  figure  here  given  of  A.  Dahurica  may 
be  the  $  of  Walker's  complkata.  As  points  of  specific  difference,  Grote, 
who  has  examined  Walker's  type  in  the  British  Museum,  notes  a  slight 
difference  in  the  coloration  of  the  head,  a  larger  amount  of  pale  color 
in  the  posterior  wings,  and  the  completeness  of  the  terminal  arctian 
band  on  the  primaries,  which  in  Grote's  description  of  A.  Dahurica  is 
said  to  be  obsolete  on  cell  3  (q.  v.)  There  is  no  note  of  any  difference 
in  the  location  of  the  markings  on  the  primaries.  Now  both  of  these 
species  are  from  the  same  locality,  and  in  a  genus  where  the  markings 
are  so  notoriously  liable  to  fusion  or  obsolescence  it  seems  to  me, 
(without  having  seen  the  type  of  cfw/>//(ra/(/)  that  these  differences  are 
not  sufficient  to  warrant  the  creation  of  a  new  species.  As  will  appear 
in  Part  5,  A.  achaia  varies  infinitely  more  than  this,  as  do  many  other 
insects  of  this  group  found  on  the  Pacific  Coast,  among  which  may  be 
enumerated  Antarctia  vagans,  {ptmciaia,  Packard),  Pseudohazis  eglan- 

terina,  Nemeophila  alaskensis  and  Nemeophila ?     Of  the  latter 

insect,  one  of  the  synonyms  of  which  is  Lithosia  decia,  Boisd.,  scarcely 
any  two  specimens  are  exactly  alike,  and  it  is  quite  common  from 
California  to  Oregon.  This  extreme  tendency  to  variation  on  the 
Pacific  Coast  is  a  subject  of  very  great  interest,  whether  due  to  the 
great  variety  of  climate  and  conditions  under  which  the  insects  live,  or 
to  whatever  other  cause,  and  being  so  constantly  reminded  of  the  fact  I 
should  gready  hesitate  to  separate  two  insects  on  differences  so  slight  as 
those  quoted  by  Mr.  Grote.  Indeed  were  I  to  do  so  it  would  be  neces- 
sary to  make  four  or  five  species  of  what  I  knozv  to  be  Arctia  achaia, 
Grote  ;  and  two,  if  not  three,  out  of  Pseudohazis  eglanterina.  I  there- 
fore, while  not  including  A.  complkata  in  the  synonymy  o'i  A.  dahurka, 
have  but  little  doubt  that  the  two  insects  are  identical. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  81 


BOMBYCID.S:. 

AKCTiiN^a:. 

Genus  SEIARCTIA.    Packard. 


"  Owing  to  the  fine  powdery  scales  that  cover  the  body,  the  head 
seems  much  freer  from  the  thorax  than  in  Arctia.  The  front  is  broader 
throughout,  more  convex ,  where  in  Arctia  it  narrows  towards  the  front 
edge,  and  becomes  flattened.  Palpi  porrect,  large  and  long,  tips  obtuse, 
surpassing  the  front  by  the  entire  length  of  the  third  joint.  In  Arctia 
the  palpi  do  not  reach  beyond  the  front. 

"  Thorax  moderately  stout,  finely  scaled.  Primaries  long  and  nar- 
row, the  breadth  being  contained  two  and  one-half  times  in  the  length. 
Costa  straight  on  the  basal  half,  from  thence  more  convex  than  in  A. 
Arge.  The  apex  is  produced  more  than  usual,  obtusely  pointed. 
Outer  edge  very  oblique,  one-half  as  long  as  the  costa,  and  nearly 
equals  the  length  of  the  inner  edge.  In  the  neuration  this  genus  is 
more  like  that  of  Halesidota  that  Arctia,  since  the  second  and  third 
subcostals  are  curved  very  near  the  costa.  Apical  interspace  much 
larger  than  in  Arctia,  while  the  fifth  subcostal  is  longer  and  straighter, 
as  are  the  three  first  median  nervules,  the  third  being  curved  more, 
while  the  semi-ovate  space  enclosed  between  the  first  and  third  is 
longer  and  broader  towards  the  apex  than  in  Arctia,  where  it  is  more 
acute.  In  this  respect  it  resembles  Halesidota.  Fourth  median  curvetl 
slightly,  arising  much  nearer  the  middle  of  the  wing  than  in  Arctia  ; 
and  nearer  also  to  the  third  median,  to  which  it  is  parallel. 

"  Its  affinity  to  Halesidota  is  still  more  striking  in  the  form  of  the 
secondaries,  which  are  much  produced  towards  the  apex.  The  costa  is 
much  bent  in  the  middle  ;  in  Arctia  it  is  not  bent  at  all,  and  the  long 
outer  edge  is  somewhat  angulated.  Legs  large  and  stout,  finely  scaled, 
resembling  the  stout  finely  scaled  legs  of  Halesidota  and  Ecpantheria. 

"  The  species  are  pure  white,  with  black  stripes  along  the  nervures, 
not  in  the  interspaces  as  in  Arctia. 

"  In  the  figure  of  Abbot's,  the  larvae  of  S.  echo  have  the  dorsal  hairs 
arranged  in  high  broad  tufts  which  show  the  transition  from  Arctia,  in 
the  larvse  of  which  the  fascicles  are  of  uniform  length,  to  Halesidota 
where  the  fascicles  often  form  tufts  and  pencils  of  hairs. " 

Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.   119. 


82  ZYG^NIDi^    AND     BOMBYCID^ 

1— SEIARCTIA  CLIO.    (PI.  3,  fig.  1.) 

Seiardia  clio,  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  120.     (1864.) 

"  $, . — White,  streaked  longitudinally  along  the  nervules  with  black 
brown.  Palpi  above  black.  Prothorax  immaculate.  Meso-notum 
with  three  black  stripes,  those  of  the  patagia  lined  without  with  yellow- 
ish ;  hinder  part  of  the  thorax  also  yellow.  Abdomen  yellow,  with  a 
dorsal  and  lateral  rows  of  small  black  spots. 

"Primaries  pure  white;  median  and  internal  nervures  lined  with 
black,  as  is  the  internal  margin  partially.  Ends  of  the  third  subcostal, 
fourth  and  fifth  subcostal  entirely,  second  median  entirely,  and  the 
remaining  median  nervules  partially  black.  Secondaries  immaculate, 
except  two  apical  minute  streaks.  Costse  of  both  wings  beneath  cream- 
white.  The  black  markings  distinct  beneath.  Fore  legs  darker  above 
than  the  others,  and  they  are  all  more  or  less  blackened  at  the  joints 
above."  Packard,     (loc.  cit.) 

Expanse  of  ivings,  1.95  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.75  inch. 

Habilat. — California,    (Coll.  Edwards,  Dr.  Behr. ) 

I  have  seen  but  two  specimens  of  this  insect,  both  in  the  collection 
of  Dr.  Behr  ;  one  from  Downieville  and  the  other  from  the  Yosemite 
Valley.     These  localities  would  indicate  that  it  is  a  mountain  species. 


OF    NORTH    \MEIUCA.  83 


BOMBYCID^, 
ARCTIIN^. 
Geuus  AEACHNIS.    Hiibner. 

Fore  wings  nearly  one-third  longer  than  the  hind  pair,  much  longer 
than  the  body.  The  subcostal  vein  forms  a  small  costal  cell,  immedi- 
ately behind  the  origin  of  the  discal  vein,  and  gives  rise  to  a  marginal 
nervule  which  sends  off,  near  its  middle,  a  short  nervule  to  the  costa; 
near  the  tip  of  the  wing  it  sends  ofif  the  post  apical  nervule,  and  behind 
it  becomes  bifid.  The  subcosto-inferior  arises  on  a  short  stalk  common 
to  it  and  the  discal  vein.  The  median  vein  is  four-branched,  the  fourth 
median  being  very  remote  from  the  third.  Hind  wings  about  equal  to 
the  abdomen,  broader  than  the  anterior  pair,  with  the  neuration  as 
usual  in  the  family. 

Head  quite  small,  somewhat  depressed,  smooth,  with  ocelli.  Front 
moderately  broad,  slightly  inclined.  Eyes  very  small.  Antennce  simple 
in  both  sexes.  Labial  palpi  rather  short,  scarcely  e.xtending  beyond  the 
clypeus,  but  slightly  curved  and  ascending,  and  slightly  hairy  beneath  ; 
third  joint  short.  Tongue  exceeding  the  tips  of  the  palpi  by  one-half 
its  length.  Cletnens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  525.    (i860.) 

But  one  species  is  found  in  the  United  States,  and  that  is  from  the 
Pacific  Slope. 

1.— ARACHNIS  PICTA,   Packard,  (PI.  3,  fig.  6.) 

Arachnis picta,  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  126.  (1864.) 
"  $  . — Head  bicolorous;  front,  below  the  base  of  antennae,  pale  slate, 
above  white.  Base  and  tip  of  palpi  vermillion,  scales  beneath  white. 
Prothorax  white,  each  half  with  a  large  round  pale  slate  central  spot 
margined  with  black.  Notum  pale  slate;  patagia  margined  with  black, 
and  a  double  median  black  line. 

"Primaries  pale  slate,  with  five  very  unequal  sigmoid  dislocated  white 
bands,  broadest  upon  the  costa  and  margined  with  black.  Third  and 
fourth  consist,   below  the  costa,  of  disconnected  dots,  and  the  fifth  is 


84  ZYG.'ENID.E    -VXD    BOMBYCID.E 

entirely  dislocated  on  the  ^ilth  s.  c.  Secondaries  and  abdomen  pale 
Vermillion.  The  former  with  three  transverse  dusky  bands,  of  which 
the  inner  is  the  broadest ;  the  outer  consists  of  four  disconnected  spots, 
and  the  outer  margin  is  lined  with  dusky  cinereous. 

"  Primaries  beneath  with  four  costal  yellow  spots,  of  which  the  second 
is  much  the  largest.  There  are  two  smaller  triangular  ones  on  the  inter- 
nal margin,  obscurely  connected  with  the  costal  one  by  a  dark  obscure 
line,  the  marginal  white  line  is  the  same  as  in  the  upper  surface.  Sec- 
ondaries, costal  half  of  base  yellow,  with  two  costal  yellow  spots,  of 
which  the  outer  is  much  the  smaller;  the  internal  half  of  the  base  of  the 
wing  is  pale  vermillion,  and  the  wing  below  the  median  nervure  is 
slightly  tinged  with  vermillion.  Transverse  incomplete  lines  as  on  the 
upper  side. 

"  Legs  :  femora  beneath  vermillion,  femoral  joint  and  tips  of  tibiae 
and  tarsi  slate  and  whitish,  ringed  with  black.  Abdomen  above  ver- 
million, with  a  dorsal  median  broad  dusky  line  and  a  lateral  row  of 
small  approximate  black  dots,  bounding  the  pruinose  ventral  side." 

Packard,  (loc.  cit.) 

The  above  carefully  drawn  description  of  the  ?  leaves  nothing  to  be 
desired,  as  the  3  differs  only  in  being  a  trifle  smaller,  while  the  abdo- 
men shows  less  of  the  slaty  and  more  of  the  rosy  tints. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  i.  50  to  2. 10  ins.     Length  of  body,  o.  60  to  o.  80  in. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.  Mus.  Comp.  Zool.  A.  Agassiz;  Edwards, 
Stretch,  Behr,  et  als.) 

Larva. — Entire  body  warm  smoky  brown,  each  segment  with  a  trans- 
verse row  of  rounded  paler  tubercles,  varying  on  the  different  segments 
from  seven  to  nine  in  number.  From  each  of  these  springs  a  divergent 
bunch  of  stiff,  rigid,  moderately  long  black  hairs  of  irregular  length, 
mixed  with  a  few  scattered  longer  hairs  of  bright  reddish  brown.  In 
appearance  the  body  is  cylindrical,  moderately  stout,  and  about  equally 
attenuated  at  both  extremities.     Length  about  1.75  inches. 

The  habits  of  this  larva  are  most  interesting.  It  feeds  on  the  various 
species  of  lupins,  and  appears  to  be  well  distributed  round  the  Bay  of 
San  Francisco,  as  I  have  received  the  insect  from  a  number  of  different 
localities  within  a  radius  of  twenty  miles.  It  is  a  nocturnal  feeder, 
hiding  in  the  day  time  under  the  dead  bark  of  trees  or  in  other  shel- 
tered places.     About  the  9th  of  May,    1870,  I  found  a  dozen  larvae 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  85 

under  the  dead  bark  of  a  cottonwood  tree.  These  were  placed  in  a 
bo.K,  and  kept  well  supplied  with  food  for  a  couple  of  weeks,  but  they 
declined  to  eat,  and  remained  huddled  up  in  the  shadiest  corner  of  the 
box,  retaining  this  position,  almost  without  change,  until  the  middle 
of  August,  a  period  of  over  three  months,  in  the  height  of  summer 
without  food.  The  entire  lot  then  assumed  the  chrysalis  state  within  a 
few  days,  some  few  without  spinning  any  cocoons.  The  remainder,  as 
though  almost  all  the  moisture  in  the  body  had  been  eliminated  during 
their  long  fast,  wove  merely  a  very  thin  open  white  web,  dotted  with 
minute  glistening  white  beads,  like  small  dew  drops,  and  entirely  free 
from  the  hairs  of  the  body,  which  in  Halesidota  are  incorporated  into 
the  cocoon.  Their  peculiar  aestivation,  seems  also  to  affect  the  final 
transformations,  as  the  larva  skin  retains  its  shape  after  the  exclusion 
of  the  chrysalis,  with  the  exception  of  the  slit  on  the  back  of  the  head 
and  first  and  second  segments,  through  which  the  chrysalis  escapes. 
The  latter  is  seldom  more  than  half  extruded  from  the  larva  skin.  This 
remarkable  aestivation  has  been  observed  in  all  the  larvae  we  have  raised, 
(and  while  these  have  been  numerous,  I  have  never  taken  an  imago 
at  large)  and  was  first  pointed  out  to  me  by  Mr.  H.  Edwards;  who  also 
called  my  attention  to  the  color  of  the  last  pellet  of  excrement  passed 
by  the  larva.  This  is  reddish,  and  appears  to  be  the  inspissated 
equivalent  of  the  drop  of  fluid  usually  passed  by  the  imago,  soon  after 
its  exclusion  from  the  chrysalis.  Out  often  imagines  evolved  from  this 
batch  of  larvae,  not  one  of  them  passed  anything  before  they  were  killed, 
thus  proving  how  complete  is  the  elimination  of  all  extraneous  matter 
from  the  intestines  during  the  larval  existence. 

This  insect  approaches  A.  atdcea,  Hiibner,  from  Mexico,  very  closely, 
if  it  be  not  the  same  thing,  in  which  latter  case  Ecpantheria  incarnata, 
Walker,  should  be  added  as  a  synonym.  The  descriptions  of  these 
two  species  agree  with  that  of  A.  pida,  except  in  the  color  of  the  spots 
on  the  underside  of  the  primaries,  which  are  said  to  be  red  in  the  two 
former  species,  v/hile  in  a  long  series  of  A.  pida  1  have  never  seen 
them  anything  but  yellowish,  or  yellowish  w'hite.  Boisduval  (Ann. 
Soc.  Ent.  Belg.,  p.  78,  1868-9,)  i^ideed  refers  to  our  Californian  species 
as  E.  aulcea,  Hiibn.,  stating  that  he  has  also  received  the  same  from 
Mexico.  While  strongly  of  the  belief  that  these  will  all  prove  to  be 
descriptions  of  the  same  species,  it  did  not  seem  advisable  in  the 
absence  of  Geyer's  figure  for  comparison,  to  run  the  risk  of  introducing 
confusion  into  the  synonymy,  and  for  that  reason  Packard's  name  is 


86  ZYG.ENID.E    AND    BOMBYCIDyE 

retained ;  but  if  these  suppositions  are  correct,  Mexico  must  be  added 
to  the  geographical  range,  and  the  synonymy  will  be  as  follows  : 

Arachtiis  aulaa,  Hiibner. — Geyer,  Zlitr.,  913,  914. 
Ecpantheria  incarnaia,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M. 

"  "         Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  524. 

(1S64.) 
Arachtiis  aulcca,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  526.    (i860.) 
picia,  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  126.    (1864.) 
Ecpantheria  mihca,  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal.,  p.  78.     (1868-9.) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA. 


81 


BOMBYCID^ffi. 
ARCTIINiE. 
Genus  HALESIDOTA.    Hiibner. 

Fore  wings  narrow,  the  subcostal  vein  with  two  marginal  nervules 
from  the  disc,  with  an  apical  nervulet  near  the  tip,  midway  between 
the  origin  of  which,  and  that  of  the  subcosto-inferior  nervule  arises  the 
post  apical.  Median  vein  four-branched,  the  posterior  nervule  moder- 
ately remote  from  the  penultimate.  Hind  wings,  neuration  arctiaeform. 
Head  moderate,  short,  rather  woolly,  with  ocelli.  Front  tapering, 
moderately  broad.  Eyes  rather  large.  Antennae 
'slightly  pectinated  in  the  $,  serrated  in  the  ?. 
Labial  palpi  stout,  porrected,  exceeding  the  clypeus 
somewhat,  and  squamose  ;  the  basal  and  middle 
joint  about  equal  ;  terminal  joint  conical,  very  min- 
ute.    Tongue  as  long  as  thorax  beneath. 

Body  stout.  Thorax  smooth  with  decumbent  hairs.  Patagia  erected, 
moderately  large.  Breast  slightly  hairy.  Abdomen  smooth.  Legs 
stout  and  smooth;  the  tibial  spur  of  the  fore  legs  rather  long,  concealed; 
hind  tibiae  with  four  moderate  spurs. 

Ckm.,  Proc.  Acad.  Sci.  Phil,  p.  533.     (i860  ) 

The  following  is  an  attempt  to  tabulate  the  North  American  species: 

*  Primaries  banded. 

Yellow,  rusty  bands,  abdomen  yellowish      -         -  H.  Agassisu. 

Ochreous,  smoky  brown  bands,  abdomen  verm'ln  //.  Edwardsii. 

Pale  tawny,  darker  tawny  bands,  abdomen  tawny  H.  lessellaru. 

*  Primaries  spotted. 

Dark  brown,  spots  white. 

Patagia  dark  brown         _         .         .         . 
"        striped  brown  and  white 
Tawny,  spots  brown       ----- 
Reddish  brown,  spots  yellowish 


Yellowish,  dusted  with  rusty,  spots  white 


H.  sobrina. 
H.  argentata. 
H.  maculata. 
H.  cinnamomea 
H.  carves. 


88  ZYG.ENin.E    AND    BOMBYCID.E 

l.-HALESIDOTA   EDWARDSII.     (PI  3,  fig.  5.) 

Halestdota  Edimrdsii,  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  III.,  p.  i  29.  (1864.) 

Halesidota  iransludda,  Walker. 

PhcBgopiera  Quercus,  Boisd.,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  XII.,  p.  81.  (1868-9) 

5  . — Ochreous  and  vermillion.  Head  ochreous.  Palpi  vermillion, 
clothed  beneath  with  ochreous  hairs,  apical  joint  black.  Antennae 
brown,  slightly  vermillion  at  the  base.  Thorax  and  patagia  hairy, 
ochreous,  the  patagia  much  less  distinct  than  in  H.  tessdlaris.  Abdo- 
men hairy,  vermillion  above,  pale  ochreous  beneath,  as  is  also  the 
thorax.  Legs  pale  ochreous,  tibiae  and  tarsi  annulated  with  brown, 
tibial  joints  also  marked  with  the  same  color.     Tibiae  vermillion  inside. 

Primaries  very  thinly  scaled,  subdiaphanous,  ochreous,  with  five  pow- 
dery smoky  brown  bands,  the  first  at  the  base  very  incomplete;  second 
strongly  arcuate  outwardly;  third  straight,  not  oblique;  fourth  and  fifth 
nearly  parallel  with  the  outer  margin,  which  is  also  broadly  of  the  same 
color;  the  third  and  fourth  bands  are  fused  on  the  inner  margin,  form- 
ing a  V.  In  specimens  at  all  worn  these  markings  are  only  clearly 
visible  on  the  costa  and  inner  margin. 

Secondaries  nearly  colorless,  diaphanous,  slightly  vermillion  on  the 
inner  margin,  narrowly  dusky  at  apex. 

Beneath,  the  markings  of  the  primaries  are  faintly  reproduced.  On 
the  secondaries  the  costa  is  opaque,  ochreous,  with  two  brownish  spots. 
?  resembles  the  3  ,  except  that  the  abdomen  is  less  hairy  and  is  or- 
namented on  the  three  terminal  segments  v»*ith  a  blackish,  dentate,  dor- 
sal mark,  widest  on  the  terminal  segment. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  1.80-2. 10  ins.      Lejtgth  of  body,  0.85-0.90  in. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.  Edwards,  Behr,  et  als.) 

Larva. — Length,  1.50  inches.  Head  dark  brown,  very  large.  Tho- 
racic legs  reddish  brown,  abdominal  legs  tawny.  Body  stout,  depressed, 
densely  clothed  with  moderately  long  rich  brown  hairs  of  uniform 
length,  giving  the  larva  a  brush-like  appearance.  The  sides  of  the  body 
as  well  as  the  caputal  and  anal  segments,  have  scattered  long  silky  hairs 
of  a  tawny  yellow.  The  cocoon  is  composed  chiefly  of  the  hairs  of  the 
larva,  and  although  of  considerable  density,  is  but  slightly  bound  to- 
gether with  silk,  of  w'hich  a  very  small  quantity  is  used  in  its  construc- 
tion. The  larva  is  full  fed  about  the  end  of  June,  and  the  imago  is 
disclosed  during  the  latter  part  of  July. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  89 

This  species  is  abundant  in  the  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco, 
feeding  on  the  various  species  of  oak.  The  larva  is  nocturnal  in  its 
habits,  and  in  the  day  time  may  be  found  crowded  into  holes  and  cavi- 
ties (generally  in  families)  and  often  in  places  where  it  seems  scarcely 
possible  for  them  to  penetrate.  The  imago  is  much  rarer  than  the 
abundance  of  the  larva  would  indicate,  as  the  latter  are  very  subject  to 
the  attacks  of  ichneumons,  chiefly  of  small  size. 


90  ZYG^NIDiE    AND  BOMBYCID^ 


ZYGiENIDiE. 
ZYGiENIN^. 
Genus  PHRYGANIDIA.    Packard. 

Front  broad,  narrowing  towards  the  mouth,  sides  parallel.  In  the  $ 
the  clypeua  is  shorter  than  in  the  $  .  Maxillae  as  long  as  the  thorax. 
Palpi  ascending,  curved,  very  narrow  and  slender,  tips  just  passing 
beyond  the  front;  third  joint  continuous  with  the  second.  Antennae 
long  and  broadly  pectinated,  in  the  ?  subsimple;  pectinations  being 
nearly  obsolete. 

Thorax  moderately  stout,  the  patagia  are  more  hairy  than  the  rest  of 
the  thorax.  Wings  long  and  broad.  Primaries  :  length  to  breadth  as 
7.5  to  3.6.  Costa  slightly  convex,  straight  in  the  middle.  Apex  sub- 
rectangular,  obtusely  rounded.  Outer  margin  moder- 
ately oblique.  First  subcostal  straight,  arising  just  be- 
fore the  origin  of  the  third  subcostal;  second  arises  more 
than  half  way  between  the  origin  of  the  third  and  fifth; 
third  divides  in  the  middle  of  its  length,  the  interspace 
being  short  triangular ;  fifth  subcostal  is  slightly  removed  at  its  origin 
towards  the  middle  of  the  discal  space.  Second  and  third  median  nerv- 
ules  are  very  short,  dividing  on  the  first  third  of  the  distance  from  the 
discal  nervules.      Fourth  median  very  short. 

Internal  angle  of  the  secondaries  much  rounded,  hardly  reaching  to 
the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  Costa  straight,  a  little  full  near  the  base,  while 
the  wing  is  much  produced  towards  the  much  rounded  obtuse  apex, 
being  still  more  rounded  in  the  ?  .  The  two  subcostal  nervules  are 
thrown  off  very  near  the  apex.  In  both  wings  the  two  discal  nervules 
are  continuous  and  very  oblique.  The  second  and  third  median  are 
very  short,  arising  very  near  the  outer  margin  of.the  wing. 

Legs  long  and  slender,  closely  and  finely  scaled;  hind  tibiae  long, 
provided  with  four  moderate  equal  spurs;  tarsi  nearly  as  long  as  tibia. 
Abdomen  cylindrical,  long,  rather  slender,  tip  obtuse.  In  the  ?  it  is 
shorter  and  obtuse. 

The  genus  is  not  only  much  larger  than  Heferogvnis,  but  differs  from 
it  in  many  respects.         *         *         *         "Wx^  neuration  of  the  two 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  91 

genera  is  very  dissimilar.  In  our  genus  the  median  nervules  are  longer, 
and  arise  much  nearer  the  middle  of  the  wing,  especially  the  fourth 
median.  The  second  and  third  median  nervules  in  both  wings  are  in 
Heterogynis  remote  at  their  origin,  while  in  Phryganidia  they  arise  from 
a  common  branch  which  is  thrown  off  from  the  main  nerve.  This  is 
very  abnormal  in  the  moths.  *         *         *         * 

Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  348-9. 

The  transformations  of  P.  Californica  on  which  this  genus  is  founded, 
are  so  dissimilar  to  those  of  the  true  PsychiintC,  that  I  remove  the  genus 
to  its  present  position,  though  with  some  hesitation,  and  chiefly  because 
I  feel  unable  to  assign  it  a  more  satisfactory  position.  Not  only  does  the 
larva  construct  no  "  sac,"  but  it  does  not  even  construct  a  cocoon  of 
any  kind,  and  the  pupa  is  naked  and  suspended  by  the  tail.  It  trans- 
formations are  given  in  their  appropriate  place. 

l.-PHRYGANIDIA  CALIFORNICA.    (PI.  3,  fig.  U  $  ,  15  5  ,  pi.  10,  fig.  4  larva,  5  pupa. 

Phryga7iidia  Californica,  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  vol.  3,  p.  349. 
(1864.) 

3  . — Pale  brown.  x\ntennai  smoky  black  ;  palpi,  front,  base  of  the 
patagia,  and  an  interspaceal  row  of  three  cloudy  spots  immediately 
outside  the  discal  vein,  yellowish  ochre.  All  the  remainder  of  the  in- 
sect pale  sable  brown,  wings  somewhat  transparent  and  nervules  darker; 
secondaries  paler  than  the  primaries.  Abdomen  slender  and  cylin- 
drical. 

?  . — Resembles  the  male  except  that  the  yellowish  spots  on  the  pri- 
maries are  absent,  the  wings  are  more  transparent,  and  the  costa  of  the 
primaries  is  more  rounded,  while  the  abdomen  is  stouter,  abruptly 
pointed,  and  terminated  with  two  short  stiff  spines. 

Expanse  ofivings,  $  $1.50  inches.      Length  of  body,  0.55  inch. 

Habiiai. — California,  (Coll.  Edwards,  Behrens,  etc.) 

Larva. — Slender  ;  head  very  prominent,  globose  ;  last  segment  but 
one-humped  ;  length  0.90  to  i.oo  inch. 

Head  pale  brown.  Body  black  above,  dirty  green  below,  with  a 
broad  dorsal  line  of  dirty  greenish,  divided  by  three  narrow  black  lines, 
and  the  sutures  faintly  marked  with  the  same  color.  There  is  also  a 
narrow,  broken  stigmatal  line  of  dirty  greenish,  and  a  similar  line  above 
each  of  the  abdominal  legs.    Tip  of  the  last  segment  horny,  the  segment 


92  ZYGJENW/E   AND    BOMBYCID^E 

not  being  used  to  assist  in  progression,  but  usually  slightly  elevated. 
Body  smooth,  transversely  winkled.  Younger  specimens  differ  chiefly 
in  the  disproportionate  size  of  the  head. 

Pupa,  suspended  by  the  tail,  naked,  greenish  white  with  black  mark- 
ings. Head  and  eyes  prominent,  front  broad,  maxillce  legs  and  antennae 
well  marked,  antennas  equal  in  length  to  the  wing  cases  and  separating 
them.  Prothorax  broad  and  short;  mesothorax  prominent,  oval;  meta- 
thorax  well  developed ;  abdomen  conical,  sharply  truncated,  with  ter- 
minal spine.  Wing  cases  ample,  extending  to  beyond  fourth  abdom- 
inal segment.  All  sutures  of  head  and  thorax,  legs  and  antennae  lined 
with  black;  the  eyes  are  also  of  the  same  color,  as  well  as  the  nervules, 
which  show  clearly  oh  the  wing  cases.  The  mesothorax  has  a  central 
black  line;  the  abdomen  has  a  dorsal  row  of  black  points  on  the  anterior 
margin  of  each  segment,  and  a  lateral  row  of  black  spots  blending  into 
each  other  towards  the  anal  segment,  which  is  black.  Stigmata  black. 
Abdomen  below  with  two  sublateral  series  of  black  transverse  spots 
nearly  blending  into  two  longitudinal  bands.     Length  1.20  inch. 

This  insect  is  exceedingly  abundant  round  the  Bay  of  San  Francisco 
and  probably  in  many  other  portions  of  California,  occurring  in  some 
seasons  and  localities  in  such  numbers  as  almost  to  strip  the  live  oaks 
on  which  they  feed,  of  their  foliage.  The  first  brood  is  evolved  about 
the  15th  of  June,  and  is  followed  by  an  autumnal  brood.  When  first 
hatched  the  young  larvae  appear  to  be  nearly  all  head,  so  disproportion- 
ate is  the  latter  to  the  rest  of  the  body;  as  maturity  is  approached  the 
disproportion  decreases,  but  the  head  is  always  greater  in  diameter  than 
the  body.  The  larvae  feed  singly,  and  appear  to  make  little  if  any  use 
of  the  anal  feet,  as  means  of  progression,  generally  carrying  the  last 
segment  elevated  in  the  air,  and  in  this  respect  show  a  certain  affinity 
to  some  notodontians  as  well  as  to  Cerura  and  Platypteryx.  The  insect 
cannot,  however,  be  classed  with  these  genera.  Packard  quotes  Hete" 
rogynis  as  the  nearest  ally,  and  points  out  the  differences  between  the 
two  genera.  Now  Heterogynis  is  removed  by  many  European  writers 
to  the  Zygaenida;,  and  it  seems  to  me  that  Phryganidia  should  be  also 
removed  to  that  group,  instead  of  being  classed  among  the  Psychidae, 
as  originally  described  by  Packard.  One  of  the  distinctive  features  of 
the  Psychids  is  the  case-bearing  habit  of  the  larvae,  and  the  generally 
apterous  condition  of  the  females.  Phryganidia  possesses  neither  of 
these  characteristics,  the  larva  being  naked  with  the  normal  lepidopter- 
ous  form,  and  the  pupa  without  surrounding  envelope  and  suspended 
by  the  tail,  as  in  many  Rhopalocera  and  some  Geometrae.     This  latter 


OV    NORTH    AMERICA.  93 

habit  is  very  abnormal  among  the  Heterocera,  especially  Zygaenidae  and 
Hombycidae.  In  form  the  larva  has  some  resemblance  to  that  of 
Psychomorpha  and  Eudryas,  and  my  impression  is  that  its  allies  must 
be  looked  for  among  such  genera  as  Procris  and  Ctenucha,  and  that 
its  true  place  is  intermediate  between  these  two  forms.  The  males  fly 
readily  through  the  hot  sunshine  round  the  tops  of  the  oaks,  but  the 
females  are  only  occasionally  taken  on  the  wing. 


94  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 


BOMBYCID^. 
AECTIIN^. 
Genus   EUPEEPIA.      Germar. 

Head  small,  not  prominent.  Front  long  and  narrow,  sides  parallel; 
finely  scaled.  Palpi  stout,  finely  scaled,  terminal  joint  pendent,  slender, 
projecting  beyond  the  fi-ont.  Eyes  large.  Antennae  rather  longer  than 
the  thorax,  approximate  at  the  base,  finely  pectinated  in  the  $  ,  sub- 
simple  in  the  ?  . 

Prothorax  hairy,  vertical,  nearly  concealing  the  head  fi-om  above ; 
thorax  and  patagia  clothed  with  long  hairs.  Abdomen  stout,  smooth, 
extending  slightly  beyond  the  hind  wings.  Legs  stout,  smooth;  femora 
hairy  ;  the  middle  pair  with  two,  the  hind  pair  with  four  short  unequal 
spurs. 

Wings  ample.  Anterior  pair  with  the  costa  straight  on  the  basal  half, 
thence  gently  rounded  to  the  subquadrate  apex ;  outer  margin  full, 
rounded ;  anal  angle  distinct ;  inner  margin  straight,  convex  at  the 
base.  Median  nervules  arise  a  little  beyond  the  middle,  first  and 
second  close  together  at  their  origin  and  curved  downward  ;  fourth 
four  times  as  far  from  the  third,  as  third  from  second.  Costal  ner\ure 
long,  reaching  nearly  to  the  apex.  First  and  second  subcostals  thrown 
off  before  the  discal  vein,  long,  parallel  with  the  costal  nervure ;  third 
subcostal  arises  at  the  discal  vein,  unites  with  the  second  to  form  a  long 
narrow  cell,  and  is  thence  continued  independently,  throwing  off  the 
fourth  nervule  to  the  outer  margin,  midway  to  the  apex,  and  afterwards 
bifurcating,  both  branches  going  to  the  costa.  Fifth  subcostal  arises 
on  a  short  stalk  at  the  discal  vein,  the  latter  being  very  slender  and 
strongly  angulated  inwardly. 

Secondaries  have  the  costa  slightly  angulated,  outer  margin  full  and 
rounded,  anal  angle  rounded.  Costal  vein  long,  arising  from  the  same 
stock  as  the  subcostal. 

Coloration  bright  and  conspicuous ;  primaries  brown,  with  light 
irregular  bands  similar  to  Arctia,  secondaries  spotted.  The  larva  is 
clothed  with  very  long  silky  hair,  thus  differing  strikingly  from  Arctia, 
and  showing  a  closer  relationship  with  EpicalUa,  although  approaching 
the  former  genus  in  the  style  of  ornamentation.  But  one  species  is 
found  in  North  America. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  95 

l.-EUPREPIA  AMERICANA.     (PI.  4,  fig.  4,  ?  .) 

Ardia  Aviericana,  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.,  p.  246.      (1841.) 

Ardia  Americana,  Harris,  Agass.  Lake  Sup.,  pi.  7,  fig.  5.     (1850.) 

Chelonia  caja,  Boisd.,  Lep.  Cal.,  p.  27.     (1852.) 

Ardia  caja,  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.,  B.  M.     (1855.) 

Ardia  caja,  Fitch. 

Ardia  caja,  Moeschler,  W.  E.  M.  4,  p.  360.      (i860.) 

Ardia  Americajia,  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  529.    (i860.) 

Ardia  A?)iericana,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  Supp.,  p.  336.     (1862.) 

Ardia  Aviericana,  Saun.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  2,  p.  28.     (1863.) 

larva. 
Euprepia  Americana,  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  p.  114.     (1864.) 
Not  Ardia  Americana,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.   B.  M.,  p.  607.     (1855.) 

6  .  ?  . — Head  brown,  a  few  scattered  reddish  hairs  on  the  vertex. 
Palpi  brown,  slightly  red  at  base  and  beneath.  Antennae  whitish. 
Prothorax  brown,  edged  behind  with  red,  and  in  front  margiiied  with 
white.  Patagia  brown,  white  iti  front  and  on  the  outer  edge.  Thorax 
brown,  reddish  orange  behind.  Abdomen  orange-vermillion  with  four 
or  five  transverse  black  dorsal  spots.  Femora  reddish,  remainder  of 
the  legs  brown. 

Primaries  coffee  brown,  marked  with  creamy  white  as  follows  :  A 
large  basal  patch,  enclosing  a  brown  patch  on  the  costa,  and  a  smaller 
dot  below  the  median  vein.  The  basal  patch  is  produced  into  a  longi- 
tudinal streak  below  the  median  vein,  which  is  sometimes  connected 
with  the  transverse  band.  This  band  originates  on  the  inner  margin, 
two-thirds  from  the  base  of  the  wing,  runs  somewhat  parallel  with  the 
outer  margin  to  the  second  median  nervule,  and  is  thence  sharply 
angulated  backward  to  the  costa.  Outside  this  band  is  the  usual  Arctian 
marking,  arising  at  the  inner  angle  and  running  direct  to  the  angle  in 
the  transverse  band,  thence,  nearly  parallel  with  the  costa,  to  near  the 
outer  margin,  thence  backward  at  an  acute  angle,  thence  at  right  angles, 
terminating  on  the  costa  midway  between  the  apex  and  the  transverse 
band.  There  are,  in  addition,  two  spots  on  the  costa,  between  the  basal 
patch  and  transverse  band,  sometimes  produced  into  more  or  less  com- 
plete transverse  bands,  but  not  passing  the  longitudinal  streak.  Fringes 
brown. 


96  zygtENid.e  and  bombycid.^ 

Secondaries  bright  orange,  with  seven  rounded  deep  blue  spots 
margined  with  black,  arranged  in  two  rows  ;  the  median  row  con- 
sisting of  three,  and  the  submarginal  row  of  four  spots.  In  the  median 
row  the  first  spot  is  on  the  discal  vein,  the  second  is  greatly  larger  and 
lies  across  the  base  of  the  fourth  median  nervule,  the  third  is  the  size  of 
the  first  and  lies  on  the  internal  vein.  The  outer  row  consists  of  a  small 
spot  on  the  costa,  a  large  one  on  the  first  median  nervule,  a  similar  spot 
on  the  fourth  median  and  a  smaller  one  on  the  internal  vein.  Fringes 
orange. 

Beneath,  the  markings  of  the  primaries  are  reproduced,  but  the  basal 
third  is  largely  reddish,  and  the  white  bands  are  all  reddish  on  the 
margins  of  the  wings.  Secondaries  as  above,  except  that  the  markings 
are  dull  black. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  ?    2.90  inches.      Length  of  body,  i.oo  inch. 

Habitat. — New  York,  (Doubleday,  Harr.  Coll.)  Canada,  (Saund.) 
Vancouver's  Island,  (H.  Edwards.)  California,  (  Boisduval.)  Alaska, 
(Dall.) 

Larva. — Saunders  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  2,  p.  28)  has  the  fol- 
lowing notes  on  the  larva  as  it  hybernates  for  the  winter  :  ' '  Length, 
three-eighths  of  an  inch.  Head  black,  body  dark  brown  with  transverse 
rows  of  tubercles,  from  which  spring  dense  tufts  of  intermingled  white 
and  black  hairs.  It  completes  its  growth  in  the  Spring  and  enters  the 
chrysalis  state  late  in  May  or  early  in  June.  Like  the  Caja  of  Europe, 
it  feeds  readily  on  the  common  garden  lettuce. " 

While  closely  allied  to  the  European  E.  caja  with  which  it  has  been 
confounded  by  European  writers,  it  can  be  readily  distinguished,  as 
pointed  out  by  Dr.  Harris  (Ins.  Mass.,  p.  246,  1841,)  by  the  white 
edging  of  the  prothorax  and  patagia,  which  appears  to  be  a  constant 
colorational  difference.  Harris  gives  the  color  of  the  posterior  wings 
as  yellow  ochre,  suggesting  the  possibility  of  the  occurrence  of  specimens 
with  orange  or  red  hind  wings.  In  two  specimens  from  Vancouver's 
Island,  from  which  the  foregoing  description  was  drawn,  the  posterior 
wings  are  all  bright  orange.  Harris  also  calls  attention  to  the  absence 
of  black  spots  on  the  sides  of  the  abdomen  in  E.  Americana,  which  I 
am  unable  to  verify,  owing  to  the  defective  condition  of  the  body  parts 
of  the  specimen  before  me.  Both  these  specimens  (?)  are  much 
larger  than  any  specimens  of  ^.  caja  in  my  collection,  and  the  posterior 
wings  are  more  ample  and  less  acute  at  the  apex.  Morris  (Lep.  N.  Am., 
p.  336)  gives  the  color  of  the  spots  on  the  hind  wings  as  black,  which 
must  be  a  mistake,  as  they  are  distinctly  blue  in  both  species. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  9T 

I  do  not  find  any  description  of  the  mature  larva  of  ^.  Aviericana, 
but  the  description  of  the  young  quoted  above  differs  materially  from 
that  of  E.  caja,  in  which  the  long  hairs  are  rusty  and  black,  instead  of 
white  and  black.  The  larva  of  Euprepia  is  very  similar  to  that  of 
Epicallia  virginalis,  (q.  v.)  E.  Americana  appears  to  be  confined 
chiefly  to  the  northern  portion  of  the  continent,  but  in  that  region 
to  be  widely  distributed.  In  California,  its  most  southern  range,  it  is 
a  mountain  insect,  altitude  taking  the  place  of  latitude. 


98  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 


BOMBYCIDJE. 
ARCTIINJE. 
Genus  LEUCARCTIA.    Packard. 

"  Front  thickly  covered  with  short  hairs.  Antennae  well  pectinated, 
the  pectinations  in  the  $  being  as  long  as  the  joints  of  the  antennas 
themselves,  which  are  annulated  above  with  white  and  black.  Clypeus 
short,  somewhat  sunken  between  the  eyes ;  the  sides  nearly  straight ; 
front  edge  square,  slightly  notched  at  the  foramina.  Labrum  short, 
obtusely  rounded.  Mandibles  minute,  discoverable  by  a  few  setae. 
Maxillae  stout  and  well  developed.  Palpi  depressed,  hardly  surpassing 
the  front,  two-jointed,  the  joints  of  nearly  equal  length,  the  scales  on 
the  tip  of  the  basal  joint  surpassing  the  tip  of  the  second. 

"Thorax  and  abdomen  stouter  than  usual.  The  fore  wings  are 
convex  towards  the  unusually  produced  apex  ;  outer  margin  very  ob- 
lique, slightly  convex.  Secondaries:  costa  hardly  bent  in  the  middle; 
apex  produced  ;  outer  margin  nearly  as  long  as  the  costa,  and  regularly 
convex,  reaching  a  third  of  the  way  to  the  tip  of  the  abdomen.  Legs 
stout,  short,  femora  pilose  beneath.  Two  pairs  of  tibial  spurs  very 
approximate  and  unequal  in  size.  The  tip  of  the  abdomen  is  conical 
in  the  S  ,  very  obtuse  in  the  $  . 

"  While  this  genus  is  of  much  larger  size,  and  possesses  quite  a  dif- 
fei'ent  style  of  coloration  from  Spilosoma,  there  are  many  important 
characters  that  warrant  its  separation  from  that  genus.  There  are 
marked  differences  in  the  relative  size  and  Ibrm  of  the  clypeus,  and 
also  of  the  palpi.  Though  confounded  with  Spilosoma  by  its  narrower 
primaries,  with  their  very  oblique  outer  edge,  it  is  much  nearer  to 
Hypluvitria,  and  it  should,  perhaps,  fall  between  the  two  genera. 

Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  vol.  3,  p.   124. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  99 


l.-LEUCARCTIA  ACRllA.     (Pi.  4,  figs,  l,  3,  ,5  ;  2,  ?  .    PI.  lo,  fig.  6,  larva.) 

?.   Bomdyx  acn'a,  Drury,   i,  pi.  3. 
$  .  Bombyx  capfotiJia,  Drur}'. 
Bombyx  caproiina,  Cram.  Pap.  Exot.  Ill,  p.  287. 
Phalcena  acria,  Smith,  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.,  p.   133,  Tab.  67.      (1797.) 
Esligmeneacria,  Hiibn.,  Samm.  Exot.  Schmet.  Bd.  2,  pi.  191.   (1806.) 

Verz.,  p.  184.     (1816.) 
Arciia pseuderniinea,  Harris,  Mass.  Ag.  Rep.,  p.  332,  pi.  i.     (1823.) 
Arctia  acria,  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.    (Hitch.  Rt.,  p.  591.)    (1833.) 

Rt.  Ins.  Mass.,  p.  251.     (184 1.) 
Spilosoma  acrea,  West.  Ed.  Drury  I.,  pi.  3,  figs.  2,  3. 
Spilosoma  acrea,  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.,  p.  667.     (1855.) 
Spilosoma  acrea.,  Duncan,  Nat.  Lib.,  vol.  32,  p.  171,  pi.  20,  figs.  1,2,3. 

(1858.) 
Spilosoma  acrea,  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  531,    (i860.) 
Spilosoma  acrea,  Harris,  3d.  Ed.,  pi.  6,  fig.  9,  5  ,   10,  ?  ,  fig.  169, 

larva.      (1862.) 
Spilosoma  acrea,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  Supp.  p.  342.     (1862.) 
Leucarctiaacrcea,  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  124.    (1864.) 

?  .- — Head,  patagia,  thorax  above  and  below,  white.  Palpi,  eyes 
and  antenna  black.  Abdomen  yellow  ochre  above,  beneath  white, 
as  are  also  the  basal  segment  and  tip ;  a  dorsal  row  of  six  black  spots, 
a  lateral  row  of  geminate  black  spots,  a  ventral,  and  two  subventral 
rows  of  the  same  color.  Femora  of  all  the  legs  more  or  less  ochreous, 
fringed  beneath  with  white  hairs,  and  tipped  at  the  joints  with  black  ; 
tibiae  and  tarsi  black,  annulated  with  white. 

Wings  :  primaries  white,  marked  with  black  dots,  as  follows  :  six 
costal  spots,  and  an  outer  marginal  row  of  interspaceal  black  dots. 
Two  dots  near  the  base,  an  oblique  median  row,  parallel  with  the 
outer  margin,  and  two  approximate  submarginal  rows,  rnore  or  less 
complete.  The  median  band  is  sometimes  connected  by  two  spots 
with  the  third  costal  spot  from  the  base  giving  it  an  angulated  appear- 
ance.     Fringes  white. 

Secondaries  white,  marked  with  black,  as  follows  :  A  discal  spot,  and 
a  submarginal  band  of  3-6  spots,  generally  largest  near  the  anal  angle. 


100  ZYGiENID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

There  is  sometimes  a  faint  trace  of  a  very  narrow  marginal  band  near 
the  apex.     Fringes  white. 

Beneath  white  ;  on  the  primaries,  the  costal  spots,  the  marginal  dots, 
and  the  outer  row  of  the  geminate  submarginal  band,  are  more  con- 
spicuous. All  the  other  spots  are  obsolete,  but  there  is,  in  addition, 
a  large  spot  on  the  discal  vein  scarcely  visible  above.  Secondaries  as 
above,  except  that  the  markings  are  somewhat  larger,  and  there  are,  in 
addition,  two  or  three  black  spots  on  the  costa.  All  the  markings 
beneath  are  brownish  black. 

The  above  description  is  drawn  from  two  specimens,  one  from  the 
Atlantic  States,  the  other  from  California,  which  differ  in  no  wise, 
except  in  the  larger  size  of  the  western  insect.  These  insects  have,  I 
believe,  a// the  markings  peculiar  to  this  species  (pi.  4,  fig.  3,  contains 
nearly  all  of  them),  but  very  generally  a  large  portion  of  the  transverse 
rows  are  obsolete,  while  the  costal  spots  are  always  present  (pi.  4,  fig.  2.) 

$  . — Diff'ers  from  the  ?  in  the  following  details  :  The  abdomen  is 
yellowish  below  and  has  seven  dorsal  black  spots.  The  secondaries 
are  yellow  ochre  above,  and  all  the  wings  are  yellowish  beneath,  with 
the  costa  of  the  primaries  whitish.  Two  Californian  $  have  the  mark- 
ings described  above  in  the  ?  ;  in  two  S  from  the  Atlantic  States  the 
markings  are  reduced  in  size  and  more  or  less  obsolete. 

S .  var. — A  variety  of  the  $  occurring  in  California  has  the  outer 
half  of  the  primaries  and  all  the  secondaries  suff"used  with  smoky,  as 
well  as  the  entire  under  surface  where  it  is  yellow  in  the  type  (pi.  4,  fig.  i .) 

Expajtse  of  wings,   $  2.30,   ?  2.50  inches.     Length  of  body,   $,   i.oo, 
?    1.00  inch. 

Habitat. — Atlantic  States,  Southern  States,  California,  Mexico  (.'') 
(Coll.  generally.) 

Larva. — Dr.  Harris  (Ins.  Inj.  Veg.,  p.  250)  gives  the  following  des- 
cription :  "The  full  grown  caterpillar  measures  one  inch  and  three 
quarters  or  more  in  length.  It  is  clothed  with  long  hairs,  which  are 
sometimes  black  and  sometimes  brown  on  the  back  and  fore  part  of  the 
body,  and  of  a  lighter  brown  color  on  the  sides.  The  hairs,  like  those 
of  the  other  Arctias,  grow  in  spreading  clusters  from  warts,  which  are 
of  a  yellowish  color  in  this  species.  The  body  when  stripped  of  the 
hairs  is  yellow,  shaded  at  the  sides  with  black,  and  there  is  a  blackish 
line  extending  along  the  top  of  the  back.  The  breathing  holes  are 
white,  and  very  distinct  through  the  hairs."     The  following  description 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  101 

is  drawn  up  from  a  mature  Californian  larva,  and  differs  materially 
from  that  just  quoted  : 

Length  2.00  inches.     Head  black,  clypeus  and  palpi  clear  yellow. 

Body  black  above,  mottled  with  smoky  ;  smoky  below  ;  with  a  double 
broken  yellow  lateral  band,  extending  from  segments  four  to  eleven, 
inclusive,  the  space  between  the  two  bands  mottled  and  yellowish. 
Body  covered  with  tubercles,  arranged  as  follows  :  segment  i  has  six, 
segments  2-3  have  eight,  segments  4-10  have  twelve,  segment  11  has 
ten,  segment  12  has  six.  Of  these  tubercles  the  four  dorsal  rows  are 
black,  giving  rise  to  fascicles  of  long,  irregular,  blackish  brown  hairs, 
the  two  central  rows  being  obsolete  on  segments  i,  2,  3  and  12.  All 
the  other  tubercles  are  rusty  red,  and  carry  long  silky  rust-red  hairs, 
except  those  near  the  head,  which  are  mingled  with  blackish,  as  are 
also  those  on  the  anal  segments.  The  hairs  on  segments  10  to  12  in- 
clusive, are  longer  than  those  on  the  rest  of  the  body.  Stigmata  yel- 
lowish. Prolegs  black,  banded  with  yellowish.  Abdominal  legs  flesh 
colored. 

Larvae  as  above  produce  imagines  in  no  wise  distinguishable  from 
eastern  specimens.  It  is  given  as  the  extreme  of  divergence  in  color, 
as  many  Californian  larvae  approach  more  closely  the  diagnosis  of  Dr. 
Harris.  It  would  be  interesting  to  determine  whether  these  differences 
in  color  are  sexual,  or  due  to  the  effect  of  different  food.  In  the  allied 
genus  Antarctia,  Hiibner,  the  larvae  of  the  two  sexes  are  so  dissimilar, 
that  they  can  be  readily  separated,  although  perhaps  this  is  scarcely  a 
parallel  case  as  the  5  ?  imago  are  so  different  that  they  might  be  re- 
ferred to  two  separate  genera  by  persons  ignorant  of  their  transforma- 
tions. A  similar  case  of  discrepancy  in  the  color  of  the  larva  between 
the  eastern  and  western  portions  of  the  continent,  is  to  be  found  in  the 
case  of  Pyrrharctia  isabella.  Pack.  Eastern  larvae  are  black,  with  a 
chestnut  red  band  in  the  middle  of  the  body,  yet  I  have  raised  imagines 
distinguishable,  so  far  as  I  can  see,  by  no  valid  specific  difference,  from 
larvae  found  in  California  of  a  uniform  greyish  brown. 

Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  jun.,  to  whom  I  forwarded  Californian  specimens, 
informs  me  that  L.  Californica,  Pack.,  is  synonymous  with  L.  acraea. 
?  specimens  received  from  Mazatlan,  Mexico,  appear  to  extend  the 
range  of  L.  acraea  to  that  region,  as  I  am  unable  to  seize  upon  any 
distinctive  difference,  although  there  is  a  general  appearance  about  the 
Mexican  specimens,  which  at  first  sight  would  seem  to  indicate  a  se- 
parate form.  I  have  also  in  my  collection,  specimens  of  another  spe- 
cies received  from  the  high  Sierras  of  southern  California,  with  imma- 


102  ZYGMNIDM    AND    BOMBYCID.^ 

culate  wings,  which  I  beHeve  to  be  undescribed,  and  which  is  identical 
with  specimens  from  Costa  Rica.  A  few  insects  just  received  from 
Arizona  corroborate  this  fact,  and  show  that  probably  many  Mexican 
insects  will  have  to  be  included  in  our  fauna. 


2.— HALESIDOTA  AGASSIZII.*   (Pi.  i,  figs.  8,  9.    Pi.  lO,  fig.  7,  larva.) 

Haksidota  Agassizii,  Pac,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  1 28.   ( i S64.) 
Halesidota  Californica,  Walker. 

Haksidota  Angulifera,  Walker,  Lord's  Nat.,  Brit.  Columb.      (1866.) 
PhcEgop/era  salicis,  Boisduval,  Lep.  Cal.,  p.  81.    (1868-9.) 

5  .  $  . — Head,  palpi,  antennae  and  thorax  lemon  yellow,  with  the 
tips  of  the  palpi,  two  small  dots  on  the  prothorax  and  the  inner  side  of 
the  base  of  the  patagia  reddish  brown,  which  color  sometimes  tinges 
the  thorax.     Legs  rather  darker  than  the  head.     Abdomen  paler. 

Anterior  wings  lemon  yellow,  crossed  by  four  clear  reddish  brown 
bands;  the  first  at  the  base  very  incomplete;  the  second  narrow  and 
curved  outward;  the  third  broad,  forking  on  the  fourth  median,  the 
outer  branch  containing  a  darker  cloud  on  the  discal  vein;  fourth  par- 
rallel  with  third  and  outer  margin,  widest  and  darkest  on  the  costa. 
There  is  sometimes,  in  addition,  a  submarginal  concolorous  series  of 
interspaceal  dots.      Fringes  lemon  yellow. 

Secondaries  pale,  whitish  tinged  with  yellow,  immaculate.  Beneath 
paler  than  above,  the  markings  on  the  primaries  nearly  obliterated, 
leaving  only  the  dark  spot  on  the  discal  vein,  and  the  costal  portion  of 
band  four. 

Expanse  0/ wings,  1.65  inches.      Length  of  body,  0.68  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.  Edwards,  Stretch,  etc.,  Mus.  Comp. 
Zool.  Agassiz.)  Nevada,  (Coll.  Eaves.)  British  Columbia,  (Walker, 
H.  Edwards.) 

The  markings  on  the  primaries  are  very  liable  to  more  or  less  com- 
plete fusion,  so  that  the  identity  of  the  bands  is  somewhat  destroyed  ; 
the  second  band  being  fused  with  the  third,  the  interval  usually  exist- 
ing between  them  being  represented  by  a  few  pale  spots,  and  the  third 
band,  instead  of  being  forked,  containing  only  a  pale  spot  near  the 
costa,  (pi.  4,  fig.  9.)     Specimens  from  Nevada  are  large  and  highly 

*  See  page  87,  ante. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  103 

colored.  These  variations  may  have  been  the  cause  of  Walker  des- 
cribing H.  angulifera  as  distinct  from  his  H.  Californica.  Boisduval's 
name  of  H.  salicis,  was  Dr.  Behr's  MS.  name,  and  was  attached  to  this 
species  many  years  ago.  It  is  abundant  round  San  Francisco,  Cal., 
and  extends  as  far  eastward  as  the  western  portion  of  the  State  of  Nev- 
ada, and  as  far  north  as  Vancouver's  Island. 

Larva. — Head,  body  and  prolegs  entirely  black.  Abdominal  legs 
pale  dirty  yellow.  Body  slightly  depressed,  densely  clothed  with  evenly 
cut  velvety  black  hairs,  except  on  the  seventh  and  eighth  segments 
which  are  bright  lemon  yellow,  with  a  small  black  dorsal  lozenge- 
shaped  patch  of  black  on  each.  The  caputal  and  anal  segments  have 
numerous  slender  pencils  of  pale  yellow  hairs,  much  longer  than  the 
general  clothing  of  the  body,  in  this  respect  resembling  the  larva  of 
H.  kssellarts  but  differing  from  that  of  H.  Edwardsii,  where  these  pen- 
cils do  not  occur.  Variety. — In  some  instances  the  black  hairs  are 
confined  to  the  two  anal  and  two  caputal  segments,  all  the  remainder 
of  the  body  being  yellow,  with  black  dorsal  patches  as  in  the  type. 

The  cocoon  is  obtusely  oval,  tolerably  compact  and  composed  chiefly 
of  the  hairs  from  the  body  of  the  caterpillar,  with  but  a  small  amount 
of  silk  in  its  composition.  The  larva  is  double  brooded,  and  feeds  on 
the  willow  ;  the  first  brood  appears  on  the  wing,  in  June  ;  the  second 
being  full  fed  about  the  middle  of  October,  and  disclosed  from  the  pupa 
early  in  the  Spring. 

H.  Agassizii  dci^Qx's,  from  the  other  species  of  the  genus  found  in  the 
United  States,  in  the  absence  of  all  tendency  to  semi-transparency  in 
the  anterior  wings,  such  as  appears  in  the  thinly  scaled  tessellaris  and 
Edwardsii ;  or  to  silvery  markings  as  in  the  case  of  caryce  and  argetiiaia  ; 
the  costa  is  also  less  rounded  at  the  apex  than  in  any  of  the  species 
mentioned,  but  the  larval  characters  clearly  retain  it  in  the  genus. 


104  ZYGjENID^    and    BOMBYCIDiE 


B0MBYCID5;. 
HEPIALIN5;. 
Genus  STHENOPIS.    Packard. 

"  Head  small,  prominent,  front  longer  than  broad,  narrowing  a 
little  anteriorly  ;  scales  of  the  front  long  pilose,  thin.  Palpi  slender, 
reaching  nearly  to  the  front,  thinly  spreading  scales  ;  third  joint  hardly 
distinguishable  from  the  second.  Antennae  short  filiform.  Thorax 
short,  subglobose,  scales  much  raised  behind. 

"  Primaries  nearly  half  as  broad  as  long  ;  costa  convex  at  base,  and 
especially  so  towards  the  falcate  apex,  which  is  subacute  ;  outer  margin 
concave  below  ;  internal  angle  much  rounded  ;  inner  edge  full,  convex. 
Second  subcostal  nervule  subdivides  within  its  middle,  while  in  He- 
pialus  it  subdivides  beyond  its  middle.  First  subcostal  much  curved 
beyond  its  middle,  following  the  contour  of  the  costa. 

"  Secondaries  reach  a  little  beyond  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  ; 
costa  somewhat  concave  before  the  middle,  beyond  convex,  apex 
produced  acutely ;  outer  margin  not  very  full  ;  wings  broadest  from 
the  internal  angle  to  the  costa.  In  both  wings  the  distance  between 
the  origins  of  the  fourth  median  nervule  and  the  submedian  nervure, 
where  it  throws  off  the  connecting  branch,  is  less  than  the  distance 
between  the  same  nervule  and  the  origin  of  the  third.  The  reverse  of 
this  occurs  in  Hepialus. 

"  Legs  broadly  pilose,  spreading  on  each  side  the  ungues.  Hind 
tarsi  closely  scaled  ;  $  tibiae  with  a  long  broad  oblong  tuft,  once 
wrinkled.     Abdomen  long,  compressed,  with  a  slight  anal  tuft. 

"  This  genus  is  readily  distinguished  from  Hepialus  not  only  by  its 
greater  size,  but  by  important  structural  characters.  The  head  is  smal- 
ler and  more  free  from  the  thorax  ;  the  wings  are  more  falcate,  with  a 
fuller  inner  edge.  The  apex  of  the  hind  wings  is  more  produced. 
Hepialus  does  not  possess  the  large  square  tuft  on  the  hind  tibiae,  nor 
the  elongated  abdomen." 

Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  391. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  generally  of  large  size,  and  have  the 
wings  covered  with  broad  irregular  banes  of  silvery  scales.     The  two 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  105 

following  species  from  the  Pacific  Coast,  while  appearing  to  belong  to 
the  present  genus,  differ  considerably  both  in  size  and  coloring  from 
those  found  in  more  northern  latitudes,  being  destitute  of  all  trace  of 
silvery  bands  and  of  rather  smaller  size  even  than  S.  argentata,  Packard, 
which  expands  two  and  one-half  inches. 


l.-STHENOPIS  BEHKNSII.    N.  S.    (PI.  4,  fig.  6.) 

?  . — Entire  insect  pale  salmon  color.  Anterior  wings  rather  thinly 
covered  with  coarse  scales  of  rather  dirty  salmon  color.  Fringes  some- 
what paler.  Posterior  wings  very  pale,  the  nervules  clothed  with  coarse 
scales,  concolorous  with  the  anterior  wings.  Beneath  all  the  wings  arc 
uniform  pale  salmon  color,  rather  darker  on  the  costa  of  all  the  wings. 

Expanse  of  wmgs,  2.20  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.95  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.  Behrens.) 

This  fine  and  very  distinct  species  is  from  the  collection  of  Mr.  James 
Behrens  of  San  Francisco,  who  received  the  single  female  specimen 
above  described  from  Timber  Cove,  in  Mendocino  County,  California. 
I  have  much  pleasure  in  dedicating  this  species  to  this  gentleman,  from 
whom  I  have  received  many  favors,  he  having  placed  his  entire  collec- 
tion at  my  service  for  the  purpose  of  describing  the  numerous  unique 
specimens  contained  therein. 

l.-STHENOPIS  MONTANA.*    N.  S.     (PL  4,  fig.  7.) 

5  . — Entire  insect  pale  brown.  Anterior  wings  with  a  narrow,  sub- 
basal,  oblique  paler  band,  edged  with  darker,  terminating  on  the  sub- 
costal vein  where  it  is  suddenly  enlarged;  an  extra  median  double  row 
of  interspaceal  light  curved  lines,  edged  outwardly  with  darker,  some- 
what bent  outward  as  they  approach  the  costa;  a  pale  obscure  submar- 
ginal  band  edged  with  paler,  and  exteriorly  with  darker  between  the 
nervules,  but  not  reaching  the  apex  ;  and  finally  an  indistinct  series  of 
marginal  interspaceal  dark  angular  streaks.  The  basal  and  costal 
regions  are  somewhat  darker  than  the  rest  of  the  wing,  and  the  apical 
half  of  the  costa  shows  three  or  four  pale  whitish  yellow  spots.  Fringes 
concolorous. 


*  Through  an  oversight,  the  lithographing  of  the  figure  is  defective  on  the  left  side. 
The  markings  on  the  right  wings  are  correct. 


106  ZYG.ENID.E    AND    BOMBYCID.E 

Secondaries  pale  brown  somewhat  darker  on  the  apical  half  of  the 
costa,  where  are  faint  indications  of  two  or  three  paler  spots. 

Beneath  uniform  pale  brown,  except  four  or  five  pale  whitish  spots 
on  the  apical  half  of  the  costa  of  the  anterior  wings. 

Expanse  of  wings,  5  2.10  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.90  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.  H.  Edwards.) 

Described  from  a  single  specimen  taken  by  H.  Edwards,  Esq.,  in 
the  neighbourhood  of  Lake  Tahoe,  on  the  Sierra  Nevada  mountains, 
at  an  elevation  of  about  6,000  feet.  The  costa  of  the  anterior  wings 
is  straight,  suddenly  convex  at  the  base,  and  slightly  falcate.  Outer 
edge  quite  oblique  ;  anal  angle  rounded,  inner  margin  straight,  very 
convex  at  the  insertion  of  the  wing.  The  secondaries  have  the  costa 
slightly  concave,  very  strongly  rounded  to  the  acute  apex ;  outer  margin 
straight,  two-thirds  as  long  as  the  inner  margin  ;  anal  angle  rounded. 
The  entire  coloration  of  the  insect  is  very  obscure. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  101 


BOMBYCID^ffi. 

CERATOCAMPIN^. 

Geuus  HEMILEUCA.     Walker. 


"Front  of  the  head  broadly  subtriangular,  spreading  pilo.sc.  Joints 
of  the  antennae  short,  a  little  serrated  beneath,  with  broad  pectinations, 
each  joint  being  provided  with  two  pairs  of  pectinations,  of  which  the 
second  is  nearly  obsolete.  Eyes  small,  sunken.  Foramina  large  and 
conspicuous  when  the  head  is  denuded.  Mandibles  obsolete,  repre- 
sented by  a  slight  elevated  line  curving  inwards  towards  the  narrow 
linear  mouth.  The  ma.xillai  form  the  membranous  ridges  diverging 
from  the  under  side  of  the  mouth.  The  palpi  consist  of  two  small 
elongated  cylindrical  tubercles,  witli  a  few  long  scattered  scales.  Thorax 
short  and  round.  Fore  wings  scarcely  longer  than  the  body,  one  half 
as  long  as  broad  ;  costal  margin  straight,  rounding  at  the  apex  ;  outer 
margin  very  oblique.  Third  and  fourth  subcostal  nervules  arise  farther 
out  than  the  first  median,  and  the  discal  area  is  produced  outward  at 
their  origin,  and  made  narrower  by  the  angulatcd  base  of  the  first  median. 

"Secondaries  reach  nearly  to  the  tip  of  the  outer  margin.  Discal 
nervules  situated  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing  the  subcostal  and 
median  nervules  being  short.  Wings  sparsely  covered  with  narrow 
subtriangular  scales,  laid  on  more  thickly  at  the  base  and  along  the 
costa  of  the  wings,  while  the  middle  area  is  partially  translucent.  An 
irregular  dark  patch  surrounds  the  narrow  linear  transparent  discal 
region.  An  irregular  light  translucent  broad  mesial  band  crosses  both 
wings  alike.  The  fore  tibiae  are  densely  pilose.  Tarsi  thickly  spined 
beneath  ;   ungues  long  and  slender." 

Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  382. 

The  above  diagnosis  was  drawn  up  from  H.  maia.  and  appeared  as 
Euchronia  of  Packard.  The  four  species  found  in  North  America 
may  be  tabulated  thus  : 

*  All  the  wings  with  pale  markings. 
\  Light  band  continuous. 

Patagia  black         -------      H.  maia. 

Patagia  whitish  -         -         -         -         -         -  H.  nevadensis. 

ff  Light  band  broken       - H.  Grotei. 

**  Primaries  only  with  pale  markings        -         -         .         .  H.jimo. 

***  Primaries  without  pale  markings    -         -         -      H.  Californica. 


108  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDJl 


1 -HEMILEUCA  NEVADENSIS.    N.  S.    (Plate  4,  fig.  10,  5  . ) 

S  . — Head  and  appendages  black.  Prothorax  pale  rusty ;  patagia 
whitish  and  very  hairy.  Thorax  and  abdomen  black,  anal  tuft  bright 
rust  red.  Beneath  black.  Legs  black  with  some  rusty  hairs  on  the 
femora. 

Wings  black  and  pale  yellowish,  subdiaphanous.  Anterior  wings 
very  pale  yellowish,  with  the  costa  edged  with  deep  black  ;  the  basal 
third  of  the  wing  is  also  'black,  and  the  outer  margin  has  a  broad 
dusky  band,  the  nervules  traversing  it  being  deep  black.  The  discal 
lunule  is  transverse,  long  and  narrow,  surrounded  by  a  blackish  halo, 
connected  only  with  the  black  costal  margin,  being  remote  from  the 
black  base  of  the  wings. 

Secondaries  also  very  pale  yellowish,  black  at  the  base,  with  a  dusky 
margin  on  the  outer  limb,  terminating  at  the  anal  angle,  and  not  con- 
nected with  the  black  basal  region.  Discal  spot  dusky,  small,  with 
whitish  transverse  centre.  Fringes  of  all  the  wings  deep  black.  When 
the  wings  are  expanded,  the  black  basal  portion  forms  a  very  even 
equilateral  triangle.     Beneath  as  above. 

Expanse  of  wings,  2.50  inches.     Length  0/ body.  0.95  inch. 

ZTa^^zM— Nevada,  (Coll.  Dr.  Behr.) 

Described  from  two  S  taken  on  the  wing  at  Dayton,  Nevada,  flying 
in  the  day  time  round  willows,  in  August.  The  insect  was  not  uncom- 
mon, but  a  number  of  other  specimens  taken  at  the  same  time  were 
unfortunately  destroyed  by  accident.  Both  the  specimens  agree  very 
closely  with  the  above  description,  and  may  be  distinguished  from  H. 
maia,  its  nearest  ally,  by  the  following  characters  :  There  is  much  more 
pale  coloring  on  all  the  wings.  On  the  primaries  the  halo  round  the 
discal  spot  is  separated  from  the  basal  patch,  and  the  outer  marginal 
black  band  is  not  more  than  half  the  width.  This  last  character  is  true 
also  of  the  secondaries,  while  at  the  same  time  the  black  discal  spot  is 
larger  than  in  H.  maia.  Finally,  the  patagia  are  whitish  instead  of 
black.  Though  apparently  not  rare  in  Nevada,  this  insect  has  not 
been  detected  in  California. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  109 


BOMBYCID^i;. 

PLATYPTERYGIN^. 

J^,  Genus  DREPANA.    Schrank. 

^^: 

Wings  ample,  body  slender.  Head  broad,  flat.  Front  wide,  some- 
what longer  than  broad,  sides  nearly  parallel,  smooth  and  finely  scaled. 
Palpi  short,  closely  appressed  to  the  head,  not  exceeding  the  front. 
Tongue  short.  Antennas  short,  simple  in  ?  ,  with  long  pectinations  in 
i  .  Thorax  slender.  Patagia  small,  hairy.  Abdomen  slender,  cylin- 
drical, smooth,  not  reaching  the  anal  angle  of  secondaries.  Legs  long, 
slender  ;  two  posterior  pairs  each  with  two  spurs  on  the  apex  of  the 
tibiae. 

Anterior  wings  broad  ;  costa  full  at  the  base,  straight  in  the  middle, 
very  convex  on  the  outer  third.  Apex  very  acute  and  much  produced, 
distinctly  falcate.  Outer  margin  smooth,  somewhat  convex  near  the 
anal  angle,  which  is  distinct.  Inner  margin  rather  longer  than  outer 
margin,  straight.  Median  vein  four-branched;  second  median  nervule 
as  far  from  third  as  third  from  fourth.  Internal  vein  straight.  Costal 
vein  long,  terminating  near  the  apex.  Subcostal  very  close  to  costal 
vein.  First  subcostal  nervule  arises  midway  between  the  base  of  the 
wing  and  discal  nerve,  and  forks  near  the  apex,  both  branches  going 
to  the  costa.  Second  and  third  subcostal  nervules  long,  bent  down- 
ward to  the  outer  margin.  Discal  vein  strongly  angulated  outwardly, 
the  median  branch  much  the  longest. 

Secondaries  ample  ;  costa  straight,  full  at  the  base  ;  apex  and  outer 
margin  rounded  ;  anal  angle  distinct ,'  inner  margin  long  and  straight  ; 
costal  vein  long,  straight,  much  arched  at  its  basal  origin.  Subcostal 
vein  slender,  very  near  the  costal,  forking  at  its  middle,  where  it  nearly 
merges  into  the  costal  vein.  Median  vein  four-branched,  nervules  very 
long;  second  median  nervule  twice  as  far  from  third  as  first  from  second; 
second  nearly  as  far  from  third  as  third  from  fourth.  Internal  vein 
long. 

Larva  closely  allied  to  that  of  Centra. 

This  genus  is  distinguished  from  Flatypteryx  Laspeyres  (Edapteryx, 
Packard)  by  the  distinctly  falcate  anterior  wings,  and  the  entire,  instead 
of  sinuated  outer  margin.     Laspeyres'  genus  originally  included  the 


110  ZYG^ENIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID^. 

three  modern  genera  Drepana,  Platypteryx  and  Cilex,  which  correspond 
to  his  sections  A,  B  and  C.  Schrank  had  previously  created  the  genus 
Drepana,  with  D.fakataria,  which  belongs  to  Laspeyres'  section  A,  as 
the  type.  This  name  has  therefore  priority,  while  Laspeyres'  name  has 
been  retained  for  section  B,  to  which  P .  laceriinaria  and  P.  bilineata 
belong. 

Three  species  of  this  genus  are  found  in  the  United  States  ;  D.  arcu- 
ata  and  D.  genicula  in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  D.  siculifer  in  Califor- 
nia. They  are  so  closely  allied  that  it  is  difficult  to  present  their  dis- 
tinctive points  in  a  tabular  form. 

l.-DREPANA  SICULIFER.    (PI.  4,  fig.  11,  ?  .) 

3  .  ?  . — Head  pale  rusty  brown,  darker  on  the  vertex.  Palpi 
concolorous.  Thorax  and  patagia  very  pale,  nearly  white,  the  latter 
hairy.     Abdomen  smooth,  rather  darker.     Legs  pale  rusty  brown. 

Anterior  wings  very  pale  brownish  white,  with  a  faint  purplish  tinge 
centrally.  An  oblique  cloudy  rusty  brown  band,  originating  at  the 
outer  third  of  the  inner  margin,  and  going  direct  to  the  apex,  followed 
externally  by  the  following  markings  in  the  order  named ;  first,  a  narrow 
pale  line;  secondly,  a  dusty  clouded  band  sinuated  on  the  outer  edge  ; 
thirdly,  a  sinuated  pale  band,  and  fourthly,  a  sinuated  dark  powdery 
band  nearly  parallel  with  the  outer  margin,  between  which  and  the 
outer  margin  the  wing  is  pale.  The  apex  of  the  w-ing  outside  the 
principal  oblique  band  is  purplish  black.  Inside  this  band  there  are 
three  dusky  sinuated  transverse  lines,  equidistant  from  each  other  on 
the  inner  margin.  The  first  is  near  the  base,  somew^hat  curved  out- 
wardly ;  the  second  is  nearly  parallel  to  the  first  and  produced  outwardly 
into  acute  angles  on  the  median  and  subcostal  veins  ;  the  third  is 
parallel  to  the  main  band  and  before  reaching  the  cosla  is  bent  back 
at  a  very  acute  angle  reaching  the  costa  two-fifths  from  the  apex. 
Outside  this  line  on  the  costa  are  two  indistinct  oblique  lines  directed 
towards  the  apex.  Costa  tinged  with  rusty  brown,  more  distincdy  so 
near  the  apex.  At  each  end  of  the  discal  vein  is  a  small  blackish  dot 
and  a  third  in  the  discal  area.  The  spot  at  the  junction  of  the  discal 
and  median  nervules  is  sometimes  enlarged  and  more  diffuse  as  in  the 
figure,  and  as  was  also  the  case  in  the  type  of  the  species  as  described 
by  Mr.  Packard.  Fringes  rusty  brown,  pale  outwardly,  darkest  near 
the  apex. 

Secondaries  very  pale,  nearly  white,  with  dark  submarginal  sinuated 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  1  1  1 

transverse  purplish  lines  originating  on  the  inner  margin  diminishing 
in  length  towards  the  base.  There  are  also  traces  of  a  fifth  just  inside 
the  submarginal  line,  partaking  more  of  the  character  of  a  shade  than 
a  distinct  line.  An  indistinct  dark  spot  on  the  discal  vein  at  its  junction 
with  the  subcostal.     Fringes  rusty  brown. 

Expaftse  o/wiiigs,  1.60  inches.     Length  0/ body,  0.50  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.  Edwards,  Stretch.) 

Closely  allied  to  D.  arcuata,  from  the  Atlantic  States  and  D.  falcataria 
from  Europe  ;  even  more  strongly  to  the  latter  than  is  the  former. 
Compared  with  D.  falcataria  our  species  is  larger,  specimens  of  the 
former  before  me  measuring  only  1.35  inches  across  the  wings  ;  the 
costa  is  more  convex  towards  the  apex  of  the  primaries  ;  while  the 
apical  angle  of  the  secondaries,  instead  of  being  nearly  square,  is  very 
obtusely  rounded,  giving  the  insect  a  mere  robust  appearance.  The 
markings  while  essentially  the  same  are  more  intense  in  color,  especially 
the  oblique  brown  band,  though  the  transverse  lines  are  also  wider, 
the  second  and  third  being  closer  together  than  in  D.  falcataria. 

This  species  is  one  of  the  many  cases  where  the  insects  of  the  Pacific 
Coast  of  North  America  are  almost  indistinguishable  by  definite  char- 
acters which  can  be  expressed  in  words,  from  those  of  Europe,  while 
at  the  same  time  they  can  be  readily  separated  by  their  general  appear- 
ance, from  their  European  allies,  when  placed  side  by  side.  I  should 
indeed  have  hesitated  to  separate  D.  siculifer  under  Dr.  Packard's 
specific  name,  had  it  not  been  for  the  diff'erences  in  color  of  the  larva;, 
which  added  to  the  modifications  in  form  of  the  wings  and  the  larger 
size,  seem  to  warrant  such  a  course,  which  would  not  have  been 
admissible  on  the  slight  variations  in  color  alone.  The  larva  of  D. 
siculifer  is  stated  by  Dr.  Behr  to  be  blackish,  while  that  of  D.  falcataria 
is  described  by  Stainton  (Brit.  Moths,  vol.  i,  p.  163)  as  "pale  green, 
a  broad  dark  red-brown  stripe  on  the  back," 

This  species  is  also  very  closely  allied  to  D.  arcuata.  Walker,  from 
the  Atlantic  States,  which  is  somewhat  a  less  robust  looking  insect 
than  D.  falcataria  so  that  the  three  species  should  follow  each  other  in 
the  following  order,  D.  arcuata,  D.  falcataria,  D.  siculifer. 

Described  from  three  specimens,  all  taken  by  H.  Edwards,  Esq.,  in 
Napa  County,  California.  The  type  of  the  species  was  sent  by  that 
gentleman  to  its  describer,  but  having  been  unfortunately  destroyed 
on  its  return,  two  specimens  only  are  now  extant,  for  one  of  which  I 
am  indebted  to  the  discoverer. 


112  ZYGJEyiDJE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 


BOMBYCIDJE. 
BOMBYCINS. 
Genus  GASTROPACHA.    Ochsenheimer. 

Head  prominent,  smooth.  Front  long,  twice  as  long  as  broad,  ob- 
lique. Palpi  stout,  long,  porrected,  greatly  exceeding  the  front,  giving 
to  the  head  the  appearance  of  a  beak.  Antennae  short,  stout,  finely 
pectinated  to  the  tip  in  the  $  ,  somewhat  pectinated  in  the  $  .  Abdo- 
men hairy,  stout,  tufted  in  the   $  ,  somewhat  exceeding  hind  wings. 

Anterior  wings  with  the  costa  straight,  convex  at  the  apex;  outer 
margin  rounded,  dentate;  anal  margin  rounded,  somewhat  emarginate, 
frequently  very  strongly  so  ;  inner  margin  straight,  about  equal  in 
length  to  the  outer  margin.  Costal  vein  long,  reaching  nearly  to  the 
tip.  Subcostal  vein  five-branched  ;  first  originates  very  near  the  base, 
going  rapidly  to  the  costal  vein;  second  originates  at  the  middle  of  the 
wing,  forking  near  the  apex,  one  branch  going  to  the  costa,  the  other 
to  the  outer  margin ;  third  originates  near  the  second ;  fourth  and  fifth 
spring  from  a  common  stalk  as  long  as  the  distance  between  second 
and  third.  Median  vein  with  four  very  long  nervules;  first  and  second 
arise  at  the  middle  of  the  wing ;  fourth  very  near  the  base  ;  third  mid- 
way between  second  and  fourth, 

Secondaries  with  the  angles  and  outer  margin  strongly  rounded, 
dentate,  generally  with  a  deep  emargination  on  the  costa  near  the  apex, 
the  base  of  the  costa  which  is  much  rounded,  projecting  in  advance 
of  the  costa  of  the  primaries  when  at  rest.  Costal  vein  very  distant 
from  the  costa  throwing  off  at  right  angles  five  small  veins  towards  the 
costa  which  are  suddenly  bent  outward  as  they  approach  the  costa, 
the  main  vein  being  furcate  at  the  outer  third.  Subcostal  vein  short, 
forking  inside  the  middle,  and  previously  throwing  off  a  short  transverse 
branch,  which  enters  the  costal  vein  just  before  its  bifurcation.  Median 
vein  four-branched,  nervules  very  long,  third  nearly  as  far  from  second 
as  from  fourth ;  first  and  second  with  a  common  origin. 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  difficult  to  tabulate.  It  has  a  wide 
o-eographical  range,  extending  from  the  Atlantic  to  the  Pacific  Coast, 
and  from  Alaska  to  southern  California,  the  species  from  the  Pacific 
Coast  being  of  small  size.      The  larvse  are  not  gregarious. 


OK    NORTH    AMERICA.  113 


l.-GASTKOPACHA  MILDEI,    (Plate  4,  fig.  12). 

6  . — Thorax  and  patagia  densely  clothed  with  pale  short  rusty  hairs, 
slightly  mingled  with  pale  grey.  Abdomen  above  and  below  reddish 
brown,  faintly  banded  with  greyish,  largely  and  squarely  tufted. 

Anterior  wings  deeply  emarginate  at  the  anal  angle,  rusty  brown 
with  three  indistinct  bands  of  blackish  tint,  consisting  of  spots  divided 
by  the  reddish  veins.  The  basal  line  is  short  and  scarcely  reaches  liic 
inner  margin  ;  the  outer  one  extends  from  the  emargination  to  the  a{)ex 
in  nearly  a  straight  line  ;  the  central  line  is  nearly  equidistant  between 
the  other  two,  slightly  sinuated,  and  strongly  angulated  near  the  costa, 
which  is  reached  about  the  outer  third.  The  terminal  space  is  thickly 
powdered  with  greyish  scales,  giving  it  somewhat  a  dusky  shade.  The 
costal  and  inner  margins  are  rather  darker  than  the  disc  of  the  wing, 
the  nervules  being  of  a  paler  tint  and  clearly  marked.  Between  the 
basal  and  middle  row  of  spots,  there  are  also  two  others  placed  tran;  - 
versely  in  the  discal  space. 

Posterior  wings  strongly  emarginate  on  the  costa,  rounded,  blackish 
grey,  powdered  with  rusty  scales,  and  crossed  by  a  narrow  transverse 
sinuated  darker  band,  followed  outwardly  by  an  indistinct  pale  reddish 
shade.  The  basal  half  is  slightly  redder  than  the  apical  half  of  the 
wing.  Veins  narrowly  clothed  with  rusty  scales.  Fringes  on  all  the 
wings  white  interrupted  by  dark  rusty  brown  points  at  the  termination 
of  the  nervules. 

Beneath,  the  anterior  wings  are  rosy  grey,  pale  at  the  base,  which  is 
clothed  with  long  whitish  hairs,  greyer  and  darker  along  the  costa, 
apex  and  outer  margin.  Veins  not  so  conspicuous  as  above.  The 
central  angulated  line  is  blackish,  unbroken  and  well  defined.  The  pos- 
terior wings  are  grey  ;  slightly  rosy  towards  the  inner  margin,  showing 
.the  black  transverse  line  and  a  blackish  cloud  round  the  costal  mar- 
gination. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.40  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.70  inch. 

Habitat. — California.      [Coll.  J.  Behrens.  ] 

Described  from  one  5  in  good  preservation  taken  south  of  San 
Francisco.  This  insect  is  closely  allied  to  G.  tretiiulfolia  of  Europe, 
from  which  however  it  differs  structurally  in  the  rounded  instead  of 
acute  apex  of  the  primaries,  which  makes  the  wings  proportionally 
broader.  The  wings  both  above  and  below  have  many  grey  scales, 
which  only  appear  very  faintly  on  the   outer   margin   of  the  primaries 


114  ZYGiENIDvE    AND    BOMBYCID.E 

above  in  G.  Iremuli/olia,  in  which  also  the  veins  are  clothed  with  almost 
concolorous  scales,  whereas  in  G.  Mildei  they  are  clearly  separated  by 
their  reddish  color  from  the  dusky  outer  marginal  band. 

It  differs  from  G.  Americana,  Harris,  in  wanting  the  pale  band  and 
crescent  shaped  pale  spot  on  the  primaries,  and  by  its  smaller  size  ; 
from  G.  ferrugiiiea,  Packard,  it  may  be  distinguished  by  the  presence 
of  greyish  shades  on  the  wings  ;  from  G.  Cait/ornka,  Packard,  it  may 
be  separated  by  its  smaller  size,  the  forewings  having  a  length  respect- 
ively in  the  5  of  0.60  and  0.75  inch,  and  by  the  strong  ferruginous 
tint  of  the  primaries  ;  and  lastly  from  G.  Alascensis,  Packard,  the  only 
remaining  American  species,  by  the  color  of  the  wings  beneath,  which 
are  not  "  uniformly  dark  chesnut  brown,  much  as  above  ;  with  the 
outer  band  distinct,  and  with  large  triangular  dusky  spots  between  the 
venules,"  but  are  quite  pale  at  the  base,  with  the  7niddh  band  distinct, 
while  the  outer  half  of  the  wing  is  slightly  hoary  on  a  reddish  ground, 
with  the  veins  scarcely  distinguishable  by  difference  of  color. 

At  the  suggestion  of  my  friend  Mr.  James  Behrens  who  took  the 
type  of  this  insect,  in  Alameda  County,  I  have  retained  his  manuscript 
name  of  G.  Mildei,  so  called  after  the  well-known  Professor  Milde  of 
Lubeck  in  Germany,  to  whom  the  Entomologists  of  the  Pacific  Coast 
are  indebted  for  many  courtesies. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  115 


B0MBYCID5;. 

PTILODONTINJl. 

Geuus  NOTODONTA.    OchsLmheimer. 

Head  small,  hairy,  sunk  in  prothorax.  Eyes  large.  Front  narrow, 
hairy.  Palpi  very  minute.  Antennae  moderate,  bipectinate  in  3  , 
sometimes  only  slightly  so,  simple  in  ?  .  Prothorax,  patagia  and 
thorax  hairy,  scales  appressed,  raised  behind.  Abdomen  stout,  slightly 
tapering.  Legs  slender,  anterior  pair  broadly  fringed  outwardly  down 
to  the  tarsi. 

Anterior  wings  long  ;  costa  straight,  moderately  rounded  on  outer 
third  ;  apex  well  produced.  Outer  margin  very  oblique,  slightly  con- 
vex, very  slightly  scolloped  between  veins.  Inner  margin  as  long  as 
or  only  slightly  longer  than  outer  margin,  with  a  hairy  tooth  about  its 
centre.  The  subcostal  vein  is  4-branched  ;  the  ist  branch  rises  mid- 
way between  the  base  and  discal  vein,  and  is  very  long ;  the  2d  rises 
one-third  of  the  distance  from  the  discal  vein  to  the  apex,  and  throws 
off  two  short  branches  to  the  costa  ;  3rd,  rises  at  origin  of  second, 
and  4th  at  the  discal  vein,  both  going  to  the  outer  margin.  The  me- 
dian vein  is  3-branched  ;  3rd  median  nervule  distant  from  the  origin 
of  1st  and  2d.  An  intermediate  vein  springs  from  the  centre  of  the 
oblique  discal  vein. 

Posterior  wings  much  shorter  than  the  primaries  ;  costa  more  or  less 
convex  ;  apex  rounded  ;  outer  margin  more  or  less  rounded  ;  anal 
angle  distinct  ;  inner  margin  rounded,  nearly  as  long  as  the  outer 
margin. 

Colors  of  the  primaries  varying  shades  of  grey  or  brown  ;  second- 
aries usually  very  pale. 

The  home  of  this  genus  appears  to  be  Europe.  In  America  it  is 
represented  by  three  species,  which  may  be  distinguished  as  follows  : 

*  Anterior  wings  with  no  transverse  lines. 
Upper  wings  pale,  with  costal  patch  ) 

and  dark  longitudinal  streak  )       -     -     -     N.  Cali/ornica. 

**  Anterior  wings  with  transverse  lines. 

With  distinct  discal  spot -     N.  siragula. 

Without  discal  spot -       -  N.  basisiriens. 


116  ZYG.ENID/E    AND    BOMBYCID.T: 

The  first  of  these  species  is  from  California,  the  other  two  are  from 
the  Atlantic  States  ;  none  of  them  are  abundant  in  collections. 

The  larvK  are  naked,  smooth,  variously  humped  on  the  back,  and 
tree  feeders.  It  is  only  by  breeding  this  group  that  the  insects  can 
usually  be  obtained  in  numbers.  Should  the  collector  be  fortunate 
enough  to  obtain  a  virgin  ?  ,  he  can  usually  obtain  $  S  by  exposing 
the  ?  in  a  muslin  covered  box,  at  night  time,  in  the  proper  locality, 
as  the  males  are  attracted  thereby,  in  a  manner  similar  to  P,  cecropia 
and  other  moths  of  that  group. 

l.-NOTODONTA  CALIFORNICA.    (Plate  4,  fig.  5)  N.  S. 

(5  —  ?  .  Head  and  prothorax  pale  creamy  brown,  the  latter  mar- 
gined behind  with  blackish.  Palpi  dark  brown.  Patagia  greyish 
brown,  mingled  with  dark  and  whitish  scales,  somewhat  darkest  on  the 
inner  edge.  Thorax  same  as  prothorax  rather  darkest  behind.  Ab- 
domen pale  yellowish  brown.  Legs  pale  as  is  all  the  thorax  beneath, 
except  the  fringes  of  the  anterior  pair  above,  which  are  brownish  grey. 

Anterior  wings  very  pale  whitish  grey,  clouded  with  clear  warm 
brown  at  the  base,  along  the  inner  margin,  and  on  the  outer  margin  ; 
the  cloud  along  the  latter  diminishing  in  width  towards  the  apex;  there 
is  also  a  much  darker  cloud  on  the  costa,  near  the  apex,  occupying 
the  basal  half  of  the  subcostal  interspaces,  and  only  faintly  visible 
below  the  last  subcostal  nervule,  but  reappearing  as  a  cloudy  spot  at 
the  base  of  the  ist  and  2d  median  nervules.  This  costal  cloud  is 
divided  by  the  light  subcostal  nervules,  and  its  very  oblique  outer  edge, 
leaves  between  it  and  the  outer  marginal  shade,  a  pale  oblique  band. 
The  outer  margin  is  very  narrowly  dark  brown,  followed  inwardly  with 
an  equally  narrow  whitish  line.  The  submedian  vein  is  dark  brown, 
whitish  on  the  basal  third,  and  interrupted  with  two  small  whitish  dots. 
There  is  a  dark  brown  longitudinal  streak  in  the  interspace  below  the 
median  vein,  below  which  on  the  outer  third  is  a  pale  wedge-shaped 
dash  widest  at  the  outer  margin.  Fringes  dark  brown  outwardly, 
paler  at  the  base,  somewhat  emarginate  and  whitish  in  the  emargina- 
tions,  and  extending  along  the  margin  to  the  dark  long  tooth.  On  the 
inner  margin  they  are  dark,  interrupted  with  a  light  dot  opposite  the 
outer  dot  on  the  inner  vein.       ' 

Secondaries  pale,  very  narrowly  margined  outwardly  with  dark 
brown  ;  and  with  a  dark  brown  cloud  at  the  anal  angle,  enclosing  a 
whitish  spot  on  its  inner  margin,  and  a  pale  line  parallel  with  the  outer 


OK    NORTH    AMERICA.  117 

margin  and  close  to  it.  Fringes  concolorous  with  adjacent  portions 
of  the  wing,  rather  darker  outwardly. 

Beneath,  the  primaries  are  brown,  with  a  costal  spot  at  the  outer 
third,  and  an  apical  patch  whitish.  Fringes  dark.  Secondaries  as 
above  except  that  tlie  cloud  at  the  anal  angle  does  not  appear. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  $,  1.90;  ?,  2.10  inches.  Lenglh  of  body, 
0.80  inch. 

/^;/,/A;/_California.     (Coll.  Dr.  Behr.) 

Described  from  i  ^  ?  raised  from  the  larva  by  Dr.  Behr  of  San 
Francisco,  California.  These  two  specimens  are  very  closely  allied  to 
A'  dictiva  of  Europe,  and  it  is  not  without  hesitation  that  I  have  de- 
scribed them  under  a  new  specific  name.  The  chief  points  of  differ- 
ence are  a  paler  tint  of  brown  on  the  primaries,  and  a  more  uniform 
color,  the  extension  of  the  costal  cloud  to  the  median  interspaces,  the 
much  narrower  and  less  conspicuous  wedge-shaped  dash  at  the  anal 
angle  ;  and  in  the  posterior  wings  a  rounded  instead  of  produced  anal 
angle.  The  anal  cloud  partakes  of  the  characters  of  both  the  allied 
European  species,  having  the  white  line  above  the  fringe  of  N.  dictcca, 
and  the  small  white  spot  on  the  inner  margin  of  N.  dictccoides.  Finally 
the  anterior  wings  are  not  so  wide  in  proportion  to  their  length  as  in 
the  European  species. 

Larva. — Dr.  Behr  informs  me  that  the  larva  is  pale  green  on  the 
dorsal  line,  darker  green  and  somewhat  mottled  on  the  sides,  with 
faint  traces  of  a  supra-pedal  light  stripe,  somewhat  darker  than  the 
dorsal  line,  with  a  straight  red  horn  on  the  a^ial  segment.  Body  small 
for  the  size  of  the  imago,  head  large,  rounded,  the  larva  in  appear- 
ance strongly  resembling  that  of  L.  camelina  of  Europe.  This  larva 
is  clearly  different  from  its  European  allies  ;  and  it  is  this  decided 
structural  peculiarity  which  has  induced  me  to  give  the  insect  a  new 
specific  name. 


118  ZYG.ENID.E    AND    BOMBYCID^ 


B0MBYCID5;. 
ARCTIINjE. 
Genus  LEPTARCTIA.    (N.  G.) 

Head  prominent ;  vertex  fiat,  clothed  with  long  hairs  directed  for- 
ward between  the  antennae,  which  are  moderately  long,  closely  bipec- 
tinate  in  5  ,  subsimple  in  ?  .  Front  broad  hairy.  Palpi  long,  slen- 
der, projecting  beyond  the  front  nearly  half  their  length,  basal  joint 
clothed  with  long  fringy  hairs.  Body  parts  smooth.  Patagia  small. 
Abdomen  slender  in  $  ,  terminating  in  a  small  anal  tuft. 

Anterior  wings  twice  as  long  as  broad.  Costa  straight;  apex  slightly 
rounded;  outer  margin  oblique,  slightly  convex;  inner  angle  distinct; 
inner  margin  straight,  very  convex  at  the  base.  Costal  vein  reaching 
the  costa  beyond  the  middle  ;  subcostal  5-branched.  1st  subcostal 
short,  going  rapidly  to  the  costa  ;  2d  rises  a  little  beyond  the  discal 
vein,  very  short ;  3d  rises  just  beyond  2d  and  forks  midway  of  its 
length,  both  branches  going  to  the  costa  ;  4th  contiguous  at  its  base  to 
the  3d  and  goes  to  the  outer  margin  ;  5th  rises  on  a  short  stalk  at  the 
discal  vein,  which  is  nearly  obsolete.  Median  vein  4-branched.  ist 
and  2d  nervules  with  common  origin,  3d  slightly  removed  from  2d, 
4th  distant. 

Secondaries  triangular.  Costa  slightly  convex;  outer  angle  rounded; 
outer  margin  nearly  straight ;  anal  angle  rounded ;  inner  margin 
straight  and  very  long.  Costal  vein  long,  united  at  base  to  the  sub- 
costal. Subcostal  vein  bifurcate  at  the  discal  vein.  3d  median  ner- 
vule  as  far  from  the  2d  as  2d  from  ist.  Submedian  vein  distant  long. 
Internal  vein  long. 

In  the  shape  of  the  wings  as  well  as  in  their  coloration,  this  genus 
shows  great  variation  in  what  are  undoubtedly  the  same  species,  and 
appears  to  be  extremely  susceptible  to  local  influences.  Although  I 
suspect  that  Platardia  modesia,  Packard,  belongs  to  this  genus,  and  is 
not  properly  located,  the  following  insects  cannot  be  referred  to  Pla- 
larciia,  which  Mr.  Packard  describes  as  having  the  anterior  wings  pro- 
portionally broad,  and  the  outer  margin  of  the  secondaries  parallel 
with  the  costa.  The  present  genus  differs  from  Nemeophila  in  having 
longer  palpi ;  the  head  and  prothorax  are  more  prominent ;  the  head 
of  Nemeophila  is  smooth  and  not  crested  in  front,  while  the  thorax 
and  patagia  are  more  hairy  in  the  latter  genus.     In  Nemeophila  two 


OK    NORTH    AMERICA.  119 

subcostal  veins  have  their  origin 'inside  the  discal  vein,  which  is  much 
stronger,  while  the  2d  median  nervule  is  as  far  from  the  ist  as  from 
the  3d.  Finally,  the  style  of  ornamentation  is  quite  different,  the 
anterior  wings  being  obscure,  and  the  posteriors  destitute  of  discal 
spots. 

The  present  genus  includes  insects  of  most  difficult  specific  deter- 
mination. After  an  examination  of  over  sixty  specimens  I  have  de- 
cided to  describe  what  appear  to  be  three  distinct  forms,  although  I 
am  by  no  means  certain  that  subsequent  investigation  will  not  prove 
them  all  variations  of  the  same  insect.  At  present  we  merely  know 
that  these  insects  are  all  found  in  the  same  localities,  on  both  sides  of 
the  Sierra  Nevada  Mountains,  and  very  widely  distributed  over  the 
Pacific  Coast  from  Northern  Oregon  to  Central  California,  and  perhaps 
even  further  southward;  the  home  of  the  genus,  judging  from  the 
size  and  color  of  the  specimens,  being  Oregon.  The  three  species  into 
which  I  have  divided  the  specimens  before  me  are  clearly  marked, 
though  differing  considerably  even  among  themselves;  but  the  circum- 
stances under  which  they  are  found,  and  their  extreme  variability, 
strongly  incline  me  to  the  belief  that  they  are  one  and  the  same  species, 
.although  the  fact  is  not  yet  proved.  Should  they  prove  to  be  identical 
Z.  Lena  must  be  retained  as  the  specific  name  and  the  other  forms 
noted  as  varieties. 

Boisduval  describes  three  varieties  of  this  genus,  two  of  them  from 
individual  specimens,  as  belonging  to  Lithosia  (!)  and  includes  with 
them  in  the  same'  genus  two  species  of  Cisthene,  though  he  subse- 
quently says  the  three  former  "should  perhaps  be  placed  in  a  new 
genus  near  Nemeophila  !"  Such  careless  work  is  greatly  to  be  regret- 
ted from  the  pen  of  the  great  entomologist,  for  if  they  were  near 
Nemeophila,  as  they  undoubtedly  are,  it  would  have  been  far  better  to 
include  them  in  that  genus,  than  in  one  with  which  they  have  no  rela- 
tion whatever.  And  here  it  may  not  be  out  of  place  to  say,  that  so 
far  as  Boisduval's  writings  relate  to  Californian  Bombycidaj,  they  are 
totally  unreliable  and  liable  to  produce  confusion,  rather  than  to  re- 
move it.  Many  insects  are  included  the  occurrence  of  which  there  is 
much  reason  to  doubt,  and  many  species  well  known  to  American 
entomologists  are  described  under  new  names. 

The  three  species  may  be  tabulated  as  follows  : 

Lower  wings  red  -  -  -  Z.  decia. 

Lower  wings  yellow  -  -  -  -      Z.  Una. 

Lower  wings  black       -  -  -  -  Z.  dimidiata. 


120  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBVCID^ 

1  — LEPTARCTIA  LENA.    (PI.  5,  figs.  3,  4,  5,  6, 11, 12, 13, 14,  16.) 
Lithosia  kna,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  vol.  12,  p.  73  (1868-9). 
Lithosia  adnata,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  vol.  12,  p  73  (1868-9). 

5  $  . — Head  and  its  appendages  brownish  black.  Patagia,  thorax 
and  abdomen  brownish  black,  the  latter  pale  beneath  and  with  a  red- 
dish lateral  stripe.  There  is  a  narrow  whitish  line  on  the  outside  of 
the  prothorax,  a  narrow  whitish  line  on  the  patagia,  and  a  few  whitish 
scales  on  the  vertex,  sometimes  more  or  less  obsolete.  Legs  dusky, 
inside  of  femora  pinkish,  inside  of  tibiae  and  tarsi  yellowish. 

Anterior  wings  dusky  brown,  crossed  by  three  very  obscure,  irregu- 
lar darker  lines,  basal,  median  and  submarginal,  frequently  scarcely 
discernible.  There  is  also  a  distinct  whitish  spot  on  the  costa  opposite 
the  discal  vein,  an  outer  smaller  costal  spot  of  the  same  color,  one  at 
the  anal  angle,  one  on  the  inner  margin,  and  a  slender  whitish  streak 
at  the  base  of  the  wing  beneath  the  median  vein.  Fringes  concolorous 
(see  fig.  16).  Sometimes  a  portion  of  the  spots  are  obsolete  (figs.  3 
and  5)  sometimes  they  are  supplemented  by  a  few  smaller  dots  (fig. 
11),  without  however  greatly  altering  the  appearance  of  the  insect. 

Posterior  wings  yellow,  with  a  broad  marginal  band  of  black  spots, 
sometimes  distinctly  isolated,  sometimes  partially  fused  (fig.  11), 
sometimes  completely  fused  into  an  unbroken  band  (figs.  3  and  5). 
In  some  specimens  there  are  traces  of  a  blackish  median  band  more 
or  less  complete  (fig.  11),  the  inner  margin  and  base  being  also  fre- 
quently blackish,  and  from  these  specimens  a  regular  gradation  may 
be  found  until  there  remains  of  the  yellow  color,  only  a  narrow  me- 
dian band  (fig.  13).  This  obliteration  of  the  yellow  by  the  encroach- 
ment of  the  black,  is  confined  chiefly  to  the  6  ,  the  secondaries  of  the 
$  being  unusually  largely  yellow. 

Beneath,  the  primaries  are  yellowish,  rather  paler  outwardly,  dusky 
along  the  inner  margin  and  at  the  apex,  the  apical  cloud  enclosing  a 
small  light  costal  spot.  The  secondaries  usually  are  marked  as  above, 
but  somewhat  paler  in  color.  Sometimes  all  the  wings  are  crossed  by 
a  dark  median  band  (fig.  14),  sometimes  the  band  is  obsolete  on  the 
secondaries  (fig.  4),  sometimes  it  appears  only  as  spots  on  the  prima- 
ries (fig.  12),  and  frequently  nothing  remains  except  a  dark  spot  on 
the  costa  of  each  wing  (fig.  6).  The  gradations  between  these  forms 
are  innumerable,  as  scarcely  any  two  specimens  are  exactly  alike,  and 
I  have  examined  upwards  of  sixiy. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  121 

A  variety  of  the  5  occurs  in  which  all  the  parts  which  are  yellow 
in  the  type,  have  a  pale  whitish  tinge.  It  appears  to  be  confined  to 
specimens  in  which  the  dark  colors  preponderate  as  in  fig.  13. 

Expanse  0/ ivings,  $,  i.i5toi.30,  ?  1.30  to  1.45  inches.  Letigth 
of  body,  0.45  to  0.55  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Edwards,  Stretch,  Behr,  Behrens.)  Nevada 
(Edwards),    Oregon  (Lord  Walsingham). 

A  widely  distributed  insect,  not  uncommon  where  it  is  found,  but 
somewhat  local.  It  flies  during  the  hot  sunshine,  in  wooded  districts 
in  May.  Boisduval's  Lithosia  Una  and  L.  adnata  are  founded  on  va- 
rieties of  this  species.  The  former  name  is  retained  as  having  a  wider 
range.  I  strongly  suspect  that  Pltaarctia  inodesta,  Packard,  is  one  of 
the  many  varieties  of  this  species,  although  a  specimen  forwarded  to 
Dr.  Packard  was  returned  with  the  query,  "what  is  it.-*"  That  it  is 
congeneric  is,  I  think,  beyond  doubt,  as  the  peculiar  thoracic  markings 
are  minutely  given  in  the  diagnosis  of  P.  modesta. 

The  wonderful  variations  of  this  species,  show  how  necessary  it  is 
to  have  a  long  series  of  many  insects  before  it  is  possible  to  determine 
the  limits  of  the  species.  It  is  possible  to  select  three  or  four  types  of 
the  insect  under  consideration,  so  unlike  each  other,  that  in  the  ab- 
sence of  the  intermediate  gradations  they  might  readily  be  considered 
specifically  distinct ;  it  was  indeed  a  long  time  before  I  could  satisfy 
myself  of  their  identity,  especially  as  the  shape  of  the  primaries  is  b)' 
no  means  constant,  but  the  past  summer  has  supplied  so  many  inter- 
mediate links  that  there  can  no  longer  be  any  reasonable  doubt. 

2.-LEPTARCT1A  DECIA.    (PI.  5,  figs.  1,  2, 15.) 

Lithoiia  decia,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  vol.  12,  p.  72 
(1868-9). 

6  . — Head  and  its  appendages  brownish  black.  Patagia,  thorax 
and  abdomen  brownish  black,  the  latter  with  a  reddish  lateral  stripe. 
There  is  a  narrow  whitish  line  on  the  outside  of  the  prothorax,  a  nar- 
row whitish  line  on  the  patagia,  and  a  few  whitish  scales  on  the  vertex, 
sometimes  more  or  less  obsolete.  Legs  dusky,  inside  of  femora  pink- 
ish, inside  of  tibiae  and  tarsi  yellowish. 

Anterior  wings  reddish  brown,  sprinkled  with  grey  scales,  and 
crossed  by  three  obscure,  irregular  darker  lines,  one  subbasal,  one 
median  and  the  third  submaririnal.     There  is  also   a  distinct  whitish 


122  ZYG.ENID.E    AND    BOMBYCID.K 

spot  on  the  costa  opposite  the  discal  vein,  an  outer  smaller  costal  spot 
of  the  same  color,  one  at  the  anal  angle  (often  obsolete),  one  on  the 
inner  margin,  and  a  slender  whitish  streak  at  the  base  of  the  wing  be- 
neath the  median  vein.     Fringes  concolorous. 

Posterior  wings  bright  orange  red,  dusky  on  the  inner  margin,  with 
a  broad  blackish  outer  margin,  which  shows  a  tendency  to  break  up 
into  spots  in  many  specimens.     Fringes  yellowish. 

Beneath,  all  the  wings  are  yellow,  suffused  with  scarlet  towards  the 
base.  On  the  posteriors  the  markings  are  reproduced  only  more 
dimly  ;  on  the  primaries  the  costa  is  whitish,  and  the  apex  and  outer 
margin  show  a  dusky  cloud,  enclosing  a  light  costal  spot  near  the 
apex. 

$  . — Similar  to  the  3  above,  except  that  the  secondaries  are  redder, 
while  the  base  of  the  wings  is  largely  blackish,  and  the  black  outer 
marginal  band  is  produced  along  the  costa  to  the  base.  Fringes  of 
secondaries  dusky.  Beneath,  the  wings  are  entirely  red,  with  faint 
orange  tinges,  the  costa,  apex,  inner  and  outer  margins  being  dusky 
brown,  on  the  primaries.  On  the  secondaries  the  black  at  the  base 
disappears,  otherwise  the  markings  are  as  above,  but  of  a  brownish 
hue.  In  some  Oregon  specimens,  all  the  shades  are  more  intense 
(fig.  15),  the  whitish  spots  are  fused  into  a  whitish  transverse  band, 
while  the  secondaries  are  more  largely  and  intensely  black.  Beneath, 
the  primaries  are  as  previously  described,  except  that  the  margins  of 
the  wing  are  black  instead  of  brown  ;  and  the  secondaries  are  so 
largely  black,  that  the  red  color  is  reduced  to  a  few  broken 'median 
spots. 

Expanse  of  wings,  $  1.15,  ?  1.50  inches.  Length  of  body,  0.45  to 
0.50  inch. 

Habitat. — Oregon  (Lord  Walsingham).  California,  (Edwards, 
Stretch.) 

Boisduval's  description  of  Lithosia  decia  corresponds  very  well  with 
the  insect  described  above,  and  I  have  no  hesitation  in  retaining  his 
specific  name.  This  species  appears  to  be  common  in  Oregon,  as 
evidenced  by  the  long  suite  taken  by  Lord  Walsingham,  to  whom  I 
am  indebted  for  the  specimen  figured  on  Plate  5,  fig.  15.  In  Califor- 
nia it  is  less  abundant  than  either  of  its  two  allies,  though  like  them 
widely  distributed.  Of  its  transformations  nothing  is  known.  The 
perfect  insect  appears  in  May,  is  single  brooded,  and  not  difficult  to 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  123 

take  on  the  wing.       It   flies  in   tlie   hot  sunshine  from  ten  to   three 
o'clock. 

3.— LEPTARCTIA.  DIMIDIATA.    N.  S.    (PI.  5,  fig.  7,  8,  9,  10.) 

$, . — Head  and  its  appendages  black.  Patagia,  thorax  and  abdomen 
black,  the  latter  with  faint  traces  of  a  red  lateral  line.  There  is  a  nar- 
rovv  whitish  line  in  the  outside  of  the  prothorax,  a  narrow  whitish  line 
on  the  patagia  and  a  few  whitish  scales  on  the  vertex,  sometimes  more 
or  less  obsolete.     Legs  black,  inside  of  femora  rose  colored. 

Anterior  wings  smoky  black,  with  four  small  whitish  spots,  the 
largest  on  the  costa  opposite  the  discal  vein,  the  second  midway  be- 
tween it  and  the  apex,  the  third  near  the  anal  angle,  the  fourth  being 
a  narrow  longitudinal  streak  under  the  median  vein  at  the  base  of  the 
wing.  The  smallest  of  these  spots  are  often  obsolete  ;  there  are  often 
several  additional  minute  dots  on  the  apical  half,  and  not  unfre- 
quently  the  spots  are  increased  to  a  diffuse,  irregular,  transverse  me- 
dian band  as  in  fig.  9.     Fringes  varying  from  dirty  white  to  black. 

Posterior  wings  black,  darker  than  the  primaries,  immaculate,  or 
with  a  small  reddish  discal  dot.     Fringes  as  on  primaries. 

Beneath  the  anterior  wings  are  largely  black  at  the  base,  with  a  black 
apical  cloud  narrowly  produced  along  the  outer  margin,  enclosing  a 
small  yellowish  costal  dot.  The  central  portion  of  the  wing  is  yellow- 
ish (fig.  S)  or  tinged  with  scarlet  towards  the  base  (fig.  9),  but  the 
yellow  type  is  the  more  frequent.  Secondaries  entirely  black.  The 
coloration  is  more  constant  beneath  than  above. 
?   unknown. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  1.15  to  1.25  inches.      Length  of  body,  0.45  inch. 

Habitat. — California,  (Coll.  Edwards,  Stretch.) 

This  species  is  not  infrequent  in  the  mountains  both  north  and  south 
of  San  Francisco;  it  is  more  abundant  than  L.  Decia,  but  not  so  com- 
mon as  L.  Lena,  though  found  on  the  wing  in  company  with,  and 
generally  in  the  same  localities  as  the  latter.  Out  of  about  forty  speci- 
mens belonging  to  this  genus  taken  in  the  same  spot,  and  at  the  same 
time,  about  twenty  per  cent,  were  referable  to  the  present  species,  all 
the  remainder  to  L.  lena.  Like  its  congeners  it  is  found  in  open 
wooded  localities  where  the  underbrush  is  thick,  and  probably  feeds 
on  low  herbaceous  plants. 


124 


ZYG.ENIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 


6— ARCTIA  ACHAIA.    (Pi.  5,  figs.  17-21.)  * 

Arctia  achaia,  Grote,  Tran.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  vol.  i,  p.  334.  PI.  6,  fig. 
45    5,46  ?.     (1868.) 

Chelonia  Achaia,  Boisduval,  Lep.  Cal.  p.  76.  (1868-9.) 
3  . — Type.  PI.  5,  fig.  19.  Plead  between  the  eyes,  pale  yellowish 
buft'.  Labial  palpi  brownish  black  ;  eyes  encircled  with  brownish 
black.  Antennae  rather  short,  bipectinate,  brownish  black.  "Collar" 
pale  yellowish  buff,  with  lateral  black  stripes  behind  the  antennae. 
Patagia  black,  fringed  with  pale  yellowish  buff ;  a  central  thoracic 
black  stripe  ;  the  upper  surface  of  the  thorax  (including  the  patagia) 
may  thus  be  described  as  pale  yellowish  buff  with  three  longitudinal 
black  stripes.  Beneath,  the  under  thoracic  surface  and  legs  are  black- 
ish brown  ;  the  longer  lateral  hairs  below  the  insertion  of  the  wing  are 
yellowish.  Abdomen  yellowish,  blackish  at  the  base.  A  broad  black 
dorsal  line,  and  a  lateral  row  of  small  black  spots.  Beneath  paler 
with  two  rows  of  small  black  transverse  spots.  Anal  tuft  black  with 
a  few  yellowish  hairs. 

Anterior  wings  velvety  black,  the  veins  narrowly  clothed  with  pale 
yellowish  scales,  as  is  also  the  costa.  A  broad,  pale  yellowish  buff, 
longitudinal  stripe,  runs  from  the  base  of  the  wing  below  the  median 
vein,  to  the  internal  angle  where  it  forks,  the  branches  reaching  the 
outer  margin  and  resting  on  the  tips  of  the  fourth  median  and  sub- 
median  veins.  A  broad,  similarly  colored,  sub-basal  transverse  band, 
spreading  on  the  costal  and  internal  margins,  sometimes  partially  (fig. 
10)  and  sometimes  entirely  obsolete  (tig.  20).  A  narrow  transverse, 
median,  similarly  colored  band,  usually  constricted  below  the  longi- 
tudinal stripe.  A  third  transverse  stripe,  parallel  with  the  outer  mar- 
gin, not  seen  below  the  longitudinal  streak,  and  enclosing  between  it 
and  the  median  band  a  wedge-shaped  spot.  Finally  the  usual  arctian 
stripe  making  with  the  upper  fork  of  the  longitudinal  stripe  the  letter 
W.  Internal  margin  and  fringes  pale  yellowish  buff.  Beneath  as 
above,  but  less  clearly  marked.  All  the  markings  above  are  liable  to 
great  variation  in  color,  being  sometimes  as  described,  sometimes 
creamy  white,  or  ochreous  or  even  rosy  pink. 

Posterior  wings  clear  orange  red  marked  as  follows  with  black.  A 
large  basal  patch,  divided  by  a  broad  stripe  medially  and  edged  out- 

*  See  p.  73,  Ante. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  125 

wardly  by  the  long  yellowish  fringes.  A  squarish  spot  on  the  discal 
vein,  and  three  large  submarginal  spots,  one  near  the  apex,  one  near 
the  anal  angle,  and  the  third  intermediate.  In  addition  to  these,  the 
apical  half  of  the  costa,  and  the  outer  margin  are  continuously  black, 
the  marginal  band  being  toothed  between  the  submarginal  spots,  and 
separated  from  them  b}-  ver)'  narrow  spaces.  Fringes  yellowish.  This 
pattern  of  ornamentation  seems  to  be  the  most  frequent,  but  no  two 
specimens  are  exactly  alike,  and  the  black  markings  coalesce  in  every 
conceivable  way,  until  all  that  remains  of  the  ground  color  of  the 
wings,  is  a  median  band  with  narrow  rivulations  running  into  the 
general  black  tint.  In  these  dark  colored  specimens  (fig.  20)  the 
orange  tint  generally  disappears  and  the  color  is  deep  red.  Grote's 
figure  and  description  of  the  $  appear  to  be  drawn  from  an  individual 
with  a  very  small  proportion  of  black  on  the  posterior  wings,  the  basal 
patch  being  obliterated,  or  rather  represented  by  two  median  spots. 
Out  of  numerous  specimens,  I  have  seen  but  one  which  corresponds 
with  this  form,  and  it  certainly  cannot  be  considered  typical.  Except 
in  very  dark  specimens,  the  black  markings  are  usually  edged  very 
narrowly  with  ochreous. 

?  . — In  marking  the  $  resembles  the  $  ,  though  it  is  notably  larger 
and  the  costa  of  the  anterior  wings  is  more  convex.  The  markings 
on  the  primaries  are  frequently  more  intense  in  color,  and  the  second- 
aries vary  from  ochreous  red  to  scarlet,  while  at  the  same  time  the 
black  markings  show  less  tendency  to  coalesce.  Fig.  17  shows  a 
variety  in  which  the  markings  of  the  primaries  are  largely  obsolete, 
and  the  black  spots  on  the  secondaries  have  undergone  partial  coali- 
tion. Grote's  figure  of  the  ?  conveys  a  very  good  idea  of  the  insect, 
though  rather  too  small. 

Var.  (PI.  5,  fig.  21.)  ochracea.  A  very  strongly  marked  variety 
of  the   3   occurs  in  which  the  posterior  wings  are  clear  ochre-yellow. 

Expanse  of  wings,  $,  1.65  ?  1.80  inches.  Length  0/ bod}\  $,  0.80 
?   0.80  inch. 

ZTai^zi'a/.— California.      (Coll.  Edwards,  Behr,  Behrens,  Stretch.) 

Larva. — Body  black,  with  a  double  dorsal  line,  somewhat  waved, 
dull  reddish.  Spines  light  brown,  approaching  to  chestnut,  paler  at 
the  tips,  soft  and  silky  in  appearance.  Feet  and  underside  flesh  color. 
Feeds  on  Trifolium,  Erodium,  Viola  and  Plantago. 

Pupa. — Pale  brown,  covered  with  bluish  effloresence,  similar  to 
Catocula.     Enclosed  in  very  thin  web,  drab  or  stone  color,  through 


126  ZYGiENIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

which  the  chrysalis  is  distinctly  seen.      Larva  found  March  lo  ;  pupa, 
March  26;  imago,  May  16.     (Henry  Edwards.) 

The  insect  appears  to  be  widely  distributed  over  California,  though 
not  common  in  the  immediate  neighborhood  of  San  Francisco.  The 
imago  appears  in  May  and  comes  freely  to  light. 

T.-ARTICA  VIRGO.    (PI.  6,  figs.  1,  2,  3  .) 

Bombyx  virgo,  Linn.,  Syst.  Nat.  loth  Ed.  vol.  i,  p.  501.  (1758.) 
Phaloena  virgo,  Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  123,  Tab.  62.  (1797.) 
Euplagia  virgo,  Hiibn.,  Samml.  Exot.  Schm.  2  pi.  189..      (1806.) 

Verz.  p.  180.     (1816.) 
Ardia  virgo,  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  ']i.     (1835.) 
Ardia  virgo,  Duncan,  Nat.  Lib.  vol.  36,  pi.   19.      (1836.) 
Callimorpha parthenico,  Kirby,  Faun.  Bor.  Am.  vol.  4,  P-  204.    (1837.) 
Ardia  virgo,  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  244.     (184 1.) 
Ardia  virgo,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  vol.  3,  p.  608.      (1855.) 
Artica  virgo,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  528.     (i860.) 
Ardia  virgo,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.  p.  ^■^%.      (1862.) 
Ardia  par thenice,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.  p.  339.     (1862.) 
Ardia  parthenice,  Saunders,   Proc.   Eht.   Soc.    Phil.   vol.    2,   p.    28. 

(1863.) 
Ardia  parthenice,  Saunders,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.  p.  5.      (1863.) 
Ardia  virgo,  Saunders,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.  p.  6.      (1863.) 
Ardia  virgo,  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  115.     (1864.) 
Ardia  parthenice,   Packard,   Proc.   Ent.  Soc.   Phil.   vol.   3,   p.  116. 

(1864.) 
Arctia  virgo,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  325,  pi.  4,  fig. 

4.  (1864.) 
5  .  ?  . — Head,  prothorax,  patagia  and  thorax  pale  flesh  color. 
The  prothorax  has  two  black  spots  ;  the  thorax  a  central  black  streak, 
and  the  patagia  are  also  black  centrally.  The  palpi,  thorax  beneath 
and  under  side  of  the  abdomen  are  black.  The  abdomen  above  is 
clear  red  with  a  dorsal  series  of  black  spots,  most  conspicuous  in  5  . 
Legs  generally  black  except  the  tibae  of  the  posterior  pair,  which  are 
frequently  whitish. 


OK    NORTH    AMERICA.  121 

Anterior  wings  deep  velvety  black,  all  the  veins  diffusely  striped 
with  flesh  color,  which  also  prevails  round  the  entire  margin  of  the 
wings,  most  conspicuously  so  in  the  $  .  From  the  base  of  the  wing, 
below  the  median  vein,  a  broad  flesh-colored  stripe  runs  to  the  external 
margin,  becoming  distinctly  furcate  above  the  internal  angle,  and  upon 
which,  in  the  terminal  half  of  the  wing,  rests  a  series  of  identically 
colored  bands  resembling  the  letter  K  with  the  straight  stroke  turned 
towards  the  base  of  the  wing  and  bent,  and  the  upper  limb  attaining 
the  outer  margin  below  the  apex,  and  thence  reflected  to  the  costa 
between  the  transverse  band  and  the  apex ;  a  broad  straight  band 
crosses  the  disc  from  the  costa  to  the  median  vein,  sometimes  apparent 
in  the  interspace  below  the  latter.  The  color  of  the  foregoing  markings 
varies  from  flesh  color  to  dirty  yellowish  white,  and  they  are  broadest 
and  most  conspicuous  in   $  . 

The  posterior  wings  are  red,  of  a  more  or  less  pinkish  shade,  some- 
times inclining  to  orange.  They  are  marked  with  black  spots,  which 
vary  considerably  in  size  and  number.  When  all  present  they  are 
eight  in  number  (fig.  i),  viz. :  one  on  the  costa;  a  median  row  of  three, 
consisting  of  a  discal  spot,  one  at  the  base  of  the  4th  median,  and 
one  on  the  sub-median  vein ;  and  an  outer  row  of  four,  consisting  of 
one  irregular  fused  spot  at  the  apex,  one  on  the  2d  median,  one  on  the 
4th  median,  and  one  at  the  anal  angle  on  the  sub-median  vein.  The 
latter  varies  greatly  in  size  in  both  sexes  though  always  present ;  the 
costal  spot  and  the  inner  spot  of  the  median  row  are  often  absent, 
reducing  the  number  to  six ;  and  the  spots  are  generally  larger  and 
more  intense  in  color  in  the  ?  .  The  black  spots  are  sometimes  very 
narrowly  edged  with  yellow  ochre,  more  clearly  so  in   $   than   ?  . 

Expanse  of  wings,  i.  90-2.  50  inches.  Length  of  body,  0.80-0. 90  inch. 

Habitat. — Canada  (Saunders).  Eastern,  Western  and  Southern  States 
(Coll.  generally). 

Larva. — The  following  description  is  drawn  up  from  a  living  larva 
kindly  sent  me  by  Wm.  Saunders,  Esq.,  of  Ontario,  Canada,  as  the 
larva  of  Arctia  parthenice.  Length,  i|  inches.  Head  moderately 
large,  bilobed,  dark  brown.  Prolegs  brown,  abdominal  legs  dirty  flesh 
color.  Body  deep  rich  blackish  brown,  almost  black,  rather  paler 
beneath,  with  a  narrow  dorsal  dirty  flesh  colored  stripe,  and  the  stigmata 
deep  clear  yellow.  Body  with  six  rows  of  prominent  flesh-colored  or 
yellowish  tubercles  on  each  side  of  the  dorsal  line,  each  tubercle 
carrying  a  bunch  of  radiate  unequal  stiff  hairs.     Row  one  is  small, 


128  ZYG^NID^E    AND     BOMBYCIDyE 

round,  placed  on  the  front  edge  of  each  segment  close  to  the  dorsal 
line  and  carries  black  hairs;  row  two  is  larger  ovate,  placed  transversely 
somewhat  behind  row  one,  and  carries  black  hairs.  These  two  rows 
are  obsolete  on  segments  i,  2,  3  and  12.  Row  three  is  prominent, 
placed  longitudinally,  and  carries  mixed  black  and  brown  hairs,  being 
obsolete  on  segment  one.  Rows  four  and  five  are  prominent,  carry 
reddish  brown  hairs  and  are  obsolete  on  segment  12.  Row  six  imme- 
diately above  the  feet,  carries  reddish  brown  hairs,  and  is  present  on  all 
the  segments.  Segments  4,  5,  10  and  1 1  have  each  four  small  ventral 
tubercles  carrying  short  hairs,  and  segment  12  has  two.  A  few  of  the 
hairs  of  the  anal  segment  are  much  longer  than  the  others.  Saunders 
states  that  the  "  larva  hybernates  when  partly  grown,  and  completes  its 
growth  the  following  spring.  It  feeds  readily  on  lamb's  quarter 
{Chenopodiutu  album)  or  even  grass."  The  imago  appears  from  May 
to  August  (Packard),  and  is  not  a  rare  insect. 

In  relation  to  the  mooted  question  of  what  insect  was  described  by 
Kirby  under  the  name  of  Callmorpha  parihenice,  I  quote  as  follows 
from  the  pen  of  Mr.  Grote,  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  324,) 
believing  the  position  there  taken  to  be  tenable :  "  Until  Kirby  in 
1837  described,  without  figuring  his  Callimorpha  parlhetiice,  no  second 
species  nearly  allied  in  coloration  and  ornamentation  to  Arciia  virgo 
Linn,  had  been  suspected  by  authors.  Since  Kirby  wrote,  this  species 
has  been  sought  for  by  Entomologists  in  a  form  of  A.  virgo,  in  which 
the  series  of  spots  on  the  posterior  wings  show  a  dilTerence  of  size  or 
position.  I  have  elsewhere  stated  that  I  consider  A.  parthenice  of 
authors  as  identical  with  A.  virgo  Linn.,  and  since  rearing  imagos  of 
both  sexes  from  larvoe  kindly  sent  me  by  Mr.  William  Saunders  as  the 
larvse  oS.  A.  parthenice,  I  see  no  reason  for  altering  my  opinion.  While 
I  have  little  hesitation  in  referring  A.  parthenice  of  Messrs.  Saunders 
and  Packard  to  A.  virgo  Linn.,  I  am  not  so  certain  that  C.  parthenice 
of  Kirby  should  be  similarly  referred.  This  author's  description  of 
the  anterior  wings  equally  applies  to  A.  virgo  Linn,  with  A.  Saundersii 
Grote,  and  it  is  on  the  anterior  wings  more  especially  that  I  have  seized 
upon  a  character  which  I  believe  is  specific  and  will  readily  distinguish 
the  latter  species,  viz.:  the  linearity  of  the  stripes  on  the  veins  Kirby's 
description  of  the  posterior  wings,  as  well  perhaps  as  the  given  expanse, 
would  indicate  A.  Sau7idersii  as  the  species  intended,  for  in  all  my 
specimens  the  discal  spots  are  absent  and  there  are  but  five  terminal 
spots,  the   expanse  being   \\   to   i|  inches,   Kirby  giving  die  latter 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  129 

measurement,  while  the  discal  spots  are  ahvas  present  in  my  sj)ecimens 
of  A.  virgo  Linn.,  and  but  few  expand  less  than  2  inches.'' 

"While,  therefore,  there  is  a  probabilit}'  that  A.  Saundersii  \\a.ii  the 
species  intended  by  Kirby,  the  unsatisfactory  diagnosis,  which  contains 
no  comparative  allusion  to  Linnaeus'  species,  renders  it  a  matter  of 
uncertainty,  and  I  prefer  to  refer  Kirby 's  description  to  A.  virgo  L. , 
and  to  retain  the  name  under  which  I  have  described  it,  for  the  second 
smaller  species"  i^A.  Saundersii). 


130  ZYG.ENID.'E    AND    BOMBYCIDjr, 


BOSIBYCIDS. 
AUCTIIN^. 
Genus  SPILOSOMA.     Stephens. 

Body  parts  stout ;  wings  ample.  Head  and  thoracic  parts  clothed 
with  long  hairs,  obliterating  the  component  parts.  Head  sunk  in  pro- 
thorax,  scarcely  visible  from  above.  Eyes  large  ;  front  long,  rather 
narrow,  tapering.  Antennre  of  moderate  length,  closely  and  evenly 
bipectinate  in  5  ,  serrated  or  simple  in  $  ,  each  of  the  pectinations 
terminating  in  a  strong  seta.  Palpi  exceeding  the  front,  porrect,  sub- 
ascendant,  hairy  at  the  base;  terminal  joint  short.  Abdomen  stout, 
rather  smooth,  extending  slightly  beyond  the  hind  wings.  Legs  stout, 
femora  hairy  ;  anterior  tibiae  with  long  curved  spur,  closely  appressed  ; 
middle  tibiie  with  two,  hind  tibiae  with  four  spurs  at  or  near  the  apex 
of  the  joint. 

Anterior  wings  twice  as  long  as  broad  ;  co.sta  nearly  straight,  apex 
rounded  ;  outer  margin  hardly  oblique,  slightly  rounded  ;  anal  angle 
rounded,  ist  subcostal  nervule  rises  interior  to  the  discal  vein  ;  2d 
and  3d  go  to  the  costa,  the  latter  furcate  at  the  tip  ;  4th  continues  from 
the  origin  of  3d  to  the  outer  margin  ;  5th  arises  on  a  short  stalk  at  the 
origin  of  the  discal  vein,  which  is  strongly  angulated.  Origin  of  the 
ist  and  2d  median  nervules  slightly  removed  from  the  3d. 

Posterior  wings  full,  with  both  the  angles  and  the  outer  margin 
rounded.      Costa  slightly  convex. 

The  colors  of  the  genus  are  usually  white  or  yellowish,  with  occa- 
sionally a  few  small  black  or  brown  markings.  It.  has  a  wide  geo- 
graphical range.  In  America  it  is  represented  by  four  species,  which 
may  be  tabulated  as  follows  : 

Anterior  coxcc  red. 

Wings  immaculate,  costa  convex         -  -  6".  Jatipennis. 

Wings  spotted  with  black,  costa  straight     -  -      S.  vesialis. 

Anterior  coxa;  yellow. 

Wings  white,  a  few  black  dots  -  -  ^.  virginica. 

Wings  white,  brown  markings     -  -  -       S.  cojigrtia. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  131 


1 -SPILOSOMA  VIEGINICA,  (PI.  6,  fig.  6  $  .) 

Bombvx  virginica,  Fabr. 

Arclia  virginica,  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  Hitch,  Rt.  )).  591.    (1833.) 

Arctiavirginica,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  p.  248.     (1841). 

Spliosoma  virginica.  Walk.  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  vol.  3,  p.  668.     (1855.) 

Spilosoma  virginica^  Fitch,  3rd  Rep.  Ins.  N.  Y.      (1856.) 

Spilosoma  virginica,  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  531. 
(i860.) 

Spilosoma  virginica,  Morris,  Sym.  Lep.  N.Am.  App.  p.  342.   (1862). 

Arctia  virginica,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  3rd  ed.  fig.  168,  larva  167. 
(1862.) 

Spilosoma  virginica,  Saund.,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.   p.  14.      (1863.) 

Spliosoma  virginica.  Pack.,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  125. 
(I864.) 

Spi/osoma  virginica,  Riley,  3rd  Rep.  Ins.  Mo.  p.  68,  fig.  28,  a. 
larva,  b  Pupa,  c.  imago.     (1871.) 

S.  ?. — Head,  prothorax,  patagia  and  thorax,  white,  hairy,  less 
so  than  in  S.  vestalis.  Palpi  white  tinged  with  yellow  beneath.  Ab- 
domen and  thorax  white  beneath,  the  former  orange  yellow  above, 
(except  the  last  segment  which  is  white)  with  a  dorsal  and  lateral  row 
of  black  spots.  Legs  white,  tarsi  sub-annulate  with  black,  coxo^  and 
femora  of  the  anterior  pair  inwardly  orange  yelknv,  with  a  black  dot 
at  the  base  of  the  coxse,  another  on  the  inside  of  the  femora,  the  hips 
of  the  latter  and  the  anterior  edge  of  the  tibiae  being  also  touched 
with  black. 

Wings  pure  white  above  and  beneath.  On  the  primaries  there  are 
two  minute  black  dots,  one  at  the  base  of  the  3rd  median  nervule, 
and  one  between  it  and  the  margin.  The  secondaries  have  three 
larger  black  dots,  one  discal,  one  near  the  anal  angle  and  one  near 
the  apex.  These  spots  are  seldom  all  present,  those  which  are  most 
frequently  present  being  the  discal  dot  on  the  primaries,  and  the  anal 
spot  on  the  secondaries.  lieneath,  the  discal  spot  on  the  anterior 
wings  is  usually  visible,  while  on  the  posterior  wings  the  discal  spot 
is  more  conspicuous  and  that  at  the  anal  angle  is  nearly  always  clearly 
defined. 

Expanse  of  Wings,  i. 70-1 .90  inches  :  length  (t/*  ^;^v  0.70  inch. 

Habitat — Eastern  States  generally.     California.^     (Coll.  Stretch.) 

Larva. — The  following  description  is  taken  from  Harris  Ent.  Corr. 


132  ZYG.ENID.E    AND    BOMBYCID.E 

p.  287.  "  Body  cylindical,  tuberculated,  above  straw  colored  with  a 
lateral  black  line  connected  with  transverse  dorsal  ones  dividing  the 
segments.  Tubercles  straw  colored  with  black  points  and  bundles  of 
divaricating,  pale  straw  colored  hairs  intermingled  with  a  few  black 
ones.  Tubercles  twelve  on  each  segment,  four  dorsal  and  four  lateral 
on  each  side,  the  lowest  three  approximated  and  situated  beneath  the 
stigma,  which  last  is  also  beneath  the  lateral  black  lines,  and  just 
above  the  lateral  fold.  This  fold  is  of  a  pale  sulphureous  color. 
Body  beneath,  and  intermediate  prolegs  black.  Head,  feet,  and 
prolegs  and  tips  of  the  others  pale  ochreous.  The  tubercles  are  not 
situated  in  one  transverse  line,  but  of  the  dorsal  ones  the  two  upper 
are  in  front  of  the  others  ;  the  upper  lateral  tubercle  is  above  and  in 
front  of  the  spiracle,  and  the  three  under  ones  beneath  and  behind  it. 
The  hairs  are  of  moderate  length,  and  all  barbed.  Some  larvae  of  a 
dark  rust  color,  with  chestnut  colored  hairs  also  produced  the  same 
insect.    ?  .?" 

Cocoon  of  silk  interwoven  with  hairs.  All  the  hairs  are  not  used,  so 
that  the  larva  appears  to  be  clothed  with  a  few  short  ones.  Riley 
says  that  but  little  silk  is  used  in  its  construction,  and  that  the  hairs 
are  held  in  place  chiefly  by  their  numerous  barbs. 

Pupa.  — "  Chestnut  brown,  darker  behind.  Three  dilated  furrows 
surround  the  middle  of  the  posterior  half  Tail  blunt  conic,  termin- 
ated by  a  number  of  straight  adminicula,  abruptly  ending  in  a  hook 
at  their  apices.' 

These  larvae,  popularly  known  as  "  Yellow  bears,"'  feed  on  a  great 
variety  of  plants.  Harris  mentions  the  plantain,  and  Riley  enumer- 
ates the  grape-vine,  butternut,  lilac,  beans,  peas,  convolvulus,  corn, 
currant,  gooseberry,  cotton,  sunflower,  verbenas,  geranium,  etc.,  and 
that  they  are  even  carnivorous.  The  last  author  also  states  that  there 
are  two  broods  each  year,  the  broods  intermixing,  and  the  last  passing 
the  winter  in  the  chrysalis  state.  The  imago  appears  on  the  wing 
from  May  to  August,  and  is  one  of  the  commonest  species.  (Riley 
and  Harris.) 

While  this  insect  is  undoubtedly  most  at  home  east  of  the  Rocky 
Mountains,  I  have  one  imperfect  specimen  taken  in  California  by  Mr. 
Lorquin,  which  I  am  unable  to  separate  by  any  good  specific  charac- 
ters from  the  insect  under  consideration.  Its  imperfect  condition  does 
not  admit  of  a  sadsfactory  comparison,  but  it  differs  principally  in  the 
number  of  spots  on  the  posterior  wings,  where  the  anal  and  apical 
dots  have  each  a  supplementary  dot,    faintly  visible  above  but  clearly 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  133 

marked  beneath,  making  a  submarginal  row  of  four  spots,  with  a  fifth 
less  strongly  marked  near  the  costa.  I  have  yet  to  see  an  eastern 
specimen  exhibiting  this  coloration,  but  in  the  absence  of  knowledge 
of  the  preparatory  stages  I  have  deemed  it  best  for  the  present,  to 
refer  the  specimen  to  S.  virginica.  S.  virginica  is  abundantly  separ- 
ated from  S.  vestalis  and  latipennis  by  the  color  of  the  anterior  legs,  as 
well  as  by  the  want  of  the  silvery  gloss  on  the  wings  of  the  two  latter 
species.  Its  nearest  ally  is  S.  uriiac  of  Europe,  which  wants  the 
black  spots  on  the  secondaries  and  is  much  less  purely  white,  while 
the  body  is  shorter  and  stouter  with  the  black  dorsal  spots  less  strongly 
marked. 

2-SPILOSOMA  LATIPENNIS,  N.  s  (PI.  6,  fig.  5.,  $  ) 

?,  White.  Head,  thorax  and  patagia  white.  Eyes  black.  Palpi 
brownish,  white  beneath.  Legs  white,  with  the  coxa  and  femora  of 
the  anterior  pair  bright  pink  inwardly  ;  tibiaa  and  tarsi  of  the  same  pair 
black  inwardly,  white  outwardly. 

All  the  wings  are  pure  silky  white,  immaculate.  The  costa  of  the 
primaries  is  decidedly  convex  from  the  base  to  the  apex. 

Expanse  of  Wings,    ?    1.75  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.70  inch. 

Habitat. — -Atlantic  States  (Angus.)  (Coll.  Stretch.) 

Described  from  one  imperfect  broken  ?  (wanting  the  body)  re- 
ceived from  Mr.  James  Angus,  of  West  Farm,  N  Y. ,  without  any 
definite  locality  attached  to  the  specimen.  The  specimen,  though 
broken,  is  clearly  not  to  be  referred  to  any  North  American  species 
hitherto  described.  While  the  red  coxas  show  its  relationship  to  S. 
vestalis  the  convex  costa,  which  makes  the  wings  proportionately 
broad,  and  the  slenderer,  less  hair  thorax,  abundantly  separate  it 
from  that  species.  From  S.  virginica  it  may  be  distinguished  not  only 
by  the  color  of  the  anterior  coxce,  but  by  the  peculiar  glossy,  silky 
shade  of  the  wings,  which  in  this  respect  more  resemble  S.  vestalis. 
From  ^S".  congrua  it  is  separated  by  the  immaculate  wings. 

3-SPLIOSOMA  VESTALIS,  (PI.  6,  fig.  7    5.8  ?  .) 

Spilosoma    vestalis,    Packard,    Proc.   Ent.    Soc.    Phil.  vol.   3,    p. 

(1864.) 
<5 .       White.      Heail,      prothorax.      thorax     and     patagia     white 
densely  clothed  with   long  hairs,  so  that   the  individual    parts  are  not 


134  ZYG.EXID.E    AND    BOMBYCID.E 

clearly  distinguishable.  Eyes  black.  Palpi  brownish  black.  An- 
tennas white,  pectinations  black,  Abdomen  white,  with  a  lateral  row 
of  black  spots,  clothed  with  long  hairs  above,  which  almost  obscure  a 
series  of  dusky  transverse  markings.  Legs  white,  tarsi  dusky  ;  the 
anterior  pair  have  the  coxce  and  femora  clothed  with  bright  red  hairs 
inwardly,  while  the  tibiae  and  tarsi  are  black  on  the  front  edge. 

Anterior  wings  pure  silky  white,  with  the  cosia  very  straight,  and 
four  indistinct  transverse  rows  of  very  minute  black  dots,  many  of 
which  are  frequently  wanting.  The  ist  is  basal  and  generally  con- 
sists of  three  dots,  one  on  the  costa,  one  on  the  median,  and  one  on 
the  submedian  vein  ;  the  2nd  consists  of  four  dots,  one  of  which  lies 
at  the  base  of  the  4th  median  nervule  ;  the  3rd  row  lies  across  the 
nervules  and  consists  of  geminate  spots  on  each  nervule  ;  the  4th  is 
submarginal  and  very  indistinct. 

The  posterior  wings  are  also  pure  silky  white,  with  a  discal  dot, 
and  traces  of  a  submarginal  row  all  black,  the  latter  being  indicated 
by  a  dot  near  the  anal  angle,  and  another  on  the  outer  margin  near 
the  apex,  both  of  the  latter  being  sometimes  supplemented  with  minor 
dots.  The  three  principal  dots  are  larger  than  any  on  the  anterior 
wings. 

Beneath  pure  white  ;  the  principal  black  dots  present,  being  two  on 
the  costa  and  one  on  the  discal  vein  on  the  primaries  ;  one  on  the 
costa,  one  on  the  discal  vein  and  one  near  the  anal  angle  on  the 
secondaries. 

?  .  The  female  resembles  the  male  except  that  it  is  larger,  with 
fewer  black  dots  on  the  wings,  and  wants  the  long  white  hair  on  the 
abdomen,  which  consequently  shows  the  four  black  transverse  bands, 
and  the  black  central  spot  on  the  terminal  segment  very  distinctly. 

Expanse  of  Wings,  $  1.75  ?  1.90  inches;  letjgth  of  body,  i  0.70 
?   C.80  inch. 

Habitat. — California.  (Coll.  Edwards,  Behr,  Stretch,  Strecker, 
Mus.  Comp.  Z06I.  Cambridge. ) 

This  beautiful  species  does  not  appear  to  be  rare  in  the  neighbor- 
hood of  San  Francisco  where  it  is  found  in  May.  The  larva  feeds  on 
a  species  of  Echinocistus,  and  though  common,  is  exceedingly  diffi- 
cult to  raise,  as  they  almost  always  die  about  the  third  moulting.  In 
its  early  stages  the  larva  has  a  general  olive  greenish  tint,  as  I  am 
informed  by  Mr.  H.  Edwards.  The  imago  is  frequently  attracted  by 
the  house  and  street  lights. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  135 


3-HALESIDOTA  SOBRINA,  N.  S.  (PI.  6,  fig,  10  i  .)* 

S  .  Head,  palpi,  prothorax,  thorax  and  legs  clear  brown.  Abdo- 
men paler.     Antennce  strongly  pectinated,  rather  paler  than  thorax. 

Anterior  wings  uniform  clear  brown,  the  veins  paler,  with  five  more 
or  less  complete  oblique  rows  of  white  silvery  spots.  The  ist  row 
consists  of  I  spot  on  the  costa  near  the  base.  The  2nd  of  2  spots 
below  the  median  vein.  The  3rd  of  4  spots,  one  near  the  costa,  very 
small  ;  one  on  the  discal  area,  large  ;  one  at  the  origin  of  the  fourth 
median  nervule,  small  ;  and  one  in  the  interspace  below  the  median 
vein,  rather  smaller  than  the  second.  The  4th  row  consists  of  5  sub- 
equal,  ovate,  transverse,  interspaceal  spots,  reaching  the  costa.  The 
5th  row  consists  of  6  smaller,  interspaceal,  submarginal  spots,  dimin- 
ishing in  size  from  the  anal  angle  to  the  apex. 

Posterior  wings  subdiaphanous,  nearly  white,  with  a  pale  brown 
spot  on  the  discal  vein,  and  a  small  brown  apical  cloud.  Costa 
slightly  yellowish. 

Beneath  much  as  above,  except  that  the  markings  of  the  primaries 
are  less  distinct,  and  the  costa  of  the  secondaries  is  brown,  enclosing 
a  pale  costal  spot. 

Expanse  of  Wings,  1.95  inches;  knglh  of  body,   0.80  inch. 

Habitat. — California.     (Coll.  Stretch.) 

Described  from  one  3  ,  collected  by  Mr.  Lorquin,  some  years 
since,  but  in  what  particular  locality  he  does  not  remember.  It  may 
be  readily  distinguished  from  H.  argenta/a  by  the  uniform  dark  brown 
of  the  body  parts,  and  by  the  pale  veins  and  absence  of  yellowish 
powdery  scales  on  the  primaries. 


4-HALESIDOTA  AEGENTATA,  (PI.  6,  fig.  12.   ?  ,) 

Halesidota   argentata,   Packard,   Proc.  Ent.    Soc.    Phil.    Ill,   p.  129. 

(1864^) 

(5 .    $  . — -Head  and  prothorax  very  pale  yellowish  ochre,  the  latter 

with  two  small  brown  spots.     Patagia  same  edged  inwardly  with  brown. 

Thorax  the  same  with  brown  median  stripe.     Palpi   brown,    pale  at 

the  tips  and  beneath.     Abdomen  concolorous  with  thorax,  quite  pale, 

*  See  page  87,  ante. 


13G  zyg^nid.t:  and  bombycid.i-: 

stigmata  dark  brown,  a  ventral  and  two  sub-ventral  rows  of  pale  brown 
spots.     Legs  pale  yellow  ochre  mottled  with  brown. 

Anterior  wings  clear  brown  finely  dusted  in  the  interspaces  with 
pale  yellow  ochre,  which  color  also  prevails  in  the  brown  fringes,  at 
the  tips  of  the  nervules.  Five  yellowish  costal  spots,  each  belonging 
to  a  transverse  oblique  band  of  large  silvery  white  spots.  Band  i  is 
submarginal,  consisting  of  seven  interspaceal  sub-equal  spots,  and  is 
very  regular  ;  band  2,  crossing  the  origin  of  the  median  nervules, 
consists  of  seven  spots,  the  last  being  on  the  inner  margin,  the  3rd 
spot  is  very  small,  the  4th  somewhat  larger,  the  ist,  2nd,  5th  and  6th 
large  and  conspicuous  ;  band  3  consists  of  three  spots,  ist  on  discal 
area,  2nd  and  3rd  fused  to  spots  5  and  6  of  band  2  ;  band  4  is  sub- 
basal,  consisting  of  four  or  five  minor  spots ;  band  5  is  not  well 
defined,  the  base  of  the  wing  being  mottled  with  many  small  spots. 

Posterior  wings  nearly  white,  thin,  with  faint  brown  spot  on  the 
discal  vein  and  a  small  apical  cloud  of  the  same  color. 

Beneath  much  as  above,  though  paler,  especially  at  the  base  of  the 
primaries.  There  is  also  a  dark  costal  spot  on  the  secondaries  not 
seen  above. 

Expanse  of  Wings,  5  2.00  ?  2. 30  inches;  length  of  body,  0.80 
o.  90  inch. 

Habitat. — California.  (Coll.  Behr.  Behrens,  Mus.  Comp.  Zool. 
Camb. ) 

Described  from  one  5  $  in  the  collection  of  Dr.  Behr,  of  San 
Francisco,  raised  from  larva  found  feeding  on  pine  leaves  in  the  Sierra 
Nevada  Mountains,  near  Grass  Valley.  Of  these  I  unfortunately 
have  no  description,  but  they  were  dark  brown,  somewhat  resembling 
the  larva  of  H.  Edwardsii.  Mr.  H.  Edwards  also  found  a  larva  in 
Yosemite  Valley,  which  died  before  reaching  maturity,  apparently 
belonging  to  the  same  species,  while  the  original  type  was  collected 
by  Mr.  Agassiz  in  the  Gulf  of  Georgia,  so  that  the  species  will  be  seen 
to  have  a  wide  range,  and  is  apparently  a  mountain  insect,  differing  in 
this  respect  from  H.  Agassizii  and  H.  Edivardsii,  which  are  common 
in  the  valleys.  The  specie  is  well  marked  and  not  likely  to  be  mis- 
taken for  any  other,  without  it  might  be  H.  Sobrina  (q.  v.)  From  this 
it  may  be  easily  separated  by  the  light  colored  body  parts  marked  on 
the  thorax  with  dark  brown.  These  in  the  latter  species  are  uniformly 
dark  brown. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  1 37 


5-HALESIDOTA  TESSELLARIS,  (Pi.  6,  fig.  9,  ?  .) 

Phahr?ia   iesselhiris,    Smith,    N.    H.    Lep.    Ins.    Georgia,    p.     149. 

(I797-) 
Halesidola  iessellaris,  Hiibn,  Verz.  p.  170.      (1816.) 
Arclia  iessellaris,   Harris,   Cat.    Ins.    Mass.    Hitchcocks'  Rt.    p.  592. 

(1833) 
Halesidola   Iessellaris,    Hiibn.    Geyer's    Forts.    Hiibn.     Zutr.    Dritt. 

Hund.  p.  34,  fig.  939.  940.     (1837.) 
Lophocampa  Iessellaris,  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  260.      (1841.) 
Halesidola  Iessellaris,  Walk. ,' Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  V.  p.  732.     (1855.) 
Halesidola  Iessellaris,  Clem.,    Proc.    Acad.  Nat.    Sci.  Phil.    p.    534. 

(i860.) 
Halesidola   Iessellaris,    Morris,    Syn.    Lep.    N.    Am.   App.    p.    348. 

(1863.) 
Halesidola  Iessellaris,  Sounders,  Syn.  Can.   Arct.  p.   19.      (1863.) 
Halesidola   antiphola,   Walsh,   Proc.    Post.  Soc.    N.   H.    IX,    p.  288. 

(1864.) 
Halesidola  Iessellaris,  Va-ck.,  Proc.   Ent.  Soc.    Phil.   vol.    3,    p.    128 

(1864.) 
Halesidola  antipJwla,    Pack.,  Proc.    Ent.    Soc.   Phil.    vol.   3,    p.    128 

(1864.) 
Halesidola   Harrisii,  Walsh,    Proc.  Ent.  Soc.    Phil.  vol.    3,  p.  430. 

(1864.) 
S  .    ?  . — Head  prothorax  and  patagia  pale  yellow  ochre,   the  latter 
narrowly  edged  inwardly  with  blueish  green.     Thorax   and  abdomen 
above  darker,  beneath  paler.     Legs  concolorous  with  thorax. 

Anterior  wings  subdiaphanous,  very  thinly  scaled,  very  pale  ochre- 
ous,  with  five  irregular,  slightly  darker,  somewhat  dusky  bands,  very 
narrowly  and  neatly  edged  with  black.  The  ist  band  is  sub  basal, 
reaching  only  to  the  sub-median  vein  ;  the  2nd  lies  across  the  base  of 
the  fourth  median  nervulc,  reaches  from  the  costato  the  inner  margin, 
and  is  somewhat  sinuate  in  the  discal  area  ;  the  3rd  is  on  the  discal 
vein  and  reaches  only  from  the  costa  to  the  median  vein  ;  the  4th  is 
submarginal,  sinuate,  somewhat  widest  on  the  inner  margin  which  is 
reached  at  the  anal  angle  ;  the  5th  is  marginal  with  an  irregular  inner 
edge,  and  diminishes  in  width  from  the  apex  to  anal  angle. 

Secondaries  immaculate,  nearly  white,  suffused  with  pale  ochre  on 
the  inner  maro:in. 


138  ZYG.liXID.'E    AND    BOMBYCID.E 

Beneath  as  above,  except  that  the  markings  on  the  primaries  are 
very  indistinct. 

Expanse  of  Wings,  1.90  inches;  leiigih  of  body,  0.70  inch. 

^Z(^?'/^/.— Atlantic  and  Western  States.  (Coll.  generally.)  Canada. 
(Saunders.) 

Larva. — Head  black,  polished,  the  mouth  varied  with  white.  Body 
opaque,  black  above,  pale  on  the  venter,  covered  above  with  dense 
hairs  proceeding  from  little  warts  in  evenly  shorn  brushes  or  tufts, 
which  are  dorsally  a  little  darker,  and  vary  in  color  in  different 
specimens  from  dirty  whitish  or  occasionally  almost  pure  white  to 
fuscous  cinereous,  and  from  pale  gamboge-yellowish  to  ochre-yellow- 
ish and  pale  yellowish-brown,  the  brushes  on  the  back  converging  so 
as  to  form  a  dense  dorsal  ridge.  On  the  2nd  segment  behind  the 
head  one  lateral  black  pencil  and  two  milk-white  ones  under  it,  all 
transversely  arranged,  the  black  pencils  generally  in  repose  directed 
horizontally  forwards.  On  the  3rd  segment  one  lateral  black  pencil 
and  one  milk-white  one  under  it,  directed  obliquely  forward.  On 
the  I  nil  segment  one  lateral  black  pencil  directed  obliquely  back- 
wards, and  on  the  12th  segment  one  less  obvious  pencil,  which  is 
either  whitish  or  the  color  of  the  tufts  of  the  body,  placed  immediately 
behind  the  black  pencil  on  the  iith  segment,  and  often  with  a  few 
long  black  hairs  above  it.  Besides  the  pencils,  there  are  also  some 
long  whitish  hairs  projecting  forwards  over  the  head,  and  backwards 
over  the  anus.  Legs  and  prolegs  very  pale  ferruginous,  slightly  ob- 
fuscated at  tips.  When  much  less  than  half  grown,  the  head  is 
generally  not  black  but  rufous,  the  black  pencil  on  the  2nd  segment 
is  often  only  sliglitly  tinged  n-ith  black,  and  the  pencils  on  theiith 
and  I2tli  segments  are  occasionally  subobsolete,  or  all  whitish  and 
untinged  with  black.  Food-plants,  oak,  basswood,  elm,  etc.  (Dr. 
Walsh,  Troc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  413.) 

This  is  the  larva  of  H.  an/iphoLi,  Walsh. 

Lai'va  var. — The  larva  sometimes  has  the  head  rufous  ;  the  body 
yellowish-white,  with  the  warts  and  a  ring  round  each  spiracle  brown 
black  ;  the  hair-tufts  milk-white,  the  two  middle  pencils  on  segments 
2  and  3  orange  color,  and  the  two  pencils  on  segment  11  milk-white. 
This  variety  is  found  feeding  on  the  sycamore  and  is  Dr.  Walsh's 
phytophagic    variety  //.   Hanisii.     (Proc.   Ent.    Soc.  Phil    vol   5,    p. 

199) 

In  the  various  papers  from  which  the  above  quotations  have  been 
made  Dr.  Walsh  has  labored  earnestly  to   make  two  species   out   of 


OF    NORTH    AMKRICA.  139 

H.  tessellaris,  Sm.  Abbott,  which  he  calls  phvtophagic  species,  and 
which  are  founded  on  a  varying  color  of  the  hair,  pencils  and  a 
different  food  plant.  If  these  larval  differences  were  accompanied  by 
differences  in  the  imago,  the  position  would  be  tenable,  but  this 
author  admits  the  absolute  identity  of  the  imagines  raised  from  larvas 
of  both  classes  of  coloration.  It  seems  then,  that  however  pertinent 
these  observations  may  be  to  the  question  of  the  origin  of  species,  the 
contingencies  of  the  early  life  of  the  larva  have  as  yet  produced  no 
result  upon  the  imago,  and  until  such  proves  to  be  the  case  we  are 
scarcely  warranted  in  creating  new  species  on  differences  in  larval 
coloration.  Indeed,  the  position  taken  by  Dr.  Walsh  is  not  yet 
proven.  He  does  not  show  that  larva;  raised  on  the  Sycamore,  pro- 
duce imagines,  the  eggs  from  which  evolve  identical  larvne,  and 
similarly  of  larvre  raised  on  the  oak.  While  not  absolutelv  establish- 
ing his  proposition,  this  would  have  materially  strengthened  his 
argument,  but  it  does  not  appear  that  this  phase  of  the  experiment 
was  ever  undertaken.  I  cannot  better  sum  up  this  question  than  in 
the  words  of  Mr.  Grote,  who  says,  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p. 
536),  in  relation  to  H.  aniiphola,  Walsh,  "The  validity  of  the  sup- 
posed species  rests  upon  a  stated  difference  of  larval  structure  affect- 
ing the  location  of  the  'hair  pencils,'  a  different  coloration  of  the 
latter  and  a  varying  food  plant.  Subsequent  investigation,  I  am 
informed,  has  contradicted  the  hrst  of  these  asserted  differences,  which 
indeed,  on  the  supposition  that  it  existed,  would  rather  indicate  a 
generic  than  a  specific  character,  and  I  consequently  omit  any  further 
remarks  upon  it.  There  remains  then  a  differing  coloration  of  the 
larval  'hair  pencils"  and  a  differing  food  plant  as  the  totality  of 
specific  characters  which  are  to  constitute  the  new  species.  Analagous 
instances  of  larval  variation  in  the  coloring  of  the  '  hair '  among 
members  of  the  present  family  have  been  discovered  without  having 
been  made  the  basis  for  the  description  of  a  new  species,  and  may  be 
correctly  regarded  as  simple  variations  within  the  'well  defined  limits 
of  the  species,'  while  the  habits  of  the  differing  larvae  as  to  the  food 
plant,  especially  in  such  an  essentially  polyphagous  family  as  the 
Arctiidae,  can  with  difficulty  be  drawn  in  as  a  specific  character,  even 
upon  much  more  perfect  and  detailed  evidence  than  Mr.  Walsh  has 
offered  in  the  present  instance.        *  *  *  It  is  not  the  most 

inconsistent  part  of  Mr.  Walsh's  paper,  that  while  H.  antipliola  is 
published  as  '  N.  Sp.,'  it  is  regarded  on  page  298,  (Proc.  Boston  Soc. 
Nat.  Hist.  February,  1864,)  as  merely  in  process  of  'formation."     No 


140  zygjEnid.e  and   bombycid.e 

such  forms  have  been  hitherto  announced  in  Entomological  Science, 
and  a  specific  name  in  its  present  acceptation  is  only  improperly  to 
be  applied  to  them," 

This  species  is  widely  distributed,  and  feeds  on  a  large  variety  of 
forest  trees  as  previously  quoted.  It  appears  on  the  wing  in  June, 
July  and  August ;  the  larvae  hatched  in  autum  pass  the  winter  as  pupaj 
and  are  evolved  in  the  following  summer. 


6-HALESIDOTA  CARYJl,  (Pi.  G,  fig.  11,   $  ■) 

Lophocampa  carycr,  Harris,  Rt.  Ins.  Mass.  p.  258.      (1841.) 
Lophocampa  carytc,  Fitch,    First  Rt.    Ins.  N.  Y.    p.    159,    fig.   larva. 

(1855.) 
HalesiJola  ammh/ascia,  Walk.,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  V.  p.  734.    (1855.) 

Phegopier a  porphyria,  H.  S.,  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  fig.  283.  (1855.) 
Hakstdota porphyria,  H.  S.  Lep.  Exot.  Sp.  Nov.  fig.  283.  (1858.) 
HalcsiJola  carya;    Clem.,    Proc.    Acad.     Nat.    Sci.    Phil.    p.    633. 

(i860.) 
Halesidota  anntili/ascia,  Clem.,  Proc.  Acad.    Nat.  Sci.    Phil.  p.  533. 

(i860.) 
Halesidota  caryce,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.  p.  349.     (1862.) 
Halesidota  annulifascia,    Morris.    Syn.    Lep.  N.   Am.  App.    p.    349. 

(1862.) 
Plalesidota  car yce,  SdiwndQX^,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.  p.  20.      (1863.) 
Halesidota  carycv,    Packard,    Proc.    Ent.  Soc.    Phil.   vol.    8,    p.   128. 

(1864.) 
(5.    ?. — Ochre  yellow  with    silvery  white  spots.      Head,   thoracic 
parts,  and  abdomen  above  pale  ochre  yellow,  somewhat  paler  beneath. 
Head  with  transverse  band  in  front,   prothorax  with   small  dots,  and 
inner  edges  of  the  patagia  all  brown. 

Anterior  wings  clear  ochre  yellow,  dusted  with  dark  brown,  most 
densely  so  round  the  spots.  Five  oblique  transverse  rows  of  silvery 
white  spots,  those  on  the  costa  and  at  the  base  slightly  tinged  with 
yellow.  The  ist  row  consists  of  a  basal  patch,  connected  on  the 
inner  margin  with  the  irregular  sub-basal  2nd  band.  The  3rd  row 
lies  across  the  base  of  the  fourth  median  nervule  and  is  widest  on  the 
costa  ;  the  4th  lies  across  the  base  of  the  median  nervules,  is  slightly 
irregular,  with  the  costal  spot  largest ;  the  5th  is  submarginal,  spots 
sub-equal,  ovate,  the  second  spot  from  the  costa  somewhat  nearer  the 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  141 

outer  margin  than  those  adjacent.  There  is  in  addition  a  square  spot 
on  the  discal  area,  one  on  the  costa  opposite  to  it,  besides  a  very 
small  one  at  the  junction  of  the  discal  vein  with  the  median  nervules. 
Tlie  extreme  apex  of  the  wing  is  clear  ochre  yellow  ;  the  veins, 
especially  the  fourth  median  and  the  last  sub-costal,  being  dark  brown, 
while  the  latter  color  prevails  extensively  around  the  discal  vein  and 
on  the  outer  margin  below  the  apex.  Fringes  brown,  interrupted  with 
yellowish  at  the  termination  of  the  nervules. 

Secondaries  very  pale  yellowish  white,  sub-diaphanous,  immaculate, 
clothed  with  yellowish  hairs  on  the  inner  margin. 

Beneath  much  as  above,  but  less  strongly  marked,  there  being 
in  addition  two  small  brown  spots  on  the  costa  of  the  secondaries. 

Expanse  of  Wings,  1.90  inches;  lenglh  of  body,  0.75  inch. 

Habitat. — Atlantic  States.      (Coll.  generally. )   Canada.    (Saunders.) 

Larva. — (Harris'  Corr.  p.  289.)  Body  satin  white  above,  dusky 
beneath,  head  and  true  feet  black,  prolegs  dusky  ;  sides  of  the  body 
spotted  with  black,  and  with  black  tubercles  emitting  stellated  or 
divaricating  white  hairs,  the  two  dorsal  series  short,  truncated  and 
converging,  and  of  a  black  color  from  the  fourth  to  the  eleventh 
segments  inclusive  ;  two  black  pencils  on  the  fourth  and  tenth  seg- 
ments and  a  dorsal  series  of  black  spots  from  the  fourth  to  the  eleventh 
segments  ;  on  all  these  segments  the  dorsal  tubercles  are  in  a  double 
series,  viz  :  two  before,  nearer  together  than  the  others — one-half  of 
the  hairs  from  which  are  black,  and  converge  in  a  tuft  on  the  back, 
and  the  other  hairs  are  white  ;  two  others  more  distant,  and  furnishing 
only  divaricating  white  hairs.  These  four  dorsal  tubercles  are  trans- 
verse, or  very  elongated  (almost  linear)  oval  ;  the  tubercles  on  the 
sides  are  hemispherical.  The  white  hairs  on  the  first  three  segments, 
and  on  the  two  last,  are  longer  than  the  rest,  and  those  on  the  sides  of 
the  body  are  longer  than  those  on  the  back.  The  black  pencils  on 
the  fourth  and  tenth  segments,  are  longest  of  all.  Rolls  up  when 
touched.     Aug.  28th. 

"Sept.  18,  1840.  Larva  white,  covered  with  white  hairs  in  short 
spreading  tufts,  a  row  of  eight  black  tufts  on  the  back,  beginning  on 
the  fourth  segment ;  two  long,  black,  pencil-like  tufts  on  the  fourth 
and  tenth  segment  ;  four  white  pencils  on  the  second  and  third,  and 
two  on  the  eleventh  and  twelfth  segments.  Head  and  prolegs  black  ; 
the  surface  of  the  body  with  minute  black  tubercles,  and  a  transverse 
black  line  between  each  segment.  It  varies  in  having  the  tufts  of  hair 
each  side  of  the  dorsal  black  scries  dusky." 


142  ZYGMmDM    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

"July  15th,  1842.  On  the  last  leaf  of  a  branch  of  Ti'/ia  Af/iertcana 
found  a  swarm  of  these  caterpillars  just  hatched.  The  eggs  were  laid 
on  the  under  side  of  the  leaf,  forming  a  broad  patch  an  inch  in 
diameter.  On  the  23rd  examined  the  swarm  again  ;  the  caterpillars 
were  a  quarter  of  an  inch  long.  The  little  black  dorsal  tufts  were 
visible,  though  small ;  the  other  hairs  thin  and  permitting  the  skin 
and  tubercles  to  be  easily  seen.  The  insects  were  all  together,  as 
thick  as  possible,  side  by  side  on  the  lower  surface  of  a  leaf.  They 
had  eaten  all  the  parenchyma  of  the  terminal  leaves  of  the  twig, 
leaving  only  the  veins  and  intervening  reticulations.  They  had  spun 
a  few  threads,  forming  a  very  slight  and  hardly  conspicuous  web  on 
the  leaves  and  twig,  probably  in  moving  about,  and  not  for  a  shelter. 
When  first  found  these  caterpillars  were  mistaken  for  Hyphaniria  /extor, 
a  circumstance  which  tends  to  show  that  these  species  should  stand 
near  each  other  in  a  natural  arrangement. " 

This  species  is  widely  distributed  through  the  Northern  States,  ap- 
pearing on  the  wing  in  June  and  July.  Its  characteristic  food  plant, 
and  the  one  from  which  it  takes  its  specific  name  is  the  Carya  porcina, 
though  it  it  not  exclusively  confined  to  that  tree.  It  is  very  closely 
allied  to  a  species  from  Costa  Rica  (undetermined)  which  is  so 
similar  that  at  first  sight  it  might  be  easily  taken  to  be  identical.  The 
latter  is  somewhat  larger  and  paler ;  the  markings  similar  in  position, 
but  the  shape  and  disposition  of  the  spots  in  the  sub-marginal  band  is 
different,  the  spots  being  distinctly  cordate  and  less  regular  in  their 
distance  from  the  outer  margin. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  l4f> 


EOMBYCIDJB. 

CERATOCAMPIN^. 

Genus.  EULEUCOPHHUS.  Packard. 

"This  is  a  singular  genus  close!}'  allied  to  Heimkuca,  especially 
the  section  represented  by  H.  Juno,  with  which  the  present  genus  may 
be  compared.  The  body,  including  the  antennas,  is  large,  while  the 
wings  are  much  smaller  than  usual.  The  antennae  are  large,  broadly 
pectinated  to  the  tip,  just  as  in  Hanileuca,  and  the  body  is  of  the  same 
size  and  structure  as  in  H.  Jtmo.  The  forewings  are  much  as  in 
Z^ /««(?,  but  proportionately  smaller,  the  costa  being  slightly  sinuate, 
incurved  in  the  middle,  the  apex  being  much  rounded  just  as  in 
H.  Juno,  and  the  outer  and  inner  edges  having  also  the  same  propor- 
tions. The  hind  wings  are  much  shorter  and  rounder  than  in  Hemil- 
euca,  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  projecting  (slightly)  beyond  them  ;  the 
apex  is  much  more  rounded.  The  venation  differs  in  the  second 
median  venule  arising  from  within  the  middle  of  the  wing,  especially 
in  the  hind  wings  ;  in  H.  Juno  it  arises  outside  the  middle  of  the 
wing.  The  style  of  coloration  is  quite  different,  there  being  no  discal 
spot  on  the  hind  wings,  which  are  pale  whitish  yellow  (testaceous. ) 

The  generic  name  is  given  in  allusion  to  the  pale  gray  color  so 
unusual  in  this  sub-family." 

Packard,  Ann.  Rep.  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.  April,  1872. 

This  genus  includes  but  one  species,  E.  tricolor  from  New  Mexico. 
Mr.  Packard  was  not  acquainted  with  the  ?  of  the  species  described 
by  him,  and  was  consequently  not  aware  of  the  great  disparity  in  size 
between  the  sexes,  which  in  addition  to  the  difference  in  coloralion 
might  almost  lead  to  the  sup[)Osition  that  they  were  two  distinct 
species. 

l-EULEUCOPHaiUS  TRICOLOR,  (Pi.  6  fig.,  3   3      ?    4.  ) 

EuleucophcBus  tricolor,  Packard,   Rep.  Peab.  Acad.  Sci.  April,   1872. 

$, . — Head,  thorax  beneath  and  abdomen  above  dark  Indian  red  ; 
prothorax  patagia  and  thorax  very  hairy,  grayish  brown,  with  scattered 
yellowish  hairs.     Abdomen  beneath,  brown,  banded  with  pale  ochre. 


144  ZYG^NID^.    AND     BOMBYCID/E 

Antennae  pale  rust  red.  Legs  yellowish,  clothed  with  long  grayish 
brown  hairs. 

Anterior  wings  blackish  brown  sprinkled  with  dirty  white  scales. 
A  basal,  dirty  white,  oblique  band  angulated  near  the  costa ;  a 
transverse,  oblique,  band  beyond  the  middle,  parallel  with  the  outer 
margin,  and  of  the  same  color ;  and  finally  a  narrow  marginal  band 
of  the  same  color.  Fringes  concolorous.  The  gray  coloring  thus 
becomes  a  basal  cloud  ;  a  mesial  band  somewhat  broadest  on  the 
costa,  palest  in  the  centre,  and  carrying  a  whitish  transverse  lunate 
black  bordered  discal  spot ;  and  a  more  diffuse,  sub-marginal  cloud, 
which  does  not  reach  either  the  costal,  inner  or  outer  margins. 

Posterior  wings  pale  yellowish  white,  immaculate,  somewhat  tinged 
with  yellowish  on  the  inner  margin. 

Beneath,  the  markings  of  the  primaries  reappear  but  more  faindy, 
the  base  of  the  costa  being  clothed  with  carneous  hairs  ;  secondaries 
as  above,  a  few  carneous  hairs  at  the  base. 

?. — Much  larger  than  $,  costa  of  the  primaries  slightly  convex. 
The  whitish  markings  are  reduced  to  a  narrow  angulated  sub-basal 
band,  somewhat  spread  on  the  costa,  and  a  narrow  oblique  band  of 
the  same  color  from  the  inner  margin  to  the  costa  near  the  apex. 
Fringes  whitish.  Discal  spot  distinct.  Secondaries  pale  carneous, 
with  a  lighter  extra  mesial  band.     Otherwise  similar  to   $  . 

Expanse  of  Wings,  ^2.00  $2.  70  inches;  length  of  body,  50.85 
inch  ?  i.io  inches. 

Habitat.— ^t^  Mexico.  (Coll.  Dr.  Behr,  H.  Edwards,  R.  H. 
Stretch. ) 

For  my  type  of  this  species  I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Dr. 
Behr,  of  San  Francisco,  in  whose  collection  the  only  $  at  present 
known,  is  to  be  found.  Six  c?  specimens  show  no  tendency  to 
variation.  All  the  known  specimens  were  collected  by  Dr.  Howard 
who  states  that  they  were  found  round  IMesquite  trees,  from  which  it 
may  be  inferred  that  the  larva  feeds  on  that  plant.  Of  the  nature  of 
the  country  in  which  the  insect  was  taken  we  know  nothing.  On  this 
point  Mr.  A.  S.  Packard  says  :  "  Whether  the  unusually  pale  color 
of  this  species  is  to  adapt  it  for  concealment  in  dry  and  desert  locali- 
ties or  not,  we  can  only  learn  when  we  know  something  ot  the  habits 
of  the  moth. " 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  145 


ZYG^NID^. 

CASTNIIN^, 

Genus.  EUDRYAS.  Boisduval. 

"  Head  rather  large,  eyes  and  ocelli  large  and  full.  Antennae  not 
thickened  in  the  middle,  with  short  lateral  setae  in  the  male  and  pubes- 
cent beneath.  Front  prominent,  densely  pilose,  though  the  hairs 
hardly  conceal  the  conical  clypeal  tubercle,  which  last  is  very  large 
and  truncated  at  the  apex.  The  clypeus  in  front  is  square.  Palpi 
large,  porrect ;  two  basal  joints  evenly  pilose  to  the  tip  of  the  second. 
Third  joint  small,  cylindrical,  short,  porrect  reaching  nearly  one-half 
its  length  be}ond  the  front. 

"Thorax  pilose,  with  a  broad  median  crest  of  metallic-colored 
scales,  succeded  by  a  dorsal  row  of  similar  tufts  upon  the  basal  half 
of  the  abdomen  which  diminish  in  size  from  the  thorax. 

"Wings  shaped  as  in  afypia,  but  the  primaries  are  more  rounded  at 
the  apex,  internal  angle  rounder.  The  nervules  are  nearly  continuous 
with  the  direction  of  the  main  branches.  Subcostal  nervules  long, 
first  subcostal  arising  one-third  of  the  distance  out  to  the  apex  of  the 
wing.  The  hind  wings  hardly  reach  to  the  outer  fourth  of  the  abdo- 
men, being  much  as  in  alypia.  Outer  margin  a  little  scolloped  below 
the  apex,  below  straight  and  parallel  with  the  costa  of  the  primaries. 
Discoidal  nervules  situated  within  the  middle  of  the  wing.  The  femora 
and  tibiae  of  the  fore-legs  are  very  pilose,  forming  a  dense  tuft  project- 
ing in  a  mass  over  the  first  tarsal  joint.  Hind  pair  of  legs  stout,  with 
longer  tibial  spines  than  in  alypia. 

''Larva.  The  head  is  of  good  size,  being  three-fourths  as  wide  as 
the  body.  It  is  nearly  as  broad  across  the  vertex,  as  in  front,  above  it 
is.  rather  deeply  impressed  by  the  median  line.  The  V-shaped  epicra- 
nium  is  large,  not  sunken  below  the  level  of  the  front ;  its  apex  is 
rather  blunt,  its  sides  bulge  out  from  the  apex  to  the  anterior  third  of 
its  length,  where  it  is  slightly  contracted  ;  and  where  it  joins  the  cly- 
peus its  edge  is  linear.  The  short  transverse  clypeus  is  as  broad  as 
the  epicranium  is  long,  its  front  edge  being  straight  and  very  slightly 
raised. 

"  The  labrum  is  divided  half  of  its  length  by  a  sinus,  into  two  lobes 


146  ZYG.^NID.E    AND    BOIIBYCID.E 

which  are  farther  subdivided  into  two  portions,  the  outer  corneous  and 
hard,  and  shaped  somewhat  Hke  the  mandible  of  the  mature  moths 
of  this  family,  while  the  inner  portions  meet  on  the  median  line  and 
are  more  fleshy. 

"The  two  jointed  antennae  are  placed  directly  opposite  the  thick 
subtriangular  truncated  mandibles. 

"The  labium  and  basal  portion  of  the  maxillae  are  broad  and 
thick. 

"  The  body  is  elongated  and  gradually  increases  in  width  to  the 
eighth  ring,  which  is  much  enlarged  and  raised  into  a  hump,  from 
which  the  body  rapidly  narrows,  and  the  tergum  falls  down  at  an  angle 
of  45°  to  the  broad  lunate  supra-anal  plate. 

"  The  rings  are  slightly  convex  ;  across  their  middle  is  a  row  of  tu- 
bercles ending  in  hairs  equal  in  length  to  that  of  the  ring  itself  Upon 
the  tergum  of  each  ring  are  four  large  tubercles  arranged  in  a  broad 
trapezoid,  two  in  front  and  two  more  distant,  on  the  middle  of  the 
ring  ;  on  the  thoracic  rings  these  tubercles  are  arranged  in  a  single 
transverse  line  and  on  the  supra-anal  plate  in  a  square.  Below  is  a 
lateral  row  of  similar  warts,  one  for  each  ring,  immediately  below  which 
is  a  row  of  stigmata,  behind  which  on  each  ring  is  a  minute  wart. 
On  the  pleural  line  of  the  body,  formed  by  the  triangular  raised  por- 
tion of  the  side  of  each  ring  is  a  tubercle  ;  and  at  the  base  of  all  the 
legs  is  a  single  similar  wart.  On  the  sternal  side  of  the  body,  on  the 
segments  between  the  legs,  is  a  transverse  row  of  smaller  warts  than 
those  above,  which  are  inclined  to  be  germinate  between  the  true  and 
false  legs.  There  is  a  distinct  thickening  of  the  skin  on  the  sides  of 
the  anal  legs  as  in  the  Bombyces. 

"The  coloration  of  the  body  generally  is  a  light  hue,  with  linear 
transverse  tergal  stripes,  about  six  for  each  ring,  and  nearly  black  in 
color,  which  are  interrupted  near  or  between  the  tubercles." 

Pupa.  "  The  whole  body  is  elongate  and  rather  slender  ;  both  the 
head  and  prothorax  taper  continuously  towards  the  clypeal  tubercle, 
which  is  quite  prominent.  The  antennae  do  not  reach  to  the  end  of 
the  wings.  The  prothorax  is  twice  as  broad  as  long  ;  slightly  carinated. 
The  sides  of  the  body  are  continuous  and  straight  from  the  base  of  the 
wings  to  the  fourth  abdominal  ring,  while  the  body  itself  is  hardly 
depressed  or  constricted  at  the  juncture  of  the  thorax  and  abdomen. 
The  wings  meet  upon  the  sternum,  reaching  to  the  middle  of  the  body. 
Fifth  to  seventh  rings  of  the  abdomen  separated  by  deep  sutures,  while 
the  surface  of  each   ring  is  flat,  not  convex,  with  two  rows  of  small 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  141 

teeth  ;  while  lower  down  on  the  sides  of  the  body  are  four  tubercles, 
being  the  remnants  of  the  two  middle  pairs  of  prop  legs.  The  remain- 
ing rings  are  less  angulated.  The  tip  of  the  abdomen  is  obtusely 
conical,  ending  in  four  tubercles,  the  pair  above  long  and  truncate, 
those  below  broad  and  short.  On  the  under  side  are  two  minute  ap- 
proximate tubercles.  The  whole  chrysalis  is  of  a  dark  mahogany 
brown,  with  the  surface  finely  granulated." 

Packard,  Proc.  Essex  Inst,  vol.  4,  April  1S64. 

The  proper  location  of  this  somewhat  anomalous  genus  has  been 
the  subject  of  extensive  discussion.  Dr.  Harris  located  it  near  Noto- 
donta,  while  Walker  refers  it  to  the  NoduidcE.  Mr.  Doubleday  in  his 
letters  to  Dr.  Harris,  states  that  Westwood  saw  in  its  structure  certain 
affinities  with  Callimorpha,  while  Boisduval  transferred  it  to  the  Zygce- 
nidce.  The  notes  on  the  Family  Zygoenidos  by  Dr.  Packard,  from 
which  the  above  generic  characters  are  extracted,  were  written  with  the 
object  of  showing  the  "systematic  position  of  the  genus,  and  are  well 
worthy  the  careful  stud}-  of  Entomologists.  The  two  Eastern  species 
are  well  known  ;  a  third  from  California  must  be  added  to  the  list. 
They  may  be  tabulated  thus  : 

Discal  spot  on  secondaries         -         -         -         -         E.  brevipennis. 

No  discal  spot  on  secondaries 

Outer  margin   of  primaries  dark  1        _         _  r*  cryaia 

with  single  pale  line  )  •  A         • 

Outer    margins    of   primaries    pale)  j^  ^,„. 

?     1         •   1        1       1  f  -  "  J^-    UHIO. 

mottled  with  darker 


1— EUDRYAS  GRATA,    (Pi.  7,  fig.  1,) 

Bombvx  grata,  Fabr. ,  Ent.  Syst.  HI.  457. 

Cyphocampa  grata,  Harris.    M.  S.  S. 

Eiidryas  grata,   Boisd. ,  Spec.  Gen.  Lep.  vol.  i.,pl.   I4-      (1836.) 

Eudryas  grata,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  p.  310.      (1841.) 

Eudryas  grata,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  I\I.,  vol.  9.     (1856.) 

Eudryas  grata,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  245.      (1S60. ) 

Eudryas  grata,    Harris,    Ins.    Inj.    Veg.    p.    427.      PI.    6,    fig.    8. 

(1862.) 
Eudryas  grata,  H^Lxn?,  Corx.  p.  306.      {iS6g)  larva. 
Eudryas  grata,    Riley,    2nd  Rep.    St.    Eat.    Missouri,  p.    83,    fig. 

56.     (1870.) 


148  ZYG.ENID.E    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

S.  ?. — Head  and  prothorax  dark  purplish  brown,  with  many 
metallic  blueish  scales.  Palpi  paler,  Patagia  white.  Thorax  white, 
with  a  broad  median  stripe  concolorous  with  prothorax.  Abdomen 
yellow  ochre,  with  a  dorsal  series  of  tufts  concolorous  with  prothorax, 
the  basal  tuft  large,  the  others  rapidly  diminishing  in  size  towards  the 
tip.  Abdomen  beneath,  yellowish  with  a  lateral  series  of  black  spots. 
Fore  legs  white,  tibial  tuft  dusky;  other  legs  dusky. 

Anterior  wings  white  with  a  broad  marginal  outer  band  of  a  rich 
purplish  chocolate  color,  margined  internally  with  a  narrow  olive 
green  band,  which  is  pale  centrally.  In  this  band  on  the  outer  margin, 
there  is  a  very  narrow  sinuate  blueish  white  line,  supplemented  in- 
wardly with  a  few  powdery  blue  scales.  A  dusky  reniform  discal  spot, 
pale  olive  green  centrally.  The  costa  from  the  base  to  this  reniform 
spot  is  broadly  margined  with  rich  chocolate  brown,  dusted  with  pale 
blue  scales,  and  dnged  inwardly  with  olive  green.  On  the  inner  mar- 
gin is  a  yellowish  olive  green  cloud,  dusky  centrally,  and  slightly  pow- 
dered with  pale  blue  scales  on  the  inner  margin.  Fringes  dusky,  palest 
at  the  base. 

Secondaries  clear  pale  ochre  yellow,  with  a  broad  outer  marginal 
band,  rather  narrower  than  that  on  the  primaries,  of  rich  chocolate- 
brown.  This  band  dies  out  before  reaching  the  apex,  and  incloses  a 
narrow  sub-marginal  pale  blue  sinuate  line.  Inside  this  outer  band 
and  close  to  it,  is  an  indistinct  concolorous  narrow  line,  most  strongly 
marked  on  the  inner  margin.     Fringes  whitish  tipped  with  chocolate. 

Beneath,  all  the  wings  are  clear  pale  yellow  ochre.  Fringes  white, 
tipped  very  faintly  with  brown.  There  is  a  brownish  black  discal  spot 
on  the  secondaries  ;  and  on  the  primaries  the  reniform  spot  is  distinct 
and  blackish,  and  there  is  a  smaller,  rounded,  similarly  colored  spot 
on  the  discal  area  slightly  nearer  the  base.  The  costa  is  also  blackish 
at  the  base. 

Expanse  of  Wings,  1.75  inches  ;  lenglh  of  body,  0.70  inch. 

Habiiai. — Massachusetts  (Harris).  Vermont  (Putnam).  New  York 
(Fitch).     Missouri  (Riley). 

Larva. — The  following  description  is  from  Harris'  correspondence, 
p.  306.  "  Entirely  naked,  pale  sky  blue  ;  the  head,  a  transverse  band 
on  each  segment,  except  the  last,  which  has  two,  anal  valve  and  all  the 
feet  orange  colored  ;  head,  bands  and  feet  spotted  with  black,  and  on 
each  segment  six  narrow,  transverse  lines,  two  of  which  are  contiguous 
to  the  band  on  each  side.  When  at  rest  this  caterpillar  elevates  the 
third  and  fourth  segments  very  much,  and  depresses  the  head.     There 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  149 

is  an  obtuse  prominence  or  elevation  of  the  anterior  part  of  the  eleventh 
segment,  which  is  visible  at  all  times."  This  larva  feeds  on  the  vine, 
devouring  the  entire  leaf,  and  is  found  from  May  to  September  (Riley). 
It  undergoes  its  transformations  on  the  surface  of  the  ground  without 
making  a  cocoon,  according  to  the  last  authority.  For  more  detailed 
description  of  the  larva  of  this  species,  as  far  as  its  structural  peculiari- 
ties are  concerned,  the  reader  is  referred  to  the  quotations  from  Dr. 
Packard's  writings  under  the  genus  Etidrvas  p.  145.  It  should 
be  noted,  however,  that  this  writer  describes  the  larva  as  hairy,  while 
Dr.  Harris  says  it  is  "  entirely  naked.''  Mr.  Riley  (loc.  cit. )  remarks 
that  the  hairs  arising  from  the  black  spots  are  less  conspicuous  than  in 
the  larva  of  Alypia  ociomaculata.  From  this  it  would  appear  that  the 
hairs  must  have  escaped  the  notice  of  Dr.  Harris,  though  it  is  difficult 
to  understand  how  so  close  an  observer  was  led  into  this  error,  for  such 
I  am  inclined  to  believe  it,  though  personally  unacquainted  with  the 
larva.     For  the  pupa,  see  p.  146. 

Some  of  the  larvae  which  pupate  early  disclose  the  moth  in  the  au- 
tumn, but  others  pass  the  winter  as  pupae  and  do  not  appear  on  the 
wing  until  the  following  spring.      (Riley.) 


2.-ETJDIIYAS   UNIO.    (Pi.  7,  fig  2,) 

Eiiihisanotia  unio,  Hiibner. 

Eudryas  iinio,  Boisd. ,  Spec.  Gen.  Lep.  vol.  i.     (1836.) 

Eudryas  unio,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  p.  310.      (1841.) 

Eudryas  unio,  Walker,  Cat.  Lcp.  B.  M.  vol.  9.      (1856.) 

Eudryas  unio,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  246.      (1862.) 

Eudryas  unio,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  p.  43.      Pupa.     (1864.) 

Eudryas  unio,  Riley.      2nd  Rep.  St.  Ent.  Missouri,  p.  'i^.     (1870.) 

5  .  ?  . — Head  and  prothorax  dark  purplish  brown,  with  many  me- 
tallic scales.  Palpi  paler.  Patagia  white.  Thorax  white,  with  a  broad 
median  stripe  concolorous  with  prothorax.  Abdomen  whitish  above> 
yellowish  beneath,  with  an  indistinct  row  of  lateral  black  spots. 

Anterior  wings  white,  with  an  outer  broad  marginal  band,  sinuated 
internally,  and  colored  as  follows  in  lines  parallel  with  the  outer  mar- 
gin. An  outer  sinuated  whitish  line,  the  outer  indentations  of  which 
are  filled  with  reddish  brown.  The  inner  margin  of  the  band  consists 
of  a  very  narrow  pale  olive  green  line  margined  on  both  sides  very 
narrowly  with  blackish  brown  ;  the  centre  of  the  band  is  whitish  dusted 


150  ZYGMNIDJE    AND    BOMBYCID^E 

with  reddish  brown  scales,  which  are  thickest  inwardly  and  at  the  anal 
angle.  There  is  a  reniform  spot  on  the  discal  vein,  dark  chocolate 
near  the  costa,  yellowish  inside,  and  deeply  excavate  outwardly.  A 
dark  spot  on  the  discal  area,  partly  merged  into  the  dark  chocolate 
streak  on  the  costa,  which  terminates  at  the  reniform  spot,  and  near 
which  it  is  dusted  with  blue  scales.  There  is  also  a  dark  brownish 
black  spot  on  the  inner  margin,  united  to  the  outer  band,  projecting 
towards  the  disc  of  the  wing,  sharply  truncated  inwardly  and  continued 
along  the  inner  margin  but.  narrowing  rapidly  to  the  base.  This  spot 
is  also  thickly  dusted  with  bluish  scales. 

Secondaries  pale  ochre  yellow,  with  an  outer  reddish  brown  mar- 
ginal band  extending  to  the  costa,  and  inclosing  on  the  outer  margin, 
a  paler  sinuate  line.  Inside  this  band  on  the  inner  margin  is  a  dark 
parallel  streak. 

Beneath  pale  ochre  yellow,  with  the  discal  spot  on  the  secondaries, 
and  the  reniform  and  circular  spots  of  the  primaries  distinct  and 
blackish.  The  marginal  band  on  all  the  wings  is  reproduced  of  a 
uniform  pale  reddish  brown. 

Expanse  0/  Wings,  1.40  inches;  lenglh  0/ body,   0.60  inch. 

Habitat. — Atlantic  States.  Maine  (Packard).  New  York  (Fitch). 
Middle  States.     Missouri  (Riley). 

Larva. — The  larva  is  said  to  be  similar  to  that  of  E,  grata,  though 
I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  detailed  description  of  it.  Dr.  Fitch 
says  in  relation  to  it,  having  raised  both  the  Eastern  species  from  the 
grape,  (3rd  Report.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  p.  399.  1856,)  that  it  "is  equally 
common  with  the  preceding,  and  the  worms  are  so  much  alike  that 
we  as  yet  know  not  whether  there  are  any  marks  whereby  they  can  be 
distinguished  from  each  other.''  Another  writer  states  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.,  p.  43,  1864)  that  the  pup^e  of  this  species  were  found  in  winter 
in  the  stems  of  a  species  of  reed  (Hibiscus),  as  though  the  larvse  had 
been  feeding  in  that  location.  These  two  modes  of  life  are  so  dif- 
ferent that  one  might  almost  be  tempted  to  question  the  accuracy  of 
one  or  the  other  of  the  observations ;  but  presuming  the  latter  fact  to 
be  correct,  it  furnishes  additional  evidence  that  Eudryas  is  correctly 
located  among  the  Castiinas,  as  against  the  position  assigned  to  the 
genus  by  Dr.  Harris  among  the  Notodontidse,  which  are  exclusively 
external  feeders. 

The  imago  differs  from  E.  grata  in  its  smaller  size  ;  in  the  band  of 
the  primaries  being  pale  and  mottled  instead  of  uniform  dark  brown ; 
in  the  absence  of  the  yellowish  green  tints  of  the  upper  wings,  and 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  151 

the  dark  color  of  the  patch  on  the  inner  margin  of  the  primaries.  On 
the  secondaries,  the  marginal  band  is  continued  to  the  costa,  instead 
of  dying  out  before  the  apex  ;  and  on  the  under  surface  the  marginal 
bands  reappear,  which  is  not  the  case  in  E.  grata. 


3— EUDRYAS  BREVIPENNIS.    N.  S.    (PI  7,  figs.  3,  4.) 

The  figures  of  this  species  are  only  approximate.  The  type  and 
only  specimen  known  to  me  is  badly  rubbed,  and  somewhat  muti- 
lated, having  lost  its  head,  so  that  the  exact  nature  of  the  latter  and  the 
details  of  the  coloration  ot  the  marginal  bands  cannot  be  acciiraklv 
figured  or  described,  but  it  presents  strong  structural  differences  which 
clearly  separate  it  from  its  Eastern  congeners,  and  it  was  deemed  best 
to  insert  it  to  call  attention  to  the  wide  geographical  range  of  the  genus. 
It  presents  a  combination  of  the  characters  of  both  E.  grata  and  E. 
unio,  though  more  similar  to  the  latter,  in  having  the  same  alar  ex- 
panse, and  in  the  presence  of  the  marginal  band  on  the  wings  beneath. 

The  insect  is  much  broader  in  proportion  to  the  expanse  of  the  wings, 
the  secondaries  being  much  more  rounded,  than  either  of  the  species 
mentioned.  When  the  wings  are  "  set"  so  that  the  discal  dot  of  the 
secondaries  just  touches  the  inner  margin  of  the  primaries,  the  pro- 
portions are  as  follows  : 

Alar  expanse,        -         -       grata  1.75.      wiio  1.40     hrevipennis  1.40 
Length  of  body,  -         -  "0.70.       "     0.60  "         0.70 

Breadth  of  wings,  -  "     0.60.       "     0.52  "         0.58 

It  will  thus  be  seen  that  with  an  alar  expanse  only  equal  to  that  of 
E.  unio,  the  breadth  of  the  wings  from  the  costa  of  the  primaries  to 
the  outer  margin  of  the  secondaries  is  nearly  as  great  as  that  of  E. 
grata,  while  the  length  of  the  body  equals  that  of  the  latter  species. 
This  results  from  the  following  differences  in  the  shape  of  the  wings. 
The  outer  margin  of  the  primaries  is  more  strongly  angulated,  making 
the  apex  more  rectangular,  while  the  outer  margin  of  the  secondaries 
instead  of  being  parallel  with  the  costa  is  strongly  rounded.  In  color- 
ation the  insect  more  nearly  approaches  E.  unio  than  E.  grata,  though 
the  abdomen  is  more  like  that  of  the  latter  species,  being  yellow  with 
the  dark,  almost  black  tufts,  extending  to  the  tip,  while  there  is  a  dis- 
tinct lateral  row  of  black  spots.  There  is  the  same  blackish  spot 
connected  with  the  marginal  band  on  the  primaries,  and  the  marginal 
band  reproduced  on  all  the  wings  beneath,  as  in  E.  unio,  but  there  is 


152  ZYG^NIDiE    AND     BOMBYCID^ 

a  distinct,  transverse,  black  discal  spot  on  the  secondaries  above,  and 
the  black  spots  on  the  primaries  beneath  are  much  more  conspicuous, 
almost  blending  into  one,  and  the  costa  at  the  base  is  much  more 
largely  blackish. 

Expanse  of  Wmgs,  1.40  inches  ;  kfig/k  of  body  0.70  inch. 

Habitat. — California.     (Coll.    Stretch. ) 

The  specimen  above  referred  to  was  taken  in  the  California  Theatre 
at  San  Francisco,  having  been  attracted  by  the  light,  and  was  presented 
to  the  writer  by  H.  Edwards,  Esq.,  of  that  city. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  153 


ZYGJININ^. 
Genus   COSMOSOMA.    Hubner. 

"Wings  mostly  hyaline.  The  subcostal  vein  of  the  forcwings  is 
adjacent  to  the  external  margin,  with  two  subcosto-marginal  nervules, 
one  from  the  disc  arising  at  a  point  midway  between  the  origin  of  the 
medio-posterior  branch  and  its  penultimate,  the  other  exterior  to  the 
disc,  midway  between  it  and  the  origin  of  the  post  apical  nervule.  The 
apical  branch  beyond  its  middle  sends  off  the  post-apical  nervule,  and 
near  its  tip  an  apical  nervulet  to  thecosta.  Median  vein  four-branched. 
Hind  wings  about  half  as  long  as  the  fore  wings  ;  without  costal  vein; 
subcostal  bifid  from  the  origin  of  the  discal  vein,  which  is  very  ob- 
liquely inclined  towards  the  base  of  the  wing  and  abruptly  curved 
above  the  median,  where  it  receives,  the  discal  fold.  Median  vein 
bifid  exterior  to  the  disc,  with  the  lower  branch  furcate  at  the  tip. 

"Head  moderate,  smooth,  neck  not  distinct;  with  ocelli.  Face 
smooth  and  vertical.  Eyes  moderately  prominent.  Antennae  rather 
more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body,  pectinated  to  the  tips  in  the  $  , 
less  so  in  the  ?  .  Palpi  rather  stout,  curved,  exceeding  the  face, 
smooth,  but  hairy  at  the  base ;  basal  and  middle  joints  nearly  equal  ; 
terminal  small  and  conical.     Tongue  equal  to  the  thorax  beneath. 

"  Body  scarcely  equal  in  length  to  the  fore  wings,  rather  slender, 
nearly  linear.  Patagia  small.  Legs  moderately  stout,  smooth  ;  fore 
tibiae  with  a  moderate,  concealed  spur  from  the  base  ;  hind  tibias  with 
four  rather  small  spurs." 

Clemens,    Proc.    Acad.  Nat.    Sci.  Phil.    p.    544.   (1S60.) 

But  one  species  of  this  genus  is  found  in  the  United  States,  it  being 
also  reported  to  occur  in  Mexico.     (Clemens. ) 


l.-COSMOSOMA  OMPHALE.     (PI.  7,  fig.  5.; 

Cos7nosof)ia  omphale,  Hiibner. 

/Egcria  omphale,  Say,  Am.  Ent.  vol.  2,    pi.   19.      (1817-28.) 
Glaucopis  (C.)  omphale,    Harris,    Sill.    Journal,    vol.    36,   p.    317. 
(1839.) 


154  ZYG^NID-E    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

Glaucopis  ( C. )  otnphale,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  544. 
(i860.) 

Glaucopis  (C. )  omphale,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.   p.  135.     (i860). 

Glaucopis  (C.)  omphale,  Clemens,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.  p.  266. 
(1862.) 

Head  bright  metallic  blue.  Palpi  black,  basal  joint  scarlet.  An- 
tennae black.  Thoracic  parts  bright  scarlet ;  prothoracic  scales  with 
a  blue  central  dash.  Patagia,  at  the  base  and  outwardly  dusky.  Ab- 
domen scarlet,  with  a  central  dorsal  stripe  and  the  three  terminal 
segments  black,  but  showing  obsolete  blue  spots.  Thorax  beneath  and 
legs  scarlet ;  abdomen  beneath  black. 

Wings  hyaline,  with  the  nervules  black.  On  the  primaries,  the 
internal  margin  is  narrowly  black;  the  outer  margin  rather  more 
widely  of  the  same  color ;  there  is  a  black  spot  on  the  discal  vein, 
and  the  apical  third  of  the  wing  is  of  the  same  color.  On  the  secon- 
daries the  apex  and  inner  margin  are  black,  and  the  costa  less  intensely 
so.     Beneath,  as  above. 

Expanse  0/ wings,  i.  50  inches.  Length  of  body,  0.50  inch. 

Habitat. — Florida  (Clemens).     Mexico  (Clemens). 

For  my  specimen  of  this  beautiful  insect  I  am  indebted  to  the  kind- 
ness of  my  friend,  T.  L.  Mead,  Esq.,  of  New  York,  who  however 
omitted  to  state  the  locality  where  the  specimen  was  taken.  If  my 
memory  serves  me  correctly,  I  believe  he  mentioned,  in  a  previous  con- 
.versation,  that  the  specimens  in  his  possession  were  taken  in  Florida. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  155 


3.-CISTHENE  SUBJECTA.    (PI.  7,  fig.  12.)* 

Chthaie  siibjecta,  Walk.  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  vol.  2,,  p.  534.     (1854.) 

Cisthene  suhjecta,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  254.      (1862.) 

Hypoprepia  Packardii,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  2,  p.  31. 
PI.  2,  fig.  5,   ?.     (1863.) 

Hvpoprepid  Packardii,  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  98, 
(1864.) 

Cislhene  suhjecta,  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  103. 
(1864.) 

5.  $. — Head  black,  rosy  about  the  eyes.  Palpi  and  antennoe 
black.  Prothorax  and  patagia  yellowish,  thorax  above  blackish.  Ab- 
domen rose  colored.      Legs  mostly  whitish,  partly  brown. 

Anterior  wings  steel  gray,  with  a  well  defined  yellowish  spot  on  the 
costa  near  the  apex.  A  longitudinal  streak  of  the  same  color,  on  the 
internal  margin,  well  defined,  and  commencing  near  the  internal  angle 
and  continuing  to  the  base  of  the  wing,  showing  a  spot  of  the  same 
shade  as  the  ground  color. 

Posterior  wings  rose  color,  with  a  wide  greyish  border  not  extending 
quite  to  the  anal  angle. 

Var. — Costal  spot  of  primaries  obsolete,  as  is  also  the  internal  stripe 
except  at  its  extreme  tip. 

Var. — Longitudinal  stripe  reduced  to  a  narrow  streak  slightly  dilated 
at  its  outer  end. 

Expanse  qfiumgs,  0.70  inch.      Length  of  body,  0.25  inch. 

Habitat. — Pennsylvania  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.)  United  States 
(Walker). 

The  above  description  is  compiled  from  the  writings  of  Messrs. 
Walker  and  Grote  ;  the  figure  is  copied  from  that  given  by  Mr.  Grote 
on  PI.  2  of  the  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  for  1863.  Neither  of  these 
writers  speak  of  the  habits  of  the  insect,  though  it  is  quite  likely  that 
from  its  minute  size,  it  has  escaped  general  observation.  This  species 
appears  to  bear  the  same  relation  to  the  following  (C.  uni/ascia)  which 
the  Californian,  C.  nexa,  does  to  C.  faustinula. 

*  See  page  ^,  ante. 


156  ZYC^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID.B 

4.-CISTHENS  UNIFASCIA.    UPi.  7.  fig.  n.) 

Cislhene  wiifascia,  tj.  &  R.  Trans.  Am.    Ent.    Soc.   vol.    2,    p.    187. 
PL  2,  fig.  63    5.      (1868-9.) 

5  .  ?  . — Head,  prothorax  and  tegulce,  above,  pale  ochre  yellow. 
Beneath,  the  legs  are  pale  yellow  ;  anterior  and  middle  tibiae  mascu- 
late  with  lead  color. 

Primaries  rather  narrow-er  than  in  C.  subjecta,  apices  appearing 
more  rounded,  hind  margin  more  oblique  ;  lead  gray,  with  a  median 
pale  ochre  yellow  band  running  from  the  costa  to  the  internal  margin, 
and  continued  along  the  latter  to  the  base  of  the  wing.  This  band 
varies  in  width,  appears  to  be  narrower  in  the  3  ,  and  is  constricted  on 
the  disc.  It  seems  to  be  the  result  of  the  fusion  of  the  spots  on  the 
costal  and  internal  margins  at  this  place  in  C.  subjecta.  Beneath,  as 
above,  the  band  showing  a  warmer  tinge.  Hind  wings  and  abdomen 
rose  color,  former  touched  at  apices  with  a  leaden  hue.  (Grote, 
(loc.  cit. ) 

Expanse  0/ wings,  0.70  inch.     Length  of  body,  0.25  inch. 

Habitat. — Florida  (Grote  and  Robinson).     Texas  (Belfrage). 

Grote  and  Robinson  say  in  relation  to  this  species  :  "Notwithstand- 
ing the  variability  of  our  Northern  C.  subjecta,  the  present  may  be  a 
distinct  species.  It  merits  a  name  in  any  event  from  the  constancy  of 
its  ornamentation."  The  specimens  from  which  the  present  figure  was 
drawn  were  received  from  Mr.  George  Belfrage,  of  Texas,  and  vary 
from  the  above  description  only  in  the  absence  of  any  leaden  hue  on 
the  tips  of  the  secondaries.  G.  and  R.  in  their  Cat.  Lep.  N.  Am. 
1868,  place  the  present  species  as  a  variety  of  C.  subjecta,  but  from  my 
knowledge  of  the  two  allied  Californian  species,  I  prefer  for  the 
present  to  consider  C.  U7ti/ascia  as  specifically  distinct,  more  especially 
as  the  differences  between  C.  nexa  and  C.  faustinula,  which  we  know 
to  be  distinct  species,  are  much  the  same  as  those  which  separate 
subjecta  and  imifascia. 

Since  the  above  was  written  I  have  received  a  number  of  insects  from 
Mr.  Belfrage,  and  among  them  is  a  specimen  of  this  species  in  which 
the  transverse  band  is  almost  obliterated,  though  this  and  all  the  other 
specimens  received  show  no  leaden  hue  at  the  tip  of  the  secondaries. 
Out  of  six  specimens  received  irom  Mr.  Belfrage  this  is  the  only  one 
which  shows  any  tendency  to  variation  in  the  markings  of  the  prima- 
ries, yet  having  noted  this  variation,  it  is  quite  possible  that  Messrs. 
Grote  and  Robinson  are  right  in  placing  C.  unifascia  as  a  variety  of 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  151 

C.  subjecta.  It  is  far  from  safe  to  presume,  that  because  we  find  in  a 
locality  far  distant  from  that  which  we  know  to  be  the  original  home 
of  a  species,  specimens  differing  slightly  from  the  original  type,  that 
these  specimens  are  specifically  distinct ;  for  among  the  insects  referred 
to  as  received  from  Mr.  Belfrage,  are  specimens  of  E.  niendica  and 
Arctia  arge  which  cannot  be  separated  from  those  found  in  New  Eng- 
land. This  question  of  geographical  distribution  has  been  a  stum- 
bling block  with  many  Entomologists,  and  it  may  not  be  out  of  place 
to  remark  that  many  species  have  a  much  wider  geographical  range 
than  has  hitherto  been  awarded  to  them. 


168  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDtE 


Genus  CETA.     Grote. 

"The  wings  are  longer  than  the  body.  The  anterior  rather  narrow, 
enveloping  the  body  when  folded  ;  apex  obtusely  rounded  and  hind 
margin  slightly  oblique.  The  subcostal  nervule  gives  rise  to  a  mar- 
ginal nervule,  about  its  middle,  and  within  the  disc  forms  a  large 
secondary  cell,  from  the  hind  end  of  which  arise  three  distinct  marginal 
nervules,  the  lower  one  reaching  the  costa  rather  above  the  tips.  The 
disc  extends  rather  beyond  the  apical  third  of  the  wing,  and  the  discal 
vein  gives  rise  to  three  nervules.  The  median  is  three-branched,  the 
posterior  branch  being  remote  from  the  others,  and  arising  opposite 
the  origin  of  the  subcostal  branch,  which  forms  the  secondary  cell. 
The  fold  is  thickened  and  the  submedian  furcate  at  its  base. 

"  The  hind  wings  are  rather  broader  than  the  fore  wings  ;  obliquely 
rounded  along  the  hind  margin  from  the  tip  to  the  base  ;  costa  nearly 
straight.  The  costal  nervure  distinct  and  simple  ;  the  subcostal  simple 
and  rather  attenuated  from  the  discal  vein  towards  the  base.  The  dis- 
cal vein  gives  rise  to  two  nervules,  and  sends  a  false  nervule  through 
the  disc  towards  the  base  of  the  wing  The  median  subdivides  into 
three  equidistant  nervules. 

"Head  rather  small,  smooth,  free;  without  ocell.  Face  rather 
narrow,  tapering,  vertical.  Eyes  small,  salient.  Antennae  slender, 
with  joints  closely  set,  serrated  beneath  with  scales.  Palpi  slender, 
cylindrical,  curved,  ascending  rather  above  the  middle  of  the  front  ; 
basal  joint  squamose ;  middle  and  terminal  joints  smooth  and  equal 
in  length.     Tongue  about  one  half  as  long  as  the  body. 

' '  Body  slender,  scarcely  equal  in  length  to  the  fore  wings.  Patagia 
scale-like.  Abdomen  slender,  more  than  one  half  as  long  as  the 
body  beneath.  Legs  smooth  and  slender  ;  fore  tibi^  with  a  long  con- 
cealed internal  spur  ;  hind  tibia;  with  a  pair  of  apical  spurs. 

"The  wing  structure  of  the  insect  included  in  this  genus  resembles 
most  strikingly  that  of  the  Tineina,  and  must  form  a  group  connecting 
the  Glaucopidas  directly  with  it." 

Clemens,    Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.    Phil,  (i860.) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  159 

This  genus  was  described  by  Clemens  under  the  name  of  Pcecilop- 
iera,  for  which  Grote  substituted  (E/a,  the  former  being  preoccupied. 
It  contains  but  one  American  species  in  which  the  prevailing  colors 
are  black  and  yellow.  The  genus  though  referred  above  to  the  Zygce- 
ntncE,  has  many  points  of  resemblance  to  the  Lithosiidcc,  and  lies  in 
the  debateable  ground  between  the  two  groups. 


l.-CETA  AUKEA.    (Pi.  7,  fig.  10.) 
Deiopeia  aurea,  Fitch,  3rd  Rep.  Ins.  N.  Y.,  p.   168.     (1856.) 
Pcecilopiera  compta,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.    Phil,      (i860.) 
Deiopeia  aiired,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.    p.  251.      (1862.) 
PcBcilopler a  compf a,  Clemens,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.  312.    (1862.) 
Deiopeia  aurea,  Vzc^-TirdL,  Vxoc.   Ent.  Soc.    Phil.   p.  106.     (1864.) 
CEta  compta.  Grote  and  Rob.,  List.  Lep.  N.  A.     Pt.  i.     (1868.) 
Cydosia  aurea.  Grote  and  Rob.,  List.  Lep.  N.  Am.     Pt.  1.   (1868.) 
3  .    $  . — Head  yellow,  with  a  black  spot  between  the  antennas  and 
a  black  band  across  the  face.     Palpi  pale  yellow,  with  the  ends  of  the 
second  and  third  joints  black.     Patagia  and  thorax  reddish  orange,  the 
latter   with   two  small   black   dots  in   front.      Prothorax   pale  yellow 
blackish  in  front.      Thorax  beneath  marked  with  pale  yellow.      Abdo- 
men dusky  brown,  largely  pale  yellow  beneath.      Legs  dusky  with  steel 
blue  reflections.      Coxaj  of  anterior  pair  orange,  of  the  remainder  pale 
yellow.      Tibice  of  middle  pair  spotted  with  yellow  ;  tibios  of  posterior 
pair  with  a  long  terminal  brush  in   3  . 

Anterior  wings  reddish  orange  with  four  steel-blue-black  transverse 
bands,  containing  clear  yellow  spots.  The  first  at  the  base  ;  the  second 
inside  the  middle  of  the  wing  ;  the  third  exterior  to  the  middle,  wider 
than  the  others,  constricted  on  the  costa,  and  connected  at  the  upper 
outward  corner  with  the  sub-terminal  band,  which  runs  from  the  costa 
to  the  anal  angle  and  is  constricted  in  the  middle,  thus  leaving  at  the 
apex  of  the  wing  a  square  patch  of  its  basal  color.     Fringes  dusky. 

Posterior  wings  slightly  hyaline,  smoky  brown,  darkest  at  the  tip 
and  along  the  outer  margin.     Veins  blackish.     Fringes  dusky. 

Beneath  all  the  wings  are  smoky  brown,  the  yellow  spots  of  the  pri- 
maries being  very  faintly  visible  as  somewhat   paler  maculations. 
Expanse  of  Wings,  i.oo  inches  ;  lenglh  of  body,  0.45  inch. 
Habitat. — Georgia    (Fitch).     Texas  (Belfrage,   Coll.    Smith.  Inst., 
Stretch).     St.  Louis  (Grote). 


160  ZYGJEmDJE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

Of  the  habits  of  this  species  Mr.  Grote  says  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil. , 
vol.  4,  p.  319),  "P.  compta  clings  to  the  stems  of  plants  in  dull 
weather,  not  willingly  flying,  and  may  be  readily  shaken  off  into  the 
collecting  bottle.  The  sexes  do  not  differ.  The  wings  are  folded 
round  the  body  when  at  rest. "  For  my  examples  of  this  species  I  am 
indebted  to  Mr.  Belfrage,  of  Waco,  Texas.  Mr.  Grote  notes  its  oc- 
currence at  St.  Louis,  Missouri,  early  in  October,  which  appears  to  be 
later  than  the  usual  time  of  its  evolution  in  Texas. 

I  have  unfortunately  not  been  able  to  examine  the  original  descrip- 
tion of  Dr.  Fitch's  Deiopeia  aurea,  but  as  quoted  by  Morris  (loc.  cit. ) 
I  have  no  doubt  that  it  refers  to  the  same  insect  as  Pcecilopiera  compta, 
of  Clemens.  Under  these  circumstances  Dr.  Fitch's  name  takes  pri- 
ority. It  is  somewhat  surprising  that  the  wonderful  similarity  of  these 
descriptions  has  not  been  previously  noticed,  though  the  reason  may 
probably  be  the  reference  of  the  insect  to  a  genus  with  which  it  has 
no  affinity  except  in  color.  Mr.  Grote  indeed  suggests  that  Fitch's  D. 
aurea  may  possibly  be  a  species  of  Cydosia,  and  places  it  under  that 
genus  in  the  List  of  Lep.  N,  Am.,  Pt.  i,  1868,  but  makes  no  mention 
of  its  probable  identity  with  any  other  described  species.  It  is  evi- 
dently a  species  of  wide  geographical  range,  and  while  Texas  and  the 
valley  of  the  Mississippi  may  be  looked  upon  as  its  home,  its  occur- 
rence in  Georgia  is  not  surprising.  Five  specimens  before  me  show 
no  tendency  to  variation,  though  Mr.  Grote  states  that  the  specimens 
collected  in  Missouri  differ  somewhat  from  Dr.  Clemens'  description* 
without  specifying,  however,  in  what  particular. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  161 


ZYGiENID^. 

ZYGaiNiN^;. 

Genus    CYDOSIA.  Westwood. 

Head  moderately  large,  free  from  the  thorax  ;  vertex  flat ;  front  very- 
prominent,  conical,  projecting  between  the  eyes  which  are  prominent. 
Palpi  short,  stout,  scaled,  porrected,  not  reaching  the  front ;  tongue 
moderate.  Antennae  of  moderate  length,  simple,  wide  apart  at  the 
base,  inserted  immediately  above  the  eyes.  Thorax  globose,  smooth, 
finely  scaled.  Abdomen  smooth,  short,  slightly  projecting  beyond  the 
hind  wings,  moderately  slender,  truncated,  tufted.  Legs  stout,  middle 
pair  with  one  pair,  posterior  pair  with  two  pairs  of  spurs. 

Anterior  wings  long  and  narrow.  Costa  straight,  apex  rounded, 
outer  margin  oblique,  inner  margin  parallel  with  the  costa.  Median 
vein  four-branched  ;  3rd  remote  from  ist  and  2nd  ;  4th  very  remote 
from  3rd,  rising  near  the  base  of  the  wing.  Subcostal  four-branched  ; 
1st  and  2nd  thrown  off  near  the  end  of  discal  area,  rather  short ;  3rd 
furcate  midway  of  its  length,  one  branch  reaching  the  costa,  tlie 
other  going  to  the  outer  margin  ;  4th  rises  on  a  short  stalk,  is  long 
and  nearly  parallel  with  the  costa. 

Secondaries  rather  broader  than  the  primaries  ;  costa  straight ;  apex 
produced,  rounded;  apical  half  of  outer  margin  oblique;  balance 
parallel  with  the  costa  ;  anal   angle  distinct. 

This  genus  is  subtropical,  the  species  being  of  small  size.  Its  colors 
are  metallic,  which  circumstance  assists  in  determining  its  true  system- 
atic position.  It  is  loaded  down  with  Lilhosian  affinities,  and  might 
even  at  first  sight  be  mistaken  for  a  Tinea.  Two  species  are  found  in 
the  southern  portion  of  the  United  States,  and  others  occur  in  Central 
America  and  the  West  Indies.  I  have  in  my  collection  an  undeter- 
mined insect  from  Costa  Rica,  having  the  characteristic  form  and 
metallic  green  color  of  this  genus,  but  with  short  pectinate  antennas, 
which  connects  Cydosia  with  the  Zygajnid  forms  having  antennae  of 
that  structure.     The  two  American  species  may  be  distinguished  thus : 

Anterior  wings  wtth  many  white  spots,         -         -         C.  nobilitella. 

Anterior  wings  without  white  spots,     -         -         -         C.  aurivitta. 


162  ZYG^ENID^    AND  BOMBYCID.5 


l.-CYDOSIA  NOBILITELLA.    (Pi.  7,  fig.  8.) 

Tinea  iiobilitella,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot.     Plate  264. 

Cydosia  nobilitella,  Westwood. 

Cvdosia  nobilitella,  Duncan,  Nat.  Lib.  Ins.,  vol.    5,    p.    193.      PI    24, 

fig.  2.      (1S58.)       . 

5  .  $  . — Flead,  prothorax,  thorax  and  abdomen  dark  metallic  green, 
with  the  following  white  markings.  A  spot  on  the  vertex,  two  smaller 
dots  at  the  base  of  the  antennae,  and  a  few  white  scales  on  the  front 
and  palpi.  Two  spots  on  the  prothorax,  two  on  each  of  the  patagia, 
and  five  on  the  disc  of  the  thorax.  Thorax  beneath,  and  legs  dark 
metallic  green,  the  latter  largely  spotted  with  Vv^hite. 

Primaries  dark  green,  with  metallic  gloss  ;  basal  fourth  of  the  costa, 
a  transverse  sub-basal  band  extending  from  the  median  vein  to  the  in- 
ternal margin  and  partially  connected  with  the  costal  streak,  a  quadrate 
discal  spot,  and  a  subterminal  somewhat  sinuate  transverse  band,  all 
dark  metallic  red-orange.  Between  these  orange  bands  are  a  series  of 
white  spots  arranged  as  follows.  A  small  dot  at  the  base  of  the  wing  ; 
two  others  inside  the  basal  band  ;  one  near  the  costa  between  this  band 
and  the  orange  spot,  and  two  between  this  spot  and  the  subterminal 
band  ;  two  near  the  inner  margin  between  the  bands ;  and  a  terminal 
series  outside  the  submarginal  band,  consisting  of  three  principal 
quadrate  spots,  and  several  minor  ones.  The  outer  margin  is  very 
narrowly  edged  with  white.     Fringes  blackish-green. 

Secondaries  dark  metallic  green  immaculate,  somewhat  blacker 
than  the  primaries.     Fringes  dusky  tipped  at  the  apex  with  whitish. 

Beneath,  all  the  wings  are  blackish,  the  narrow  white  margin  of  the 
primaries,  and  traces  of  the  white  outer  spots  alone  being  visible. 
Expanse  of  wings,  0.90  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.35  inch. 
Habitat. — Texas  (Belfrage). 

For  my  specimens  of  this  beautiful  little  insect,  I  am  indebted  to 
Mr.  George  Belfrage,  who  took  them  in  Western  Texas,  in  May  and 
June. 

From  certain  remarks  made  by  Messrs.  Grote  and  Robinson,  in 
their  description  of  C.  atirivitia,  it  is  evident  that  they  have  received 
this  insect  from  the  same  locality,  and  determined  it  as  C.  nobilitella. 
It  is  not  without  hesitation  that  I  retain  the  specific  name  here  given 
for  the  insect  described  and  figured  in  the  present  number,  and  should 
not  do  so  were  it  not  for  the  reference  of  Grote  and  Robinson  to  it  as 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  163 

C.  7iobililella,  Cramer  (loc.  cit.)  Not  having  Cramer's  figure  for  com- 
parison, I  am  compelled  to  accept  the  determination  of  Messrs.  G. 
and  R. ,  while  strongly  believing  that  two  or  more  species  are  mi.xed 
up  under  the  same  specific  name.  Dnncan  (loc.  cit.)  slates  that  Cra- 
mer's figure  was  drawn  from  an  insect  taken  on  the  island  of  Cura9oa, 
and  figures  one  taken  on  the  island  of  St.  Domingo.  Both  his  figure 
and  description  show  the  posterior  wings  to  be  white  ivith  a  dark  mar- 
gin ;  there  is  no  mention  of  the  terminal  white  line  either  in  text  or 
plate;  and  setting  aside  the  number  of  the  white  spots  which  are  much 
fewer  in  the  insect  described  than  in  Duncan's  figure,  there  still  re- 
mains in  addition  the  much  larger  size  (1.25  inches)  of  the  West 
Indian  specimens  to  indicate  the  presence  of  two  species.  I  have  also 
beiore  me  a  specimen  from  Costa  Rica,  which  approaches  the  insect 
under  consideration  very  closely.  It  expands  1.30  inches,  and  while 
the  coloration  is  identical  the  white  spots  are  fewer  in  number,  more 
quadrate  in  form  and  the  terminal  white  line  is  absent.  It  resembles 
the  insect  here  described  much  more  closely  than  do  Duncan's  descrip- 
tion and  figure,  yet  it  is  clearly  a  distinct  form.  I  greatly  regret  the 
want  of  access  to  Cramer's  work,  a  careful  comparison  with  which 
can  alone  solve  these  discrepancies,  but  should  this  determination 
prove  erroneous,  I  would  suggest  the  name  of  C.  imiiella  for  the 
Texan  species. 

2.-CYD0SIA  AURIVITTA.    (Pl.  7,  fig.  9.) 

Cydosia  aurivi/ia,  G.   and   R.,  Trans.   Am.    Ent.  S.,  vol.   2,  p.  186. 
PI.  3,  fig.  68.     (186S. ) 

"  5.  ?. — Entirely  cyaneous  black,  lustrous,  beneath  less  shining 
and  more  of  a  dead  black.  The  male  abdomen  has  the  anal  segment 
ringed  with  bright  fulvous  scales.  Anterior  wings  with  a  golden  yel- 
low stripe  on  costa  at  base  ;  a  sub-basal  stripe  running  transversely 
downward  from  median  nervule  to  internal  margin,  sometimes  resolved 
into  two  spots  by  its  obsolescence  on  internal  nervure.  On  the  disc 
a  subquadrate  spot  and  a  gently  sinuate  even  transverse  band  before 
the  margin.  All  these  markings  are  very  broad,  evident  and  concolor- 
ous,  being  of  a  deep  gold  color.  Elsewhere  the  insect  is  entirely 
immaculate,  generally  cyaneous,  sometimes  greenish  black."  (G.  and 
R.  loc.  cit.) 

Expanse  of  Wings,  0.90  inch  ;  length  of  body,  0.35  inch. 

Habitat. — Texas  (Belfrage).     Imago  flies  in  I\Iay  and  June. 


164  ZYG.ENIDyE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

For  my  specimens  of  this  insect  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  George  Bel- 
frage,  of  Texas.  In  relation  to  it,  Messrs.  G.  and  R.  say  :  "  Though 
at  first  sight  differing  very  greatly  from  its  ally  taken  in  the  same 
locality,  C.  nobilitella,  Weshvood,  it  is  in  reality  near  it,  wanting  merely 
all  the  numerous  dererminate  white  maculations  on  the  body  and 
wings  which  characterize  its  congeners."  Mr.  Belfrage  states  that  it 
is  generally  distributed  through  Texas,  though  nowhere  common,  and 
that  while  usually  taken  on  the  wing  in  the  daytime  it  is  also  frequently 
attracted  by  the  lights  at  night. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  165 


BOMBYCIDffl. 
LITHOSIIDJG. 
Genus  CRAMBIDIA.    Packard. 

"  Head  much  as  in  Lithosia,  but  the  front  converges  more  anteri- 
orly, and  the  scales  are  coarser  and  longer.  Antennae  setose,  other- 
wise simple,  but  a  little  stouter  than  in  Lithosia  and  the  porrect  palpi 
are  larger,   extending  a  little  farther  out  beyond  the  front. 

"  Body  as  in  Lithosia.  Primaries  narrow  oblong,  one  third  as  broad 
as  long.  Costa  convex,  apex  subrectangular,  outer  edge  very  straight, 
one  fourth  as  long  as  inner  edge.  Nervures  remarkably  equidistant. 
Costal  midway  between  the  marginal  and  subcostal  nervure,  ist  sub- 
costal very  short,  arising  remote  from  the  second,  and  terminating  on 
the  costal,  which  last  is  very  long.  2nd  terminating  on  costa,  oppo- 
site the  fork  of  the  3d,  which  last  encloses  a  long  narrow  apical  in- 
terspace ;  5th  independent.  But  hvo  median  tiervules,  the  nervure 
subdividing  much  within  the  middle  of  the  wing. 

"Secondaries  broad  triangular,  reaching  beyond  the  tip  of  the  ab- 
domen, of  much  the  same  form  as  in  Lithosia,  but  two  median  ner- 
vules  arising  in  the  middle  of  the  wing.  Legs  stouter  than  in 
Lithosia  with  much  larger  spurs.     Abomen  with  a  prominent  tuft. 

"Not  only  of  smaller  size  than  Lithosia,  but  differing  in  the  straight 
outer  edge  of  the  primaries,  and  in  the  neuration,  throughout ;  since 
Crambidia  has  one  half  shorter  subcostal  nervules,  and  the  5th  is  situ- 
ated nearly  in  the  middle  of  the  wing ;  and  I  can  discover  but  two 
median  nervules,  while  Lithosia  has  three.  Also  in  Lithosia,  the 
median  nervure  subdivides  on  the  inner  third  of  the  secondaries  ;  in 
our  genus  at  the  middle  of  the  wing.  When  at  rest  the  wings  are 
folded  flat  upon  the  abdomen,  much  as  in  Lithosia." 

Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  99. 


l.-CRAMBIDIA  PALLIDA.    (PI.  7,  fig.  16.) 

Crambidia  Pallida,  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.   Soc.  Phil.,   vol.  3,   p.  99. 
(1864.) 


166  ZYGMNIDJE    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

Of  a  very  uniform  drab  color,  without  any  markings.  Head  and 
thorax  tinged  a  little  darker,  while  the  nervules  are  very  slightly  paler. 
Secondaries  very  little  paler  than  the  front  wings. 

Expanse   of  Wings,  0.85-0. 90  inch  ;  lenglh    of  bodv,    0.35  inch. 

Habitat. —  ?.  Mass.  (Sanborn).  ?.  Brunswick,  Maine,  August 
6th.     Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.   3,   p.   99. 

The  type  of  this  species,  from  which  the  above  figure  was  drawn, 
was  furnished  by  Mr.  A.  S.  Packard,  jun.,  to  my  friend  H.  Edwards, 
of  San  Francisco. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  16T 


2.-CLEMENSIA  UMBRATA-    (PI.  7,  fig,  18.)* 

Clemensia   Umhrata,    Packard,  Ann.  Rep.  Peab.  Acad.    Sci.,    p.  85, 
(1872.) 

^.  —  "White,  with  a  grayish  tinge.  Head  white  with  a  few  scat, 
tared  grey  scales.  Palpi  whitish,  lined  with  blackish  inside,  and  tipped 
slightly  with  black.  An  irregular,  interrupted,  wavy,  slightly  curved 
line  crosses  the  inner  third  of  the  wing,  being  most  distinct  on  the 
subcostal  and  median  vein.  A  broad  dark  band  crosses  the  outer  third 
of  the  wing,  being  broadest  in  the  middle  of  the  wing,  where  it  is  as 
wide  as  the  wing  itself  on  the  basal  third  ;  its  edges  are  very  irregular; 
it  encloses  an  inner  and  a  much  larger  outer  discal  black  dot.  Edge 
of  the  wing  with  a  marginal  row  of  indistinct  spots.  Hind  wings  pale 
gray.  Beneath  pale  gray,  forewings  a  little  darker  than  hind  wings, 
the  bands  and  spots  obsolete. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  0.90  inch.        Length  of  body.  0.25  inch. 

Habitat. — California   (H.  Edwards). 

Differs  from  the  Eastern  C.  albata  (see  p.  51)  in  the  broad  shade 
crossing  the  forewings,  while  the  general  hue  is  duller,  almost  gray 
white  ;  and  the  hind  wings  are  grayish,  while  those  oi  albata  are  white. 
Packard  (loc.  cit. ) 

The  type  of  this  species,  taken  near  San  Francisco,  remains  unfor- 
tunately as  a  mutilated  specimen,  having  been  broken  in  its  travels. 
It  is  probably  not  rare,  bat  has  been  overlooked  on  account  of  its  small 
size. 

*  See  p.  50  Ante. 


168  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDjE 


BOMBYCIDffi. 
LITHOSIINS. 
Genus  EUSTIXIS.    HUbner. 

"  Body  slender,  rather  short.  Palpi  straight,  slender,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  head  ;  third  joint  linear,  conical  at  the  tip,  a  little  shorter 
than  the  second.  Antennae  slender,  setaceous  very  minutely  pubes- 
cent. Abdomen  extending  as  far  as  or  a  little  beyond  the  hind  wings. 
Legs  slender ;  hind  tibiae  with  four  long  spurs.  Wings  long,  narrow. 
Fore  wings  very  slightly  convex  in  front,  conical  at  the  tip,  with  a 
somewhat  rounded  angle  behind  ;  the  three  inferior  veins  approximate 
at  the  base.  Hind  wings  with  four  inferior  veins  ;  third  approximate 
at  the  base,  fourth  remote." 

Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  253. 

This  genus  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  Ttneina,  and  might 
readily  be  mistaken  at  first  sight  for  a  member  of  that  group.  Two 
species  are  noted  by  Walker  as  found  in  the  United  States,  though 
Grote  and  Robinson  in  their  catalogue  of  the  Bombycida^  suggest  that 
they  are  probably  identical.  Having  only  one  species  before  me,  I 
am  not  prepared  to  say  which  theory  is  correct.  Both  insects  have 
reddish  secondaries  and  white  primaries,  the  latter  with  numerous 
small  dots  of  black  or  brown.     They  may  be  distinguished  thus  : 

Spots  on  primaries  black,  -         -         -         -         E.  ptipula. 

Spots  on  primaries  reddish  brown,     -         -         -         E.  sub/erveiis- 

l.-EUSTIXIS  SUBFEPtVENS.    (V\.  7,  fig.  17.) 

Miesd  sub/ervens,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.,  528. 
Mioza  suhfcrvms,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  252.     (1862.) 
Mieza  sub/erve7is,  Clem.,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  App.,  p.  306.     (1862.) 
Eusiixis  sub/ervens,  G.  &  R. ,  Cat.  Lep.  N.  Am.     (1868.) 

Head,  thorax  and  patagia  white,  the  latter  red  at  the  base.  Palpi 
salmon  color.  Thorax  with  a  small  central  and  two  lateral  red  dots. 
Abdomen,  legs  and  body  beneath,  salmon  color. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  1  RO 

Primaries  white,  with  two  obHque  bands  of  dark  brownish-red  spots. 

The  first  band  at  the  basal  fourth  of  the  wing  consists  of  three  spots; 
the  second  band  beyond  the  middle  is  somewhat  curved  and  consists 
of  four  spots.  The  outer  third  and  costal  region  of  the  wings  are 
thickly  dotted  with  reddish-brown  scales. 

Secondaries  pale  salmon  color. 

Beneath,  all  the  wings  are  concolorous  with  the  secondaries  above. 

Exptmse  of  wings,  0.90  inch.     Length  of  body,  0.25  inch. 

Habitat. — United  States  (Walker).     Western  Texas  (Belfrage). 

For  my  type  of  this  species  I  am  indebted  to  Mr.  George  Belfrage, 
of  Texas.  Mr.  Walker  does  not  state  in  what  part  of  the  United  States 
the  original  type  was  taken,  though  it  is  not  unlikely  that  it  came  from 
Florida. 


110  ZYGiENIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID.E 


Genus  LITHOSIA.    Fabricius. 

Head  free,  broad,  finely  scaled,  smooth  ;  front  nearly  square  ;  vertex 
broad.     Eyes  prominent.      Palpi  short,  porrect. 

Thorax  globose,  smooth.  Abdomen  slender,  not  reaching  the  end 
of  hind  wings.  Legs  slender,  smooth  ;  hind  pair  with  two  pair  of 
spurs. 

Anterior  wings  very  long  and  narrow  ;  three  times  as  long  as  broad. 
Costa  nearly  straight  ;  apex  rounded  ;  outer  margin  slightly  oblique  ; 
inner  margin  straight,  nearly  parallel  with  costa.  Costal  vein  long- 
Subcostal  five-branched,  ist  thrown  off  near  the  base  uniting  with  the 
costal ;  remaining  branches  thrown  off  in  the  following  order,  5th, 
2d,  3d,  the  latter  being  furcate  ;  4th  springs  at  the  origin  of  3d,  and 
with  5th  goes  to  the  outer  margin.  Median  vein  three-branched  ;  ist 
and  2d  united  at  the  base  ;  3d  very  long,  distant  from  2d,  springing 
near  the  base  of  the  wing. 

Posterior  wings  long,  nearly  twice  as  broad  as  the  primaries  ;  outer 
margin  oblique,  rounded  ;  costa  straight.  The  wings  folded  round 
the  body  when  at  rest. 

The  three  American  species  may  be  tabulated  thus  : 

Wings  slate  colored,    ------       Z.   argillacea. 

Wings  white. 

Head  white,         ------       Z.  Casta. 

Head  yellow,      ------       C  Cephalica. 


l.-LITHOSIA  AEGILLACEA.    (Pl.  7,  fig.  13.) 

Lithosia  argillacea,  Packard,   Proc.   Ent.   Soc.   Phil.,  vol.  3,   p.  98. 

(1864.) 
Lithosia  bicolor,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  vol.  3,  p.  74.     (1864.) 

5. —  ?.  "  Slate  color  and  yellow.  Lustrous  slate  color.  Palpi 
yellow,  with  a  few  slate  colored  scales  near  the  tips.  Prothorax  yellow, 
continued  on  to  the  costa  of  the  primaries  on  the  upper  and  under 
side  of  the  wing,  nearly  to  the  apex.     Costa  of  secondaries  also  tinged 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  Ill 

with  yellow.      Coxse  of  the  three  pairs  of  legs  yellow,   as  is  also  the 
tip  of  the  abdomen.'' 

Packard,  (loc.  cit.) 

Expanse  of  Wings,  i.  lo  inches  ;  leng/h  of  body,  0.32  inch. 

Hadi/a/.—New  England  States;  Cutler,  Me.;  July.  (A.  S.  Pack- 
ard, jun.)  Andover,  Mass.,  (Garland).  Athabasca  River,  July  (R. 
Kennicott. 

2.-LITH0SIA  CEPHALICA.    (Pi.  7,  fig.  1.4) 

Lithosia  cephalica,   Grote,    Trans.   Am.   Ent.    Soc,    vol.    3,   p.  176. 

(1870.) 
6. —  ?.      White.      Primaries   above,   and    secondaries   above  and 
beneath  white,  without  markings.      Primaries  beneath,  smoky.     Head 
fulvous  yellow.     Body  white  above,  smoky  beneath.     Legs  smoky. 

Expanse  of  Wings,   0.90  inch;  length  of  body,   0.30  inch. 

Habitat. — Te.xas. 

This  insect  was  forwarded  to  me,  along  with  many  other  interesting 
forms,  by  j\Ir.  Belfrage,  of  Waco,  Te.xas.  Grote  (loc.  cit.)  states  that 
it  has  the  form  of  L.  casta,  Sanborn,  (with  which  I  am  unacquainted, ) 
"  but  is  a  smaller  insect  differing  by  the  discolorous  head." 

3.-LITH0SIA   CASTA.     (^1-  7,  fig.  15.) 

Lithosia  casta,  Sanborn. 

Lithosia  casta,  Packard,  Guide  St.  Ins.,  p.  385,  fig.  24.     (1869.) 

"  Pure  milk  white,  with  a  slight  slate  colored  tings  on  the  hind 
wings,  and  is  slate  colored  beneath  especially  on  the  hind  wings.  Just 
behind  the  middle  of  the  abdomen  are  tufts  of  tawny  hairs  and  the  tip 
is  white.     (Packard  loc.  cit. ) 

Expanse  ofivifigs,  1.25  inches.     Length  of  body,  0.40  inch. 

Habitat. — Berlin  Falls,  New  Hampshire,  Aug.  19  ;  Ausable  Chasm, 
New  York.     (Sanborn.) 

The  figure  is  copied  from  that  given  by  Dr.  Packard.  This  species 
is  much  larger  than  L.  cephalica,  is  much  more  slate  colored  beneath, 
and  the  head  is  white  instead  of  yellow.     It  is  still  rare  in  collections. 


1*12  ZYG.ENID.E    AND    BOilBYCID.E 


3.-CALLIM0RPHA  CLYMENE.    (Pl.  7,  fig.  19.)* 

Hyper <. ompa  dy7ncne.  Esper  sp.  "  Schm.  IV.,  22,  10,  pi.   182  ;  Noct. 
103,  fig.   I.      (1786.) 

Haploa  clj'/twie,  Hiibner,  Verz.  p.   182,     (181 6.) 

PC.  Colona,    "Hiibner,  Eur.,  fig.  135."     H-Sch. 

CaUimorpha  Carolina,  Harris   Rep.  Ins.  Mass.,  p.  243.    (1841.) 

Hypercompa  chmene,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.,  p.  650.   (1855.) 

Hyporcovipa  clymene,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.    536. 
(i860) 

Hypercompa   clymene,    Morris,   Syn.    Lep.    N.   Am.    App. ,   p.  345- 
(i860.) 

Hypercompa  clymene,  Saund. ,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.,  p.  28.  (1863.) 
5  . —  ?  .  Head  and  prothorax  ochre  yellow,  the  latter  with  two 
black  dots.  Palpi  ochre  yellow,  black  at  the  tips.  Patagia  white, 
edged  with  brown  in  fi'ont.  Thorax  white,  slightly  yellowish  behind, 
with  a  central  broad  brown  stripe.  Thorax  beneath,  and  abdomen 
above  and  below  clear  ochre  yellow.  Legs  the  same  ;  coxae  of  anterior 
pair  with  a  round  black  dot ;  outer  edge  of  anterior  and  middle  pairs 
dusky. 

Anterior  wings  white  ;  inner  edge,  costa  and  outer  margin  edged 
with  dark  brown,  interrupted  at  the  apex.  A  brown  band  crosses  the 
wing  from  the  anal  angle  to  the  costa,  about  two-fifths  from  the  base  ; 
from  the  centre  of  this  band,  a  second  brown  band  runs  to  the  outer 
margin  just  below  the  apex,  dividing  the  wing  into  three  principal 
v.'hite  patches.  The  basal  patch  is  triangular  ;  that  on  the  outer  edge 
is  frequently  divided  near  the  apex  into  three  unequal  spots  by  the 
brown  nervules  ;  and  the  one  on  the  costa  is  more  or  less  clearly  di- 
vided into  three  sub-equal  spots,  by  an  expansion  on  the  discal  vein 
of  the  brown  costal  margin,  and  by  toothed  enlargements  of  the  brown 
markings,  between  the  discal  vein  and  the  apex. 

Secondaries  clear  ochre  yellow,  with  a  brown  spot  near  the  outer 
margin  and  anal  angle.  Walker  states  that  this  spot  is  sometimes  sup 
plemented  with  one  or  two  others. 

*  See  p.  61  aute. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  173 

Beneath,  all  the  wings  are  ochre  yellow,  the  markings  of  the  pri- 
maries being  reproduced  except  those  on  the  margins  of  the  wing. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  2.00  inches  ;    Length  of  bodv,   0.70  inch. 

Habilal. — New  York  (Jldwards,  Grote).  Canada  (Bethune,  Saun- 
ders).     Florida  (Strecker,   Chapman). 

For  my  specimens  of  this  species,  I  am  indebted  to  my  friend  H. 
Strecker,  Esq.,  of  Reading,  Pa.,  who  received  them  from  Dr.  A.  W. 
Chapman,  who  collected  them  near  Apalachicola,  Florida.  Mr. 
Strecker  informs  me  that  the  six  specimens  received  showed  but  slight 
tendency  to  variation.  The  only  variation  in  the  three  specimens 
before  me,  is  in  the  costo-apical  spot,  which  in  one  instance,  by  the 
extension  of  the  notches  on  the  brown  costal  margin  is  divided  into 
three  unequal  spots. 


1T4  ZYG^NIDTE    AND    BOMBYCID.E 


BOMBYCIDH. 
AKCTIIDai. 
Genus  ECPANTHERIA.    Hubner. 

"  Fore  wings  about  one-third  longer  than  the  hind  wings,  with  the 
subcostal  vein  having  a  single  marginal  branch  from  the  cell,  and  an- 
other midway  between  the  post-apical  and  inferior  nervules  ;  the  latter 
arises  a  little  exterior  to  the  discal  vein,  and  the  former  midway  between 
the  apical  nervulet  and  the  second  marginal.  The  median  vein  is 
four-branched  with  the  posterior  moderately  remote  from  the  penulti- 
mate. Hind  wings  as  long  as  the  abdomen,  with  the  interior  some- 
times dilated  and  rather  caudate,  neuration  arctiiasform. 

•'  Head  small,  depressed,  smooth  ;  without  ocelli.  Face  moderate, 
retreating.  Eyes  rather  small.  Antennas  serrated  in  the  $  ,  simple  in 
the  ?  .  Labial  palpi  short,  not  extending  beyond  the  clypeus,  rather 
stout  and  porrected  ;  middle  joint  short,  terminal  joint  very  small. 
Tongue  rather  thick,  slightly  longer  than  the  anterior  coxae. 

"  Body  stout.  Thorax  globose,  smooth  with  scales.  Patagia 
erected,  overlapping  the  front  of  the  mesothorax,  nearly  square.  Breast 
and  abdomen  smooth.  Legs  thick  and  smooth,  the  tibial  spur  of  the 
fore  legs  moderate,  hind  tibiae  with  two  minute  apical  spurs." 

Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci:  Phil.,  p.  523.     (i860.) 

This  genus  has  but  one  representative  in  the  United  States,  though 
it  is  numerously  represented  in  the  more  tropical  portions  of  America. 
It  is  unknown  in  Europe. 

l.-ECPANTHERIA    SCRIBONIA.    (Pi.  7,   fig.  20  5  ,  21    ?  ) 

P/ialcena  scriSoma,  Stoll,  Supp.,  Cramer,  Pap.  Exot. ,  p.  177,  p.  41, 

fig-  3-     (1787-) 
Phalmna  oadalissima,  Smith,    N.   H.    Lep.    Ins.   Georgia,    p.     137. 

tab.  69.      (1797-) 
Bombix  cunegunda,  De  Beauvois,  Ins.  Afriq.  et  Amer.      (1805.) 
Ecpantheria  scribonia,  Hubner,  Verz.,  p.   183.      (181 6.) 
Ardia  scribonia,   Ins.  Inj.  Veg.,   p.    241.      (184 1.) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  115 

Ecpanthcria  scn'bom'a,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.,  p.  689.    (1855.) 
Arctia  oadatissima,  Duncan,  Nat.  Lib.  Ins.,  vol.  V.,  p.  169;  pi.  20, 

fig.  4   ?.      (1858.) 
Ecpantheria  scribonia,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p,  523. 

(i860.) 
Ecpanthcria  scribotna,    Morris,    Syn.    Lep.  N.   Am.    App.,    p.    346. 

(1862.) 
Arclia  scribonia,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.    Veg..  p.    349.     (1862.) 
Ecpantheria  scribonia,    Saund.,  Syn.  Can.  Arct.,    p.    22.     (1863.) 
Ecpanthcria  scribonia,   Saund.,   Proc.  Ent.    Soc.   Phil.,  tarva,  p.  28. 

(1863.) 
Ecpantheria  scribonia,    Riley,  4th  Rep.    St.  Ent.  Missouri,   p.    141, 

fig,  63,  larva,  fig.  64  «   ?   b   (5  .     (1872.) 

^. — Head  white,  front  blackish  blue.  Prothorax,  thorax  and  pa- 
tagia  white.  The  prothorax  has  two  large  steel  blue  patches  edged 
with  black.  The  thorax  has  six  similar  smaller  patches  arranged  in 
two  rows.  The  patagia  have  a  patch  on  the  inner  edge,  constricted  in 
the  middle,  the  hindermost  portion  having  a  white  centre.  Abdomen 
blue  black  above  with  a  narrow  yellowish  lateral  line  ;  whitish  beneath 
with  a  ventral  and  lateral  row  of  minute  black  spots.  Thorax  beneath 
white.  Legs  white  ;  coxae  and  inside  of  anterior  pair  steel  blue.  Tip 
of  tibia:?  and  tarsi  of  remainder  of  the  legs  steel  blue,  except  the  tarsi 
of  the  hind  pair  which  are  partially  white. 

Wings  white,  thinly  scaled,  with  many  black  spots  showing  metallic 
blue  reflections,  especially  on  the  costa.  The  spots  on  the  primaries 
are  arranged  as  ibllows.  A  terminal,  interspaceal  series  of  lunate 
spots.  Five  large  spots  on  the  costa  enclosing  a  narrow  white  line. 
The  second  of  these  from  the  base  forms  one  of  a  transverse  curved 
band  of  four  spots,  of  which  the  two  near  the  inner  margin  have  white 
centres.  Inside  this  band  the  wing  is  irregularly  mottled  with  black. 
The  third  costal  spot  forms  one  of  a  similar  band  of  seven  spots,  of 
which  two  lie  at  the  end  of  the  discal  cell,  and  are  black,  while  the 
rest  have  white  centres ;  the  one  on  the  inner  margin  being  partially 
fused  with  the  similar  spot  of  the  first  band.  There  is  a  single  spot 
just  outside  the  discal  vein,  and  a  series  of  four  spots  beginning  at  the 
base  of  the  3rd  median  and  going  to  the  fourth  costal  spot.  I'here  is 
also  at  the  anal  angle  a  large  dark  spot  above  and  below  the  subme- 
dian  vein,  from  which  a  double  row  of  spots  parallel  with  the  outer 
margin  goes  towards  the  costa,  the  inner  row  extending  only  to  the  1st 


176  ZYG^NID.E    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

median  vein,  the  outer  one  to  the  fifth  costal  spot.  There  is,  besides, 
a  pupilled  spot  on  the  inner  margin  near  the  anal  angle,  and  one  im- 
mediately above  it  inside  the  submedian  vein.  These  spots  form  six 
more  or  less  perfect  transverse  bands. 

Secondaries  white,  slightly  caudate,  with  a  terminal  series  of  small 
black  spots  on  the  outer  margin,  and  a  stripe  of  dusky  hairs  near  the 
inner  margin,  with  faint  traces  of  a  discal  dot. 

?  . — Much  larger  than  $  ,  and  paler  colored.  Nearly  all  the  spots 
on  the  primaries  become  black  rings,  with  white  centres;  and  the 
thoracic  markings  also  have  white  centres,  being  reduced  to  black 
lines  indicating  the  shape  of  the  spots  in  $  .  The  abdomen  is  dark 
ochre  yellow  above,  with  black  spots  at  the  sides,  and  a  series  of  broad 
transverse  dorsal  blackish-steel-blue  bands,  each  with  a  central  notch 
in  front.  The  abdomen  is  much  stouter  and  the  anal  angle  of  the 
secondaries  less  caudate,  while  the  discal  dot  is  distinct.  The  costa  of 
the  primaries  is  also  slightly  more  convex  than  in   $  . 

Expanse  of  ivings,  5  2.25  $  3.25  inches;  letigth  0/ body,  5  0.85, 
$    1.25  inches. 

Habitat. — Atlantic  States  generally.  Missouri  (Riley).  New  York 
(Grote).  Virginia  (Lyman).  North  Carolina  (Shute.)  Canada  West 
(Saunders).     California.?  (Boisduval).     Southern  States  (Riley.) 

Larva. — The  following  description  is  from  the  pen  of  C.  V.  Riley, 
of  St.  Louis  (loc.  cit.)  "Average  length  2|  inches.  Head  black, 
polished,  brownish  at  sides  and  below ;  epistoma,  antennce  and  palpi 
more  or  less  distinctly;  glassy  white,  the  joints  of  antennce  marked  with 
light  brown,  cervical  shield  brown-black.  Body  above  black,  inclin- 
ing to  brown  laterally  ;  bright  reddish-brown  at  sutures,  showing  in 
strong  contrast,  especially  between  joints  3 — 10  when  the  larva  is 
curled  up,  but  scarcely  visible  when  straightened  and  contracted.  Ver- 
rucose  warts  arranged  as  follows  :  On  joint  one,  two  each  side  of 
cervical  shield  ;  on  jts.  2  and  3,  a  transverse  row  of  8  ;  on  jts.  4 — n 
inclusive  12,  the  4  on  dorsum  trapezoidal,  the  two  anterior  ones  ap- 
proaching nearest ;  on  jt.  12  a  transverse  row  of  six.  Venter  dull 
purplish-brown,  the  legs  of  the  same  color,  the  legless  joints  with  four 
small  verrucose  warts.  Hairs  barbed,  stiff,  spine-like  and  jet  black.'' 
"  This  worm  feeds,  mostly  during  the  night,  upon  the  wild  sun-flower 
( Heliatithus  decapetalus),  the  different  species  of  plantain  {Plantagd), 
and  and  willows.  My  friend  J.  A.  Lintner,  of  Albany,  N.  Y.,  thinks 
it  likewise  feeds  on  Black  Locust,  as  he  has  often  found  it  beneath  that 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  \11 

tree  and  has  fed  it  on  the  leaves.  It  comes  to  its  growth  in  the  fall, 
and  curls  up  and  passes  the  winter  in  any  shelter  that  it  can  find,  being 
especially  fond  of  getting  under  the  bark  of  old  trees.  In  the  spring 
it  feeds  for  a  few  days  upon  almost  any  green  thing  that  presents  itself, 
and  then  forms  a  cocoon,  casts  its  prickly  skin,  and  becomes  a  chrysa- 
lis. The  chrysalis  is  black,  and  covered  with  a  beautiful  pruinescence. 
It  has  a  flattened  blunt  projection  at  the  extremity,  armed  with  a  few 
barbs  and  brisdes.  In  a  few  exceptional  cases  I  have  known  this 
species  to  go  through  all  the  transformations  and  produce  the  moth  in 
the  fall.      The  chrysalis  state  lasts  but  a  fortnight. " 

Boisduval  states  that  this  species  is  found  in  California,  as  I  suppose 
on  the  authority  of  Mr.  Lorquin,  It  has  never  been  the  good  fortune 
of  myself  or  fellow  Entomologists  to  verify  this  observation,  though 
the  Wild  Sun-Flower  is  abundant  in  many  localities  in  the  interior 
of  the  State,  but  seldom  visited  by  Entomologists  ;  and  it  is  possible 
that  the  insect  may  have  been  taken  during  some  of  the  rambles  of  Mr. 
Lorquin  in  these  localities. 


178  zyg^nidtE  and  bombycid^ 


ZYGa:NiN5;. 

Genus  HAKRISINA.    Packard. 

Wings  extremely  narrow.  Hind  wings  ovate-lanceolate,  narrower 
than  the  fore  wings  ;  length  much  less  than  that  of  the  body  ;  length 
of  the  fore  wings  somewhat  more  than  that  of  the  body.  The  disc  of 
the  forewings  closed  by  a  very  faint,  irregular  vein,  with  hvo  disco-cejitral 
nervuks ;  subcostal  vein  with  a  single  marginal  nervule  from  the  pos- 
terior end  of  the  disc  and  with  the  apical  branch 
In'fid  near  the  tip  of  the  wing  or  bifid  with  a  long 
fork.  Median  vein  four-branched,  with  the  pos- 
terior scarcely  remote  from  the  penultimate.  Fold  of  the  wing 
thickened  from  the  base  to  the  tip.  Submedian  with  a  short  fork 
at  the  base  of  the  wing.  Hind  wings  without  costal  nervure  ;  sub- 
costal bifid,  with  an  oblique  discal  vein  arising  near  the  base  of  the 
lower  branch,  and  angulated  above  the  medio- superior  nervule,  where 
it  receives  the  discal  fold.  Median  vein  four-branched,  with  nervules 
nearly  equidistant. 

Head  rather  small,  free,  smooth  ;  with  large  ocelli.  Face  smooth, 
rounded,  rather  narrow.  Eyes  rather  small,  scarcely  prominent.  An- 
tennae with  bases  approached,  much  shorter  than  the  body,  rather 
deeply  pectinated  in  the  3  ,  less  pectinated  in  the  ?  .  Palpi  very  min- 
ute, filiform,  drooping,  with  only  two  distinct  joints  ;  terminal  joint 
acute.     Tongue  about  as  long  as  the  thorax  beneath. 

Body  extremely  slender,  cylintlrical,  not  metallic.  Patagia  cylindri- 
cal, minute.  Abdomen  without  lateral  tubercle,  tufted  at  the  tip  and 
along  the  sides.  Legs  extremely  slender  ;  fore  tibiae  without  tibial 
spur  :  hind  tibice  with  two  very  minute  apical  spurs.'' 

Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.     i860. 

The  characteristic  colors  of  this  genus  are  black,  with  bright  colored 
prothorax.  The  three  species  found  in  the  United  States  may  be  tabu- 
lated thus : 

Apical  vein  bifid  with  long  fork. 

Prothorax  orange.    -         -         -         -         -         -       H.  amerkana. 

Apical  vein  trifid  near  the  tip. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  119 

Prothorax  black,      ------       H.  coracina. 

Prothorax  red-orange.       -         -         -         -         -       H.  lexana. 

"Under  this  name,"  says  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  jun. ,*  "may  be 
placed  the  Procris  Americana  of  Dr.  Harris,  Aglaope  Coracina,  Clemens, 
and  another  undescribed  form  from  the  Middle  States,  communicated 
by  Mr.  F.  G.  Sanborn.  Without  attempting  to  improve  upon  Dr. 
Clemens'  excellent  description  of  this  genus,  we  would  merely  point 
out  some  marked  differences  from  Procris,  Fabr. ,  and  Aglaope,  Latr. 
From  the  latter  genus  Harris  states  that  the  Americana  differs  entirely. 
With  Fuessly's  figure  of  Latreille's  itifausla  from  Southern  Europe 
before  us,  which  has  broad  wings  and  bright  colors,  and  differs 
throughout,  we  are  convinced  of  BoisduvaFs  mistake  in  referring  our 
species  to  it."' 

"  However  it  differs  nearly  as  much  from  Procris  Viiis  and  allies  of 
Europe.  The  wings  are  a  third  longer  and  much  narrower,  the  apex 
is  much  more  rounded  and  the  outer  margin  much  more  oblique. 
One  of  the  best  distinctions  lies  in  the  very  ovate  secondaries  oi  Amer- 
icana, owing  to  the  convex  outer  edge,  which  in  Procris  and  Ino  as 
well  as  ZygcEna,  is  angulated  in  the  middle,  thus  giving  the  wing  in 
those  genera  a  squarish  appearance.  The  nervules  are  longer  and 
more  parallel  with  the  costa.  When  expanded  the  secondaries  only 
reach  to  the  basal  third  of  the  abdomen,  while  in  Procris  they  reach 
to  the  basal  two-thirds.  The  abdomen  is  remarkably  square,  a  little 
flattened  and  slightly  spreading  in  the  female  of  Harrisina,  in  Procris 
it  tapers  gradually  to  an  obtuse  point.'' 

In  thus  separating  these  insects  under  a  new  generic  name  Dr. 
Packard  is  undoubtedly  right,  but  the  new  species  {H.  Sanborni)  de- 
scribed in  the  same  paper  belongs  to  Dr.  Clemens'  genus  Acoloithtis, 
and  according  to  Mess.  Grote  and  Robinson^.4.  falsarius,  Clemens. 
In  their  Catalogue  of  the  Lep.  N.  Am.  Messrs.  Grote  and  Robinson 
place  Americana  and  Coracina  under  the  genus  Acoloilhus,  Clemens, 
whicTi  can  scarcely  be  right,  as  the  two  genera,  as  described  by  Dr. 
Clemens,  differ  very  widely,  not  merely  in  the  relative  proportions  of 
the  wings  and  abdomen,  but  also  in  the  neuration  and  structure  of  the 
antennae. 

From  a  careful  comparison  of  insects  referable  both  to  Acoloithus, 
Clemens,  and  Harrisina,  Packard,  I  am  led  to  the  conclusion  that 

*  Proc.  Essex  Institute,  April,  1864. 


180  zyg.enid;e  and  bombycid/e 

their  separation  generically  is  perfectly  desirable,  and  that  Dr.  Clemens 
erred  only  in  supposing  that  the  insects  he  described  were  referable  to 
Aglaope  Latr. ,  when  in  reality  they  were  generically  distinct  and  should 
have  been  separated  under  a  new  name.  Thus  Harrisina  Packard= 
Aglaope  Clemens,  but  not  Aglaope  Latreille. 


l-HARRISINA  AMERICANA.    (Pl.  7,  fig.  6.    Pi.  10,  fig.  8,  larva.) 

Aglaope  americana,  Boisd. ,  Griff.  Cuv.  Reg.   An.   Lep.     PI.  84  bis. 

fig.   II.      (1832.) 
Procris  dispar,    Harris,  Cat.  Ins.   Mass.     (1833.) 
Procris  americaiia,    Boisd.,    Sp.    Gen.    Lep.    I.       PI.     16,     fig.     7. 

(1836.) 
Procris  america7ta,   Harris,  Sill.  Journal,  vol.  -^6.      (1839.) 
Procris  americana,   Harris,    Ins.  Inj,  Veg.,  p.  236.      (1841.) 
Ctemichd  {Aglaope)  americana,  Walker,  Cat.    Lep.    B.    M.  II.,   286. 

(1854.) 
Procris  americana,    Fitch,     3rd    Rep.     Ins.     New    York,    p.    398. 

(1856.) 
Aglaope  americana,   Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.    Sci.  Phil,     (i860.) 
Procris  americana,   Harris,    Ins.    Inj.  Veg.     2nd  Ed.,    p.    ■^'^d,    fig. 

163.     (1862.) 
Procris  americana,    Morris,    Syn.    Lep.  N.   Am.,    p.   134.      (1862.) 
Aglaope  americana,  Clemens,    Syn.    Lep.    N.    Am.   App.,  p.    284. 

(1862.) 
Harrisitta  americana,    Packard,    Proc.   Essex  Inst.     (1864.) 
Acoloithus  americana,   G,  &.    R.    Cat.  Lep.  N.  Am.     (1868.) 
Procris  (Acol.)  americana,   Riley,    2d  Rep.  St.    Ent.    Missouri,   p. 

855  %s.   58,  59.     (1870.) 

3  . —  $  .  Entire  insect  greenish  black  except  the  prothorax  which 
is  orange  yellow. 

Expanse  of  wings,  0.95  inch  ;  length  of  body,  0.40  inch. 

Habitat. — Massachusetts  (Harris).  Nev/  York  (Fitch).  Missouri 
(Riley).     Pennsylvania  and  Georgia  (Clemens). 

Larva  (Riley,  loc.  cit. )  "  The  full  grown  larva  measures  rather 
more  than  half  an  inch,  and  tapers  a  little  towards  each  end.  It  is 
of  a  sulphur  yellow  color,  with  a  transverse  row  of  six  velvety-black 
prickly  tufts  on  each  of  the  principal  segments,  the  lower  tufts  being 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  181 

less  distinct  than  those  on  the  back.  The  first  segment  is  entirely 
black  with  a  yellow  edge,  while  the  spots  on  segments  1 1  and  1 2 
usually  run  into  each  other.  Head  small,  brown,  and  retractile,  being 
usually  hidden  in  the  first  segment.  Fine  scattering  hairs  anteriorly, 
laterally  and  posteriorly.  The  young  worm  is  of  a  very  pale  yellow, 
covered  with  numerous  fine  white  hairs,  with  a  slight  grayish  brown 
tint  on  the  head,  and  with  the  fifth  and  seventh  segments  paler  than 
the  rest,  and  having  the  black  spots  scarcely  visible."  The  larva  is 
shown  in  Riley's  figure  58  a,  from  which  drawing  I  have  reproduced 
it  on  Plate  10,  fig.  8  of  this  work. 

This  insect  may  be  distinguished  from  A.  faharius  by  its  larger 
size,  different  shaped  wings,  and  by  its  distinct  neuration.  From  H. 
iexana  which  also  has  a  colored  prothorax,  and  from  H.  coracina 
which  is  entirely  black,  it  may  readily  be  separated  by  the  bifid  instead 
of  trifid  apical  vein. 

The  following  account  of  its  habits  is  condensed  from  the  interest- 
ing paper  of  Mr.  C.  V.  Riley  (loc.  cit. ) :  The  larvae  may  be  found 
in  July  and  August  feeding  on  the  leaves  of  the  Grape-vine.  They 
are  gregarious,  and  when  young  leave  the  minor  veins  of  the  leaf  un- 
touched, but  devour  everything  except  the  main  ribs  in  their  later 
stages  of  growth.  When  full  grown  they  disperse  over  the  vines  or 
forsake  them  entirely,  and  spin  a  small,  tough,  whitish,  flattened  co- 
coon, changing  in  about  three  days  thereafter  to  chrysalis  o  30  inch 
long,  broad  flattened  and  of  a  light  shiny  yellowish-brown  color. 
Some  of  these  chrysalides  produce  the  moth  in  a  few  weeks,  but  the 
majority  are  not  evolved  until  the  following  spring,  and  thus  the  in- 
sect is  apparently  double  brooded. 

2-HARRISINA  TEXANA.    N.  s.    (PI.  8,  fig.  1.) 

5  . —  $  .  Entire  insect  bluish  black,  except  the  prothorax  which  is 
reddish  orange,  almost  scarlet.  The  insect  greatly  resembles  H.  amer- 
icana,  and  might  readily  be  mistaken  for  the  latter,  but  while  the  shape 
of  the  wings  is  the  same,  the  color  is  blue-black,  instead  of  greenish- 
black,  the  prothorax  is  much  redder,  and  the  apical  vein  is  trifid  instead 
of  bifid. 

Expanse  of  wings,  o.  So  inch  ;  length  of  body,  0.38  inch. 

Jlabi/at.—Texn^  [Belfrage.]      [Coll.  Stretch.] 

Collected  on  the  wing  May  5th  and  September  4th.  From  these 
dates  it  is  presumable  that  its  habits  are  similar  to  those  of  //.  ameri- 


182  ZYGJESIBM    AND  BOMBYCID^E 

cana.  It  is  just  possible  that  these  insects  may  be  identical  with  II. 
coracind  Clemens,  which  that  author  states  was  taken  in  Texas,  and 
the  types  of  which  are  much  rubbed  ;  yet  it  is  scarcely  probable  that 
all  trace  of  the  bright  colored  prothoraic  scales  would  be  obliterated, 
and  Dr.  Clemens  describes  coracina  as  entirely  black.  The  neuration 
of  the  fore  wings  in  texand  corresponds  with  that  of  coracina,  as  given 
by  Clemens,  and  though  I  have  been  unable  to  compare  the  insect 
above  described  with  the  types  of  coracina,  I  am  strongly  inclined  to 
the  belief  that  they  must  be  specifically  distinct. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  183 


ZYGEmBM. 
ZYGEmiNE. 
'  Genus  ACOLOITHUS.    Clemens. 

"  The  following  insect  greatly  resembles  americaria  in  appearance 
and  almost  exactly  in  ornamentation.  It  must  however  be  very  dis- 
tinct from  it.  The  wings  are  extremely  narrow.  Hind  wings  broader 
than  the  fore  wings,  less  ovate  than  in  ameruana, 
and  rounded  at  the  interior  basal  angle  ;  length 
rather  more  than  that  of  the  body.  The  disc  of  the 
wing  is  closed  by  a  faint,  irregularly  oblique  vein,  with  one 
disco-central  nervule,  and  angulated  at  the  medio-superior  nerv'ule, 
where  it  receives  a  rather  faint  discal  fold.  The  subcostal  vein  with 
three  equidistant,  moderately  erect  marginal  nervules  frojji  the  disc, 
with  the  apical  vein  simple.  Median  vein  four-branched,  with  the  pos- 
terior nervule  and  the  marginal  opposite  at  their  origins.  The  fold  is 
thickened  and  the  submedian  vein  simple.  In  the  hind  wings  the  sub- 
costal vein  shows  a  tendency  to  separate  into  two  veins  from  its  point 
of  bifurcation  towards  the  base  of  the  wing  and  resembling  two  veins 
crossing  each  other,  exterior  to  the  point  of  bifurcation  and  a  little 
behind  the  middle  of  the  lower  branch  arises  a  decided,  curved  discal 
vein,  which  receives,  just  above  the  medio-superior  nervule,  a  decided 
or  thickened  discal  fold.  The  median  vein  is  four-branched,  with  the 
two  posterior  branches  equidistant  from  the  second  one. 

"  Head  moderate,  free,  smooth  ;  with  large  ocelli.  Face  broad, 
rounded.  Eyes  rather  small,  round  and  scarcely  prominent.  Antennae 
nearly  as  long  as  the  body,  moderately  pectinated  in  the  6  ,  minutely 
pectinated  in  the  ?  .  Palpi  equal  to  the  front,  filiform,  porrected,  dis- 
tinctly three-Jointed,  and  with  the  joints  nearly  equal  ;  terminal  joint 
obtuse.     Tongue  about  half  as  long  as  the  thorax  beneath. 

"  Body  short,  rather  slender,  not  metallic.  Patagia  very  minute. 
Abdomen  as  long  as  the  thorax  beneath,  not  tufted  at  the  tip  and 
scarcely  tufted  along  the  sides,  with  a  minute  lateral  tubercle  on  the 
basal  segment.     Legs  extremely  slender  and  rather  short ;  fore  tibiae 


184  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDjE 

with  a  slender  tibial  spur  from  the  middle  ;  hind  tibiae  with  two  min- 
ute apical  spurs." 

Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  i860. 
This  genus  differs  from  Harrisina  [q.  v.]  in  the  different  form  of 
the  primaries,  which  are  proportionally  shorter,  having  a  more  con- 
vex costa  and  a  different  neuration  ;  also  in  the  form  of  the  secondaries 
which  nearly  equal  the  primaries  in  length  and  are  quite  equal  to  them 
in  breadth  ;  in  the  length  of  the  abdomen,  which  reaches  about  to  the 
end  of  the  hind  wings  ;  and  also  in  the  antennae  which  have  much 
shorter  and  coarser  pectinations.  The  style  of  coloration  is  similar, 
being  black  with  a  bright  colored  prothorax,  and  is  much  nearer  Pro- 
cf'ts  of  Europe  than  is  Harrisina.  The  only  known  spectes  is  much 
smaller  than  any  of  its  allies.  Dr.  A.  S.  Packard,  jun.,  included  it  in 
his  genus  Harrisitia,  as  we  think  erroneously. 

l.-ACOLOITHUS  FALSARIUS.    (Pi.  7,  fig.    .) 

Acoloithus  falsarius,    Clems.,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,   p.  540. 

[i860.] 
Procris  /aharius,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,    p.   134.      [1862.] 
Acoloithtis  falsarius,    Clems.,     Syn.    Lep.    N.    Am.    App.,    p.  283. 

[1862.] 
Harrisina  Sanborni,  Packard,   Proc.  Essex  Inst.     [1864.] 

5  .—  ?  .  Entire  insect  deep  blue  black,  with  the  prothorax  orange, 
hind  wings  rather  thin. 

Expanse  of  ivings,  0.60  inch  ;  length  of  body,  o  20  inch. 

Habitat. — Texas  [Belfrage].  Pennsylvania  [Clemens].  Illinois 
[Kennicott].     Missouri   [Riley]. 

The  insect  figured  was  received  from  Mr.  Belfrage,  of  Texas. 
Though  so  closely  allied  in  color  to  the  various  species  of  Harrisina, 
it  may  readily  be  separated  by  the  generic  characters. 


OF   NORTH    AMERICA.  185 


BOMBYCIDai. 
ARCTIIN^E. 
Genus  EUCHSITES.    Harris. 

"  Fore  wings  rather  broad,  trigonate.  The  subcostal  vein  gives  rise 
to  fwo  marginal  nervules  from  the  posterior  part  of  the  disc,  and  be- 
tween the  second  marginal  nervule  and  the  apical  is  formed  a  short 
costal  cell.  The  post  apical  nervule  arises  midway  between  the  costal 
cell  and  apical  nervulet.  The  discal  vein  is  angulated  and  the  sub- 
costo  inferior  are  given  off  from  a  common  point.  The  median  vein 
is  four-branched,  the  posterior  nervule  moderately  remote  from  the 
penultimate.  Hind  wings  as  broad  as  the  fore  wings,  with  the  neura- 
tion  common  to  the  family." 

"  Head  moderate,  depressed  ;  with  ocelli.  Face  inclined.  Eyes 
small.  Antennae  slightly  pectinated  in  3  ,  serrated  in  ?  .  Labial  palpi 
rather  stout  and  ascending  on  the  face  nearly  to  base  of  the  antennae  ; 
basal  and  middle  joints  nearly  equal  ;  terminal  short,  three  or  four 
times  less  long  than  the  middle  joint.  Tongue  rather  longer  than  the 
anterior  coxae." 

' '  Body  short  or  moderate.  Thorax  rather  woolly;  abdomen  smooth. 
Legs  with  hairy  femora  ;  anterior  tibiae  nearly  as  long  as  the  anterior 
tarsi ;  internal  spur  concealed  and  half  as  long  as  the  tibiae ;  hind  tibiae 
with  two  pairs  of  spurs." 

Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  532  (i860). 

The  five  species  found  in  the  United  States  may  be  tabulated  thus  : 

Abdomen  yellow. 

Wings  stone  color.         -----         jE*.  egle. 
Wings  dirty  white.         -         -         -         -         -         E.  oregonensis. 
Wings  milk  white.         -         -         -         -        -         E.  collaris. 
Abdomen  rose  color. 

Wings  pure  white. E.  elegans. 

Wings  blueish  cinereous,  costa  yellow.  -         E.  egleftensis. 

1.— EUCH.ffi;TES  EGLE.    (Pi.  8,  fig.  4  $  .) 

Bombyx  egle,  Drury,  111.  Nat.  Hist.  H.,  p.  36.  pi.  20,  fig.  3- (1773.) 
Spilosoma  egle,  Westwood,  Ed.  Drury  (1837.) 


186  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE. 

EuchcEles  egle,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.,  p.  257.     (1841.) 
Spilosoma  egle,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  669.     (1855.) 
Euchceiesegk,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  532.      (i860.) 
Spilosoina  egle,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  343.      (1862.) 
Euchcctes  egle,   Harris,   3d  Ed.   Ins.    Inj.   Veg.  fig.   172  larva,  173 

cocoon,  1 74  pupa.      (1862.) 
EuchcEtes  egle,  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  p.  130.      (1864.) 
Euchcetes  egle  Harris'  Corn,  p.  288,  pi.  2,  fig.  5,  (larva.)      (1869.) 
<5 .    ?  . — Entire  insect  both  above  and  below  soft  blueish-gray  or 
stone  color.     Fringes  paler. 

Abdomen  dirty  yellow  ochre  above,  paler  beneath ;  with  a  dorsal 
and  double  lateral  row  of  small  black  spots. 

Expatise  0/ wings  1.75  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.60  inch. 
Habitat. — Atlantic  States  generally.     Canada  [Saunders]. 
Larva. — "Feeds   on    milkweed   [asclepias  syriaca);  is  gregarious, 
feeding  in  parallel  lines  or  files  on  the  under  side  of  the  leaves,  eating 
the  leaves. from  the  edges.     August  20th." 

' '  Head  and  body  black,  with  a  narrow,  white,  lateral  line  and  six- 
teen legs.  Head  incurved,  and  first  four  segments  arched  upward,  in 
repose.  Each  segment  with  a  transverse  series  of  short,  stellated  tufts 
of  whitish  hairs ;  second  and  third  segments  each  with  four  black  pen- 
cils curving  over  the  head,  and  nearly  horizontal  in  repose  ;  fourth  seg- 
ment with  a  short,  dorsal  tuft  of  black  hairs,  covered  on  each  side  by 
an  erect,  conniving  pencil  of  black  hairs  before,  and  a  shorter,  in- 
curved, white  tuft  behind  ;  a  horizontal  white  pencil  on  each  side  above 
the  white  lateral  line  ;  fifth  to  ninth  segments,  inclusive,  each  with  a 
dorsal  black  tuft,  covered  at  the  sides  before  by  a  dark  orange,  and  be- 
hind by  a  lighter  orange,  or  pale  yellow,  incurved,  longer  tuft ;  on 
each  side  above  the  white  lateral  line  a  horizontal  black  pencil  ;  tenth 
segment  with  a  central  black  tuft,  covered  before  by  a  deep  orange, 
incurved  tuft,  and  behind  by  a  snow  white  one,  also  incurved  or  con- 
nivent,  and  on  each  side,  instead  of  the  black  horizontal  pencil,  a 
]onger  white  pencil.  Eleventh  segment  with  a  dorsal  black  tuft  cov- 
ered, as  on  the  fourth,  with  two  erect,  connivent  (but  not  incurved). 
black  pencils  before,  and  shorter  white,  incurved  ones  behind  ;  lateral 
pencil  black.  Twelfth  or  anal  segment  with  a  dorsal  jet  black  tuft, 
covered  on  each  side  by  a  longer,  incurved,  black  pencil  ;  no  lateral 
pencil. 

"  The  short  lateral  tufts  are  jet  black.  The  pencils  are  of  a  black 
color,  not  nearly  so  intense. "     (Harris  Corr.  p.  288.     1869.) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  181 

The  typical  form  of  this  species  is  readily  distinguished  from  all  its 
congeners  by  its  dark  color ;  while  the  albino  form  spoken  of  by  east- 
ern Entomologists,  but  which  I  have  never  seen,  may  be  distinguished 
from  E.  colldris,  with  which,  as  I  have  stated  under  that  species,  it  has 
probably  been  confounded,  by  the  different  structure  of  the  two  insects, 
as  well  as  by  the  coloration  of  the  body  parts.  This  albino  approaches 
much  more  nearly  to  E.  oregone?tsis,  though  the  latter  is  probably  dis- 
tinct. The  knowledge  of  its  preparatory  states  can,  however,  alone 
definitely  decide  the  question.  Dr.  Packard  states  that  Mr.  Shurtleif 
raised  an  insect  which  corresponded  well  with  Dr.  Fitch's  H.  collaris 
from  a  brood  of  E.  egle,  but  if  the  insect  subsequently  described  in 
these  pages  as  E.  collaris,  and  of  this  I  have  little  doubt,  as  Dr.  Fitch's 
description  is  exactly  filled,  the  limit  of  the  term  "species"  will  have 
to  be  greatly  extended,  as  the  two  insects  are  structurally  different,  and 
present  a  greater  variation  than  do  alypia  octomaculata  and  Langtonii, 
Arctia  virgo  and  Satmdersn,  and  other  insects  whose  specific  difference 
has  been  accepted. 

2.-EUCH.ffi;TES    OREGONENSIS.     N.  s.  (PI.  8,  tig.  7   $  .) 

$. — Head  bright  yellow  ochre,  clypeus  white.  Eyes  black. 
Palpi  dusky  at  tips,  yellowish  at  the  base.  Antenuce  white,  pectinations 
black.  Prothorax  dusky  white,  yellowish  at  the  sides.  Thorax  and 
patagia  dusky  white,  paler  than  prothorax.  Abdomen  slender,  bright 
yelloiv  ochre  above,  terminal  segment  and  beneath  whitish.  A  dorsal 
series  of  small  velvety  black  spots,  and  a  lateral  row  of  similar  spots 
of  much  reduced  size.  Legs  whitish,  dusky  above  ;  tibiaj  and  tarsi  of 
anterior  pair  blackish  ;  coxa;  of  the  same  pair  dusky,  margined  with 
yellow. 

Wings  above  dirty  white  ;  anterior  pair  somewhat  the  darkest,  with 
paler  veins.     Fringes  silky  white. 

Beneath  as  above,  except  that  the  interspaces  of  the  primaries  are 
inclined  to  smoky,  especially  near  the  costa.      ?  .  unknown. 

Expaiise  of  wings,   1.60  inch  ;  length  of  body,  0.60  inch. 

Habitat. — Oregon.     (Coll.  Stretch.) 

For  the  type  of  this  species,  I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  Lord 
Walsingham,  who  captured  the  single  specimen  above  referred  to,  in 
Oregon,  during  his  recent  trip  to  the  Pacific  Coast.  In  form  it  ap- 
proaches nearest  to  E.  egle,  from  which  it  differs  not  merely  in  the 
color  of  the  wings,  but  also  by  the  slenderer  abdomen,  and  the  bright 


188  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

yellow  head.  Were  it  not  for  these  latter  differences,  it  might  be  con- 
sidered an  albino  of  E.  egle,  though  the  typical  form  of  that  species  is 
yet  unknown  from  the  Pacific  Coast. 

3.-EUCH5;TES  COLLARIS.    (PI-  8.  fig-  5.  5  •) 

Hyphantria  collaris ,  Fitch,  3d  Rept.  Ins.  N.  York,  p.  265.     (1856.) 

Tanada  antica,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M. 

Spilosoma  collaris,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  314.      (i860.) 

Ardia  sciurus,   Boisduval,   Ann.    Soc.  Ent.  Belg. ,  vol.    12,  p.   79. 
(1868.) 

6  . — White.  Head  pale  yellow  ochre.  Eyes  black.  Palpi  pale 
ochre  beneath  ;  above  and  at  the  tips,  black.  Antennae  white,  pectin" 
ations  black.  Prothorax  and  patagia  yellow  ochre,  the  latter  whitish 
behind.  Thorax  white.  Abdomen  slender,  whitish,  with  the  ouier 
half  oi  each  segment  above  yellowish.  A  dorsal  series  of  black,  seg- 
mentary spots,  and  a  double  lateral  series  of  similar  spots,  the  lower 
row  being  the  smallest.  Legs  white  above,  dusky  beneath  ;  coxse  of 
the  anterior  pair,  yellow  ochre. 

Wings  pure  milk  white.  Basal  half  of  the  costa  of  the  primaries 
yellow  ochre,  most  intense  near  the  base  of  the  wing. 

Beneath,  as  above  ;  except  that  the  discal  area  of  the  primaries  is 
smoky ;  while  all  the  primaries,  and  the  costa  of  the  secondaries, have 
a  yellowish  tinge. 

$  . — Similar  to  5  ,  but  somewhat  smaller,  and  wanting  the  yellow 
color  at  the  base  of  the  primaries. 

Expanse  of  wings. —  3  .  1.60- 1.80  $  1.4 0-1.70  inches  ;  length  of 
body,  0.60,  0.65  inch. 

Habitat. — Mississippi  (Fitch).  Pennsylvania,  (Strecker).  Canada 
(Saunders).     California  (H.  Edwards). 

The  specimen  from  which  the  accompanying  figure  was  drawn,  was 
taken  by  my  friend  H.  Edwards,  Esq.,  near  Yosemite  Valley,  California. 
The  insect  was  not  uncommon  in  that  locality,  but  apparently  local. 
Specimens  differing  in  nothing  but  somewhat  inferior  size,  were  for- 
warded from  Pennsylvania  by  H.  Strecker,  Esq.,  (in  response  to  a  re- 
quest for  the  white  variety  of  E.  egle, )  with  the  remark  that  it  was  not 
uncommon  in  certain  places,  but  that  he  had  never  seen  typical  speci- 
mens of  E.  egle  in  that  neighborhood.  E.  egle  (type)  is  yet  unknown 
in  California.  From  these  circumstances  and  a  comparison  of  the 
insects,  I  am  satisfied  that  the  I/,  collaris  o(  Fitch  has  been  confounded 


'  OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  189 

with  an  albino  from  E.  egle,  and  that  the  insect  now  under  consider- 
ation is  specifically  distinct,  exhibiting  not  merely  colorational  but  also 
structural  differences,  although  Dr.  Packard  states,  (Proc.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.,  p.  130,  1864),  that  "from  the  same  brood  of  larvae,  Mr.  Shurt- 
leff  has  raised  both  the  typical  forms,  (of  E.  egle),  and  a  white  variety 
which  agrees  well  with  Dr.  Fitch's  description  of  Hyphantria  collaris.'" 

Six  specimens  of  E.  collaris,  three  from  California  and  three  from 
Pennsylvania,  show  the  following  points  of  difference  as  compared 
with  three  specimens  of  E.  egle  :  The  costa  is  more  convex,  and  the 
width  of  the  primaries,  as  compared  with  their  length,  is  greater  ;  the 
posterior  wings  are  more  ample  ;  the  body  is  much  slenderer,  especially 
in  the  ?  ,  which  also  wants  the  woolly  tuft  so  conspicuous  in  E.  egle. 
These  differences,  which  fully  warrant  Boisduval's  "statura  gracilior," 
would  indicate  its  specific  difference  independently  of  the  marked  dis- 
similarity in  color.  I  am  therefore  forced  to  the  conclusion  that  writers 
who  were  unacquainted  with  this  form,  have  sought,  and  suspected 
that  they  had  found  the  Hyphantria  collaris  of  Dr.  Fitch,  in  albino 
forms  of  E.  egle. 

Its  early  stages  are,  unfortunately,  unknown,  though  Mr.  Strecker 
writes  me  that  the  milkweed  {asclepias)  is  common  where  the  speci- 
mens which  he  sent  were  taken.  The  history  of  this  species  now  be- 
comes an  interesting  question,  and  one  which  will,  I  trust,  engage  the 
attention  of  persons  living  where  collaris  and  its  congener  egle  are 
abundant.  With  our  present  knowledge  of  the  imago  only,  it  requires 
a  very  broad  interpretation  of  the  term  "species'"  to  include  them  un- 
der the  same  specific  name. 

4 -EUCH.ffi:TES   EIEGANS.    N.  S.    (Plate  8,  fig.  6,   ^  ., 

3  . — White.  Head  and  palpi  white,  the  latter  rosy  at  the  base,  and 
the  former  very  narrowly  rosy  behind,  particularly  near  the  eyes.  An- 
tennae white,  pectinations  black.  Prothorax  patagia,  and  thorax  white. 
Abdomen  rosy  above,  dusky  white  beneath,  with  a  faint  dorsal  row  of 
whitish  spots,  centered  with  dusky,  and  a  lateral  row  of  black  spots. 
Legs  whitish,  with  the  coxae  of  the  anterior  pair  pale  rosy. 
Wings  pure  glossy  white,  immaculate. 

?  . — Similar  to  5  ,  except  that  the  colors  of  the  abdomen  are  less 
distinct,  and  the  last  segment  of  the  abdomen  is  tufted  with  dense 
whitish  hairs,  somewhat  as  in  E.  egle  ?  . 


190  ZYGJE.'NlbM    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

Expanse  of  wings,  $  .  ?  1.45  inches  ;  /eng/k  of  body  0.55  inch. 
Habitat. — Owen's  Valley,  California,  (Coll.  Stretch.) 
Described  from  i  5  ?  in  good  preservation.  In  the  form  of  the 
wings  and  general  structure  of  the  body,  this  species  closely  resembles 
E.  egle  and  oregonensis,  but  the  wings  are  narrower  than  in  E.  collaris. 
The  color  of  the  abdomen  separates  it  readily  from  its  allies  found  in 
the  United  States,  though"  there  is  a  very  similar  Mexican  species  with 
a  rosy  head.     Habits  unknown. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA,  191 


BOMBYCID^. 
ARCTIIN^. 
Genus  ANTARCTIA.    Hlibner. 

"  <5  . — Head  very  prominent,  owing  to  the  long  frontal  hairs,  which 
form  a  conical  horizontal  tuft.  Antennae  with  long  even  pectinations. 
Palpi  porrect,  long  and  slender  ;  the  tips  acute,  projecting  beyond  the 
front.  Thorax  very  pilose,  remarkably  stout,  while  the  abdomen  is 
short  conical,  rapidly  tapering  to  the  subacute  tip.  The  scales  of  the 
prothorax  are  hardly  distinguishable  from  those  of  the  rest  of  the 
thorax." 

' '  Primaries  a  little  more  than  one-half  as  broad  as  long,  being  short, 
broad  and  oblong.  Costa  straight,  apex  obtusely  rectangular.  Outer 
margin  straight,  suddenly  bending  around  near  the  inner  angle.  Cos- 
tal nervure  long,  terminating  near  the  ist  and  2nd  subcostals.  Origin 
of  4th  very  remote  from  5th,  arising  near  the  outer  margin.  First 
three  median  nervules  ari.se  much  beyond  the  middle  of  the  wing ; 
the  3rd  being  close  to  the  ist  and  2nd.'"  ^ 

"Secondaries  reach  farther  towards  the  tip  of  the  abdomen  than 
usual.  Costa  long,  and  straight ;  apex  rounded,  a  little  produced  ; 
outer  edge  long,  convex,  not  bent  in  the  middle.  The  three  median 
nervules  arise  very  near  together,  slightly  angulated  at  their  origins." 

"  Legs  somewhat  slender,  long,  pilose.     Body  beneath  very  pilose.', 

"  Coloration  uniform  tawny,  with  no  markings  except  discal  dots  and 
transverse  bands  of  black  dots.'' 

Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  122. 

?  . — Very  different  structurally  from  the  6  ;  antennae  very  minutely 
pectinated,  almost  simple.  Thorax  above  and  below  nearly  smooth, 
abdomen  finely  scaled.  Anterior  wings,  with  costa  more  convex  than 
in   5  ,  and  the  outer  margin  more  oblique,  making  the  tip  more  acute. 

Of  this  genus  Dr.  Packard  says  :  "In  form  this  genus  closely  re- 
sembles Lederer's  genus  Ocnogyna  in  the  much  produced  prominent 
head,  owing  to  the  length  of  the  frontal  hairs  ;  in  the  deeply  pectinated 
large  stout  antennae  ;  the  short  broad  wings  and  very  short  wooly  body 
and  short  abdomen.  The  costa  of  the  primaries  is  remarkably  straight; 
the  outer  edce  straight,  making  the  apex  rectangular,  but  they  differ 


192  zyg^nidjE  and   bombyciC.*: 

from  the  above  mentioned  genus.  The  peculiar  coloration  is  abnor- 
mal in  this  family.  It  was  this,  besides  the  short  woolly  body  and 
short  broadly  pectinated  antennae,  that  most  probably  led  Hiibner  to 
place  it  near  Clisiocampa  in  his  '  Verzeichniss.'  " 

Dr.  Packard  was  apparently  unacquainted  with  the  ?  ,  which  difilers 
so  strikingly  from  the  $>  that  it  might  readily  be  mistaken  for  another 
genus.  In  appearance  it  resembles  Phragmatohia,  the  body  being 
nearly  smooth,  and  the  wings  inclined  to  transparency.  The  5  diifers 
widely  from  Phragmatohia. 

The  only  American  representavies  of  the  genus  are  found  in  Cali" 
fornia,  and  are  remarkable  for  the  extreme  variability  of  their  coloring, 
scarcely  two  specimens,  especially  of  the  males,  being  exactly  alike. 
In  this  respect  the  genus  resembles  its  close  ally  Leptardia,  and  the 
determination  of  the  species  becomes  a  task  of  great  difficulty  and 
uncertainty. 

l.-ANTARCTIA  VAGANS.    (Pi.  8,  fig.  8,  9, 10,  5  11, 12,  ?  .) 

Ardiavagaiis,  Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Fr.     (1852.) 
Nemeophtla  rufula,    Boisduval,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.   de    France,  p.    32. 

(1855-) 
Antardia  punctata,   Packard,   Proc.  Ent.   Soc.  Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  123. 

(i860.) 
Ardiavagans,  Boisd.,  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.,  vol.  12,  p.  28.   (1868-9.) 
Ardiavagans,  Boisd.,     "       "      "       "  "       p.  79-    (1868-9.) 

Ardiarii/ula,'S,o\s±,     "       "       "        "  "        p.  79.    (1868-9.) 

Nemeophtla  rufula,  G.  &  R.  Cat.  Lep.  N.  Am.  Pt.  i.      (1868.) 
Phragmatohia  vagans;  G.  &  R.  Cat.  Lep.  N.  Am.  Pt.  i.     (1868.) 

5  . — Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  above  and  below  very  hairy,  con- 
colorous  with  anterior  wings,  the  abdomen  rather  palest.  Palpi  and 
breast  round  the  head  blackish.  Antennas,  stalk  concolorous  with 
primaries,  pectinations  black.  Legs  concolorous  with  thorax.  Fem- 
ora of  anterior  pair  pinkish  inwardly.     Tibiae  blackish  inside. 

Anterior  wings  pale  drab,  stone  color,  fawn  color,  mouse  color  or 
blackish,  and  all  intermediate  shades,  with  concolorous  fringes,  and 
marked  as  follows  with  dark  blackish  brown.  A  small  dot  on  the  dis- 
cal  vein  and  one  at  the  base  of  2nd  median  nervule.  A  narrow  outer 
band,  interrupted  below  4th  median,  consisting  of  spots  partially 
coalescing,  commencing  a  little  outside  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin, 
running  obliquely  towards  the  apex  ;  at  the   2nd   median  it  curves 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  193 

rapidly  toward  the  costa,  on  approaching  which  it  is  deflected  sharply 
towards  the  base  of  the  wing.  Inside  the  discal  dot  is  a  second  band, 
less  prominent  than  the  first,  consisting  of  cloudy  spots,  originating 
near  the  outer  band  on  the  inner  margin,  going  direct  to  the  median 
vein  between  the  3rd  and  4th  nervules,  where  it  bends  inward  towards 
the  costa.  There  is  likewise  an  indistinct  basal  band  consisting  of  four 
or  five  cloudy  spots,  most  conspicuous  near  the  costa.  It  is  only  in  ex- 
ceptional cases  that  all  these  markings  are  present.  The  basal  band  is 
most  subject  to  obliteration,  then  the  median  band,  and  least  frequently 
the  outer  band,  while  the  discal  dot  is  almost  always  distinct,  but  the 
wings  are  sometimes  immaculate. 

Secondaries  smoky  black,  with  the  fringes  and  a  very  narrow  outer 
margin  concolorous  with  primaries.  Discal  dot  deep  black.  From 
this  type  the  wings  vary  to  a  tint  uniform  with  the  primaries,  the  discal 
dot  being,  however,  almost  always  present.  The  least  persistent  black 
shades  are  the  interspaces  of  the  median  nervules.  The  last  to  disap- 
pear are  the  interspaces  between  the  principal  veins  at  the  base  of  the 
wing  and  an  irregular  submarginal  band.  The  loss  of  color  on  the 
secondaries  appears  to  have  no  connection  with  the  obsolescence  of  the 
spots  on  the  primaries,  as  insects  with  all  the  markings  present  on  the 
primaries  sometimes  have  pale  secondaries,  and  vice  versa. 

Beneath,  the  primaries  are  concolorous  with  upper  surface,  the  two 
discal  dots  blending  into  one  larger  and  more  conspicuous  spot,  with 
traces  on  the  costa  of  the  two  principal  bands.  Secondaries  either 
black  as  described  in  the  type  or  concolorous  with  primaries  above, 
and  the  discal  spot  conspicuous.  There  does  not  appear  to  be  the 
same  gradual  obsolescence  of  the  black  beneath  as  above,  the  second- 
aries being  either  all  black  or  all  pale,  though  no  rule  seems  to  gov- 
ern the  color,  as  specimens  black  above  are  sometimes  pale  and  some- 
times black  beneath,  but  specimens  pale  above  are  never  black  beneath. 

$  . — Smaller  than  $  ,  more  finely  scaled,  thorax  smooth,  abdomen 
very  finely  scaled.  Head,  thorax,  abdomen,  palpi  and  legs  concolorous 
with  primaries,  the  thorax  beneath  being  usually  a  shade  paler  than 
above. 

Primaries  varying  from  a  clear  brick  red  to  reddish  brown,  never 
pale  stone  color,  usually  darkest  along  the  costa.  The  discal  dot  is 
usually  present,  or  indicated  by  a  darker  shade,  and  there  are  some- 
times, but  not  often,  traces  of  the  outer  band. 

Secondaries  smoky  black,  with  fringes  and  narrow  outer  margin  con- 
colorous with  primaries  ;  never  pale. 


194  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

Beneath,  concolorous  with  primaries,  secondaries  never  black  ;  the 
discal  dot  is  present  on  all  the  wings,  and  there  are  occasionally  traces 
on  the  secondaries  of  a  black  marginal  band. 

The  ?  varies  chiefly  in  the  tint  of  the  ground  color,  and  not  in  the 
ornamentation,  which  is  more  constant  than  in  S  . 

Expanse  of  tvings,  $  3  1.30  to  1.50  inches;  lettgih  0/ body,  o. do 
to  0.65  inch. 

Habitat. — California  generally. 

■  Larva. —  $, .  Length  about  1.25  inches.  Head  reddish  brov^^n  ; 
front  black  ;  suture  between  the  lobes  pale  ;  oral  appendages  reddish 
brown.  Legs  reddish  brown,  abdominal  legs  flesh  colored,  dusky  at 
the  base  and  hairy  outwardly.  Body  deep  velvety  black  above,  paler 
beneath,  with  very  faint  traces  of  a  yellow  lateral  stripe.  Stigmata 
white,  very  small.  Body  covered  with  tubercles,  those  on  the  dorsum 
black,  those  on  the  sides  whitish  centrally.  The  black  dorsal  tubercles 
carry  tufts  of  uneven,  stiff,  radiating,  deep  glossy  black  hairs,  mixed 
with  rusty  hairs  on  segments  i,  2  and  3.  The  lateral  tubercles  carry 
similar  hairs  of  a  pale  dirty  color  somewhat  inclined  to  rusty,  but  not 
showing  the  decided  red  tinge  of  those  on  the  back.  The  termijial 
segments  have  the  hairs  somewhat  longer,  and  on  segments  i  and  3 
there  are  a  few  very  long  pale  scattered  silky  hairs. 

?  . — Differs  from  the  5  in  having  the  sides  of  the  body  more  de- 
cidedly speckled  with  yellow,  the  lateral  tubercles  more  distinctly  pale, 
and  all  the  black  tufts  of  hairs  on  the  back  are  mixed  with  hairs  con- 
colorous with  those  on  the  sides,  giving  the  larva  a  paler  and  dirtier 
appearance. 

This  larva  bears  a  strong  resemblance  to  the  young  larva  of  L.  acraa. 
It  feeds  on  the  various  species  of  Lupin  (so  abundant  in  California) 
and  thisdes  indiscriminately  ;  is  full  fed  about  the  middle  of  August, 
when  it  spins  a  thin  cocoon  among  the  dead  leaves  on  the  ground, 
working  up  into  the  cocoon  the  grains  of  sand  or  fragments  of  leaves 
adjacent  to  it.  The  insect  is  single  brooded,  appearing  on  the  wing  in 
April  and  May,  and  comes  freely  to  light. 

I  do  not  remember  to  have  seen  any  notice  of  a  discrepancy  in  the 
larval  coloration  of  the  two  sexes,  but  it  is  quite  marked  in  the  species 
under  consideration.  From  whatever  cause,  the  variation  in  the  colors 
of  many  Californian  insects  is  very  remarkable,  and  fully  as  great  in 
Antarctia  as  in  Leptardia.  While  discussing  this  question  my  friend 
H.  Edwards  suggested  the  propriety  of  separating  these  two  varieties  of 
the  larva,  to  see  if  the  result  would  throw  any  light  on  Boisduval's  two 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  195 

species,  vagans  and  rufula,  which  we  had  been  unable  to  satisfactorily 
identify.  The  experiment  was  tried,  with  the  unexpected  result  that 
one  box  produced  all  males  conforming  to  Packard's  genus  Antardia, 
and  the  other  box  all  females  much  more  strikingly  like  Phrdgmalobia, 
but  which  former  experience  told  us  were  only  the  two  sexes  of  the 
same  species. 

After  raising  a  long  suite  of  these  insects  from  the  larva,  I  am  forced 
to  the  conclusion  that  Boisduval's  vagans  and  rufula  and  Packard's 
punctata  are  all  the  same  insect  in  some  of  its  different  varieties,  though 
Boisduval  says  o{  vagans,  "size  of  very  small  specimens  o{  fuliginosa  '' 
Boisduval  relies  upon  a  blackish  line  outside  the  central  dot,  to  separate 
rufula  from  vagans  and  says  of  vagans  ' '  always  pale  beneath, "  but  I 
have  raised  from  the  same  lot  of  larvae,  collected  on  the  same  bush, 
specimens  in  which  the  blackish  line  is  present  and  others  in  which  it 
is  wanting,  and  have  before  me,  while  writing,  upwards  of  sixty  speci- 
mens with  every  conceivable  intergradation.  I  am,  however,  strongly  of 
the  opinion  that  there  is  yet  an  unseparated  species,  in  which  the  hind 
wings  are  «^z;er  </«jy^  and  which  may  possibly  be  the  A.  punctata  q{ 
Packard  as  described  in  the  first  paragraph,  though  the  specimens  al- 
luded to  as  received  from  Mr.  Edwards,  and  having  dusky  secondaries, 
are  undoubtedly  .4.  vagans  Boisduval.  In  a  genus  so  liable  to  variation 
it  is  not  safe  to  erect  a  new  species  on  two  or  three  specimens,  especially 
where  they  offer  many  characters  common  to  one  already  described, 
but  my  friend,  H.  Edwards,  possesses  several  specimens  from  the  high 
Sierras,  which  I  suspect  are  specifically  distinct.  They  are  smaller  in 
size,  the  secondaries  are  concolorous  with  primaries,  and  the  markings 
more  constant ;  but  while  the  general  appearance  is  different,  it  is  very 
difficult  to  define  in  intelligible  words,  what  strikes  the  eye  at  once  in 
looking  at  them. 


196  ZYGiENlDjE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 


B0MBYCID5;. 
COCHLIDIINJ;. 
Genus  LITHACODES.    Packard. 

"  Body  slenderer  than  usual.  Head  large,  vertex  nearly  continuous 
with  the  thorax.  Front  long  quadrate.  Antennae  long  simple,  fili* 
form.  Palpi  very  long,  curved  upwards  in  front  of  the  clypeus, 
reaching  above  the  vertex,  the  third  joint  long,  acute.  Fore  wings  long 
and  narrow,  more  regularly  oblong  than  in  any  of  the  other  genera  ; 
costa  hardly  convex,  outer  margin  nearly  straight,  suddenly  rounded 
at  the  internal  angle  ;  inner  edge  very  full  at  the  base,  ist  and  2nd 
subcostals  short ;  upper  branch  of  the  3rd  subcostal  long,  so  that  the 
apical  interspace  is  much  longer  and  narrower  than  in  Liviacodes^ 
Apex  of  the  secondaries  rounded,  outer  margin  full  and  rounded. 
Spines  of  the  hind  tibiae  large  and  stout.  Genital  armor  much  longer 
than  in  Lmacodes.  This  genus  reminds  us  strongly  of  Hubner's  genus 
Lithacodia!' 

Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil,  vol.  3,  p.  345.     (1864.) 

The  species  of  this  genus  are  small  brown  moths,  and  have  a  wide 
geographical  range  in  America.  The  two  species  found  in  the  United 
States  may  be  separated  thus  : 

Anterior  wings  with  (?«^  transverse  fascia,       -         -         L.fasciola. 

Anterior  wings  with  two  transverse  fasciae,   -         -         Z.  redilinea. 

LITHACODES  RECTILINEA.    d*!-  «.  Sg- 13,  ?  .) 

Lmacodes  {liihacodes)  rectilinea,  G.  &  R.,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  vol. 
2,  p.  188,  pi.  2,  fig.  61    6*.     (1868.) 

^  ,  $  . — "  Ocherous.  Basal  half  of  the  primaries  evenly  and  en- 
tirely ocherous  brown.  A  median,  nearly  straight  and  even  trans- 
verse dark  wood-brown  line,  edged  within  by  a  whitish  shade.  This 
is  the  prominent  inner  margin  of  the  usual  inverse  Y-shaped  mark. 
A  corresponding  line  runs  from  the  costa  before  the  apex  outwardly, 
joining  the  external  margin  a  little  below  the  middle.     The  ocherous 

*G.  Si  R.'s  figure  is  incorrectly  quoted  on  p.  188,  (loc.  cit.)  as  fig.  62. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  191 

ground  color  of  the  wings  appears  beyond  this  line  over  the  apex,  and 
forms  an  inconspicuous  spot  at  the  internal  angle.  The  space  included 
between  the  lines  is  paler  than  the  rest  of  the  wing,  appearing  as  if 
washed  with  whitish,  which  latter  shade  seems  to  be  spread  outwardly 
from  the  median  line.  Secondaries  very  dark  wood  brown,  immacu- 
late. Fringes  ocherous.  Beneath  ocherous  brown,  a  little  clearer 
colored  along  the  costa.  Head,  thorax  and  appendages  ocherous 
brown  ;  abdomen  a  little  darker. 

Var.  a. — A  specimen  has  the  lines  of  the  primaries  above  obsolete  ; 
the  white  shading  is  prominently  expressed  and  leaves  as  usual  the 
apex  and  a  Smaller  space  at  the  internal  angle  free. "     (G.  &  R.  loc.  cit.) 

Expanse  of  wings,  o.  90  inch  ;  leiigth  of  body,  o.  3  5  inch. 

Habitat. — South  Carolina  (Zimmerman,  coll.  Mus.  Berol. )  Texas 
(Belfrage,  coll.  Stretch,  Edwards. ) 

The  specimens  above  referred  to  from  Texas,  agree  with  the  descrip- 
tion quoted,  except  in  the  pale  color  of  the  secondaries,  which  can 
scarcely  be  called  dark,  being  somewhat  paler  than  the  basal  half  of 
the  primaries,  and  the  nearly  complete  obsolescence  of  the  spot  at  the 
anal  angle  of  the  anterior  wings.  These  differences  are  not  sufficient 
to  warrant  their  separation  specifically. 

"Longer  than  'L. /asciola,  H.-S. ,  and  at  once  distinguishable  by 
the  paler  color  and  straighter  median  line  of  the  fore  wings  above. 
The  palpi  are  prominent,  as  in  L.  /asciola,  and  the  wings  similarly 
shaped.  L.  rectilinea  appears  to  us  intermediate  between  L.  biguttata, 
Packard,  ox  x^iihex  L.y-inversa,  Packard,  and  L.  f asciola,  and  to  evi- 
dence the  position  of  the  latter  as  belonging  to  this  genus. "  G.  &  R. 
loc.  cit. 

The  specimens  received  from  Mr.  Belfrage  were  taken  in  May,  and 
according  to  that  gentleman  the  insect  is  frequently  attracted  by  lights, 
in  company  with  the  other  small  Cochlidiince  found  in  the  same  neigh- 
bourhood. 

2.-LITHAC0DES  FASCIOLA.    (PL  8.  fig.  u,   $  .) 

Limacodes /asciola,  H.-S.,  Lep.  Exot.  sp.  Ser.  I.,  fig.  186.  (1854.) 
Lima  codes  /asciola.  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  V.,  p.  1148.  (1855.) 
Limacodes  laticlavia,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,   p.  157. 

(i860.) 
Limacodes  {P) /asciola,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  127.     (1862.) 
Limacodes  laticlavia,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  p.  128.     (1862.) 


198  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

Lithacodes  fasciola,  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.   Phil.,  vol.  3,  p.  346, 

(1864.) 
Lithacodes  fasciola,    Packard,   Guide.   Stu.   Ins.,    p.    290,   fig.   221. 

$,  .  $  . — "  Head,  thorax  and  abdomen  reddish  ocherous.  Anterior 
wings  dark  ocherous  yellow  to  reddish  brown,  with  an  oblique  silvery 
band,  inclined  towards  the  base  of  the  wings,  fi-om  the  costa  to  the 
middle  of  the  inner  margin,  and  toothed  toward  the  base  on  the  sub- 
median  nervure  or  fold.  A  rather  faint  reddish-brown  line  extends 
from  the  costal  origin  of  the  silvery  band  to  the  hind  margin  beneath 
the  middle.     Hind  wings  pale  ocherous  yellow." 

"  Var.  (?).  Imago  brownish  luteous,  sometimes  inclining  to  yel- 
lowish. Fore  wings  with  an  oblique  silvery  band  from  the  costa  to 
the  middle  of  the  inner  margin,  toothed  on  the  submedian  fold,  and 
shaded  behind  iviih  blackish  broivn,  with  a  blackish  brown  line  from  the 
costal  origin  of  the  silvery  band  to  the  hind  margin  beneath  the  middle. 
Hind  wings  dark  broivn,  yellowish  at  the  base."     Clemens,  (loc.  cit.) 

Expanse  of  wings,  0.60 — 0.70  inch  ;  length  of  body,  0.30  inch. 

Habitat. — New  York  (Grote).  Boston  (Sanborn).  Illinois,  (Ken- 
nicott,  Clemens).     Texas  (Belfrage). 

Larva. — "  Outline  elliptical,  somewhat  pointed  behind;  body  flat- 
tened, with  the  sides  curving  from  a  central  ridge,  flattened  above. 
The  ridge  has  a  vertical  elevation  at  its  sides,  growing  less  and  less 
before  and  behind,  and  terminates  in  front  in  a  rounded  margin,  and 
behind  in  an  obtuse  short  spine.  The  body  is  smooth,  with  no  dis- 
tinct defined  papulae,  but  the  edges  of  the  ridge  and  the  oudine  of  the 
body  are  thrown  into  folds,  subcrenated.  The  body  is  thickest  in  the 
middle,  whence  it  curves  anteriorly  and  posteriorly.  General  color  of 
the  body  is  pale  green  and  dotted  with  numerous  yellow  points.  Cen- 
tral ridge  is  bordered  in  front  with  yellow. " 

"  The  larva  feeds  on  the  underside  of  the  leaf  of  maple  in  Septem- 
ber, and  the  i7nag9  appears  in  the  spring.  There  is  doubtless  a  spring 
brood  of  larvse."     Clemens,  (loc.  cit.) 

The  above  description  of  the  larva  is  given  by  the  writer  as  belong- 
\\-\<y  to  the  type  of  his  L.  laticlavia,  it  being  evident  that  he  was  unac- 
quainted with  the  larva  of  the  variety  with  blackish  bands  on  the  prima- 
ries of  the  imago.  The  specimen  here  figured  was  received  from  Mr. 
Belfrage,  of  Texas,  along  with  others,  all  of  which  show  the  blackish 
band  on  the  primaries  more  or  less  distinctly,  and  in  this  respect  cor- 
respond more  closely  with  the  "var.''  of  Dr.  Clemens,  than  with  his 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  199 

type  ;  but  the  secondaries  are  uniform  pale  as  in  the  type,  instead 
of  dark  brown  as  in  the  "var."  These  differences  do  not  seem 
sufficient  to  warrant  the  specific  separation  of  these  two  forms, 
especially  as  Mr.  Grote  states  that  in  L.  redilinea,  the  black  shading  to 
the  white  band  is  sometimes  absent,  while  in  both  species  it  is  the  white 
transverse  bands  which  afford  the  most  striking  and  constant  specific 
characters,  and  these  appear  liable  to  but  little  variation. 

Mr.  Belfrage  states  that  the  insect  is  found  in  Texas,  from  May  to 
September,  and  is  frequently  taken  at  lights  in  company  with  L.  recti- 
linea,  and  other  species  apparently  referable  to  Adoneta. 


200  ZYGiENIDA    AND    BOMBYCIDA 


B0MBYCID5:. 
COCHLIDIIN^. 
Genus  LIMACODES.    Latrellle. 

Head  moderate,  sunk  in  thorax,  not  prominent  from  above,  being 
somewhat  concealed  by  the  thorax,  thus  differing  from  Liihacodes  which 
has  the  head  prominent.  Thorax  hairy,  with  its  component  parts  badly 
defined  ;  in  Lithacodes  the  thorax  is  smooth  and  patagia  distinct.  An- 
tennae long,  slender,  minutely  serrate,  basal  joint  smaller  than  in  Litha- 
codes.    Palpi  stouter  than  in  Lithacodes,  porrect,  extending  beyond  front. 

Body  moderately  stout,  stouter  than  in  Lithacodes,  extending  to  or 
beyond  the  hind  wings. 

Anterior  wings  moderately  long.  Costa  straight,  apex  distinct,  prom- 
inent ;  outer  margin  slightly  convex  ;  inner  angle  rounded.  Inner 
margin  very  full  and  square  at  base,  making  it  nearly  parallel  with 
costa.  The  wings  are  more  triangular  than  in  Lithacodes,  owing  to  the 
more  unequal  length  of  the  sides.  Secondaries  equal  in  width  to  pri- 
maries, outer  margin  rounded,  tolerably  full,  apex  subacute,  less 
rounded  than  in  Lithacodes.  Upper  branch  of  3rd  subcostal  in  prima- 
ries short,  making  the  apical  space  much  shorter  than  in  Lithacodes. 

Larva  onisciform. 

l.-LIMACODES  SCAPHA.    (K-  8,  fig.  15,   $,  .) 

Limacodes  scapha,  Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.     (1833.) 
Limacodes  scapha,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg. ,  p.  303.      (1841.) 
Limacodes  imdif era,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  V.,  p.  1149.      (1855.) 
Limacodes  scapha,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  3rd.  ed.  p.  420.     (1862.) 
Limacodes  scapha,  ^■x\sh,  Proc.   Bost.   Soc.  Nat.  Hist.    IX.,  p.  298. 

(1864.) 
Limacodes  scapha,  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  Ill,  p.  34 1 .     ( 1 864. ) 
Limacodes  scapha,   Harris,   Ent.   Corr.  p.  300,   pi.    3,  fig.  8  larva. 

(1869.) 
Limacodes  scapha,  Packard,  Guide.  Stu.  Ins.,  p.  290.,  fig.  2 1 9.   ( 1 869.) 

5  .  ?  . — "Light  cinnamon  brown.  Palpi,  prothorax,  femora  and 
tibiae  and  secondaries  a  little  darker.     On  the  primaries  the  costo- 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  201 

median  region  is  filled  in  with  a  dark  tan  colored  triangular  spot,  its 
apex  sometimes  rounded,  terminating  a  little  beyond  the  submedian 
nervure.  It  is  continued  along  the  costa  to  the  base  of  the  wing  (near 
which  it  is  deeply  excavate),  and  terminates  sharply  upon  the  apex. 
Externally  it  is  lined  with  silver.  A  discoidal  dark  discoloration. 
Beneath  concolorous  with  the  upper  side  of  the  secondaries,  a  little 
darker  at  the  apex  (with  the  dark  patch  of  the  primaries  faintly  repro- 
duced). The  body  is  stouter  than  in  the  other  species,  while  the  head 
is  hardly  so  prominent.  The  costa  of  the  primaries,  which  is  straight, 
becomes  a  little  convex  towards  the  apex,  hence  the  apical  interspace 
is  a  little  broader  and  shorter  than  usual.  The  internal  angle  is  not 
so  well  marked  as  in  the  other  species."     Packard,  (loc.  cit.) 

Expaiise  of  wings  ^  i.io  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.50  inch. 

Hahiiat. — Massachusetts  (Harris). 

Larva. — The  following  description  is  from  the  writings  of  Dr.  Har- 
ris, (Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  p.  303).  "The  most  common  of  these  slug-cater- 
pillars, in  Massachusetts,  live  on  Walnut  trees.  They  come  to  their 
full  size  in  September  and  October,  and  then  measure  five-eighths  of 
an  inch  in  length,  and  rather  more  than  three-eighths  across  the 
middle.  The  body  is  thick,  and  its  outline  nearly  diamond-shaped  ; 
the  back  is  a  little  hollowed,  and  the  middle  of  each  side  rises  to  an 
obtuse  angle  ;  it  is  of  a  green  color,  with  the  elevated  edges  brown. 
The  boat-like  form  of  this  caterpillar  induced  me  to  name  it  Limacodes 
scapha."  Dr.  Harris  was  not  acquainted  with  the  imago  at  the  time 
the  above  description  was  written,  as  the  larvae  died  before  reaching 
maturity  ;  but  Dr.  Packard  states  that  Mr.  Shurtleff  reared  the  imago 
from  a  larva  found  under  a  maple  tree.  It  corresponded  with  Dr. 
Harris's  description,  and  "constructed  a  dense  obtusely  cylindrical 
ovate  cocoon  on  the  surface  of  the  ground,  Oct.  17.  It  was  sur- 
rounded by  an  outer  thin  envelope,  covered  with  grains  of  sand.  The 
moth  appeared  June  15." 


2.-LmAC0DES  BIGTJTTATA.    (PI.  8„  fig.  16.) 

Limacodes  biguttata,    Packard,   Proc.  Ent.   Soc.    Phil.  HI.,  p.  341. 

(1864.) 
5 .    $  . — Head,  thorax,   abdomen  and  their  appendages  soft  buflT- 
brown  ;  thorax  rather  darker  than  the  abdomen. 
Primaries  soft  brown,  crossed  by  a  transverse,  oblique,  paler,  whitish 


202  zyg^nidj:  and  bombycid^ 

straight  line,  from  rather  within  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin,  to 
a  point  on  the  costa  two-fifths  from  the  apex.  A  similar  straight  whitish 
line  originates  on  the  costa  near  the  apex  and  runs  to  about  the  middle 
of  the  outer  margin.  The  apical  space  outside  this  latter  line  is  red- 
dish-brown. There  is  a  similarly  colored  semicircular  spot  at  the  anal 
angle,  margined  inwardly  with  whitish.  Fringes  rather  paler  than  the 
base  of  the  wing. 

Secondaries  dark   brown,   somewhat   darker  than   the   primaries. 
Fringes  paler. 

Beneath  concolorous  with  secondaries  above,  immaculate. 

Expanse  of  wings,  i.oo  inch  ;  length  of  body,  0.45  inch. 

Habitat. — New  York  (Edwards).     Pennsylvania  (Harris). 

For  my  specimen  of  this  species  I  am  indebted  to  my  friend,  W.  H. 
Edwards,  Esq.  It  was  accompanied  by  the  cocoon  from  which  it 
emerged,  but  I  have  not  been  able  to  find  any  description  of  the 
larva.  The  cocoon  is  brown,  tough  and  smooth,  broadly  oval,  almost 
spherical,  with  the  sides  somewhat  flattened,  and  the  whole  enveloped 
in  a  thin  flossy  web.  The  imago  escaped  through  a  circular  hinge- 
like lid  or  cap. 

This  species  is  much  more  thickly  scaled  than  Z.  scapha,  and  has 
a  softer,  more  velvety,  appearance. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  203 


2.-LEUCARCTIA   ALBIDA.    N.  S.    (PI.  8,  fig.  22,   6  .)* 

$  . — White.  Head  and  thorax  white.  Sides  of  the  front,  next  the 
eyes  black.  Palpi  black,  a  little  whitish  below.  Thorax  beneath 
white.  Antennae  black.  Abdomen  clear  yellow  ochre  above,  except 
the  apical  segment  and  the  basal  hairs  which  are  white.  Beneath 
white.  Each  segment  above  has  a  transverse  black  spot.  There  is  a 
lateral  row  of  small  black  dots,  and  a  faint  indication  of  a  sublateral 
row  of  the  same  color.  Legs  white  above.  Coxae  of  anterior  pair 
black,  fringed  with  yellow  hairs.  Inside  of  femora  yellow  ;  those  of 
the  middle  pair  only  partially  so,  those  of  the  posterior  pair  only  at  the 
apex  of  the  joints  ;  tips  all  touched  with  black.  Tibiae  of  anterior  and 
middle  pairs  streaked  with  dusky  inwardly  ;  posterior  pair  w^hite. 
Tarsi  dusky  beneath. 

Wings  pure  white,  both  above  and  beneath  ;  the  anterior  pair  im- 
maculate ;  secondaries  showing  faint  traces  of  a  discal  spot,  and  two 
submarginal  spots. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.20  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.80  inch. 

Habitat. — Owen's  Valley,  California,  (Coll.  Stretch),    ?   unknown. 

I  am  indebted  for  this  specimen  to  Lieut.  Wheeler,  of  the  U.  S. 
Exploring  Expedition.  The  specimen  is  in  poor  preservation,  but 
may  be  readily  distinguished  from  L.  acrcca,  not  merely  by  its  smaller 
size  and  the  absence  of  markings,  which  alone,  in  such  genera  as 
this,  would  scarcely  warrrant  its  separation  under  a  specific  name,  but 
by  the  color  of  the  posterior  wings,  which  are  totally  different  from 
the  well  known  L.  acrcea.  It  may  not  be  uninteresting  to  add  that  I 
have  in  my  collection  a  $,  exactly  corresponding  to  the  foregoing 
description,  which  I  received  from  Costa  Rica,  through  Dr.  Von  Patten. 
This  gentleman's  collection  was  made  on  the  table  lands  of  the  interior. 
I  have  also,  from  the  same  locality,  a  large  notodofitid  (.?),  likewise 
identical  with  a  specimen  received  from  Arizona  !  When  it  is  remem- 
bered that  I  am  as  yet  acquainted  with  only  sis  species  of  Bombycitia  from 
the  district  of  Arizona  and  its  vicinity,  it  is  somewhat  remarkable  that 
two  of  these  should  be  represented  in  a  locality  so  widely  removed  as 
Costa  Rica,  and  we  may  naturally  look  for  many  striking  additions  to 
our  list  of  insects  as  we  become  more  familiar  with  this  as  yet  almost 
unknown  country. 

*  See  page  98  ante. 


204  ZYGiENID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

BOMBYCID^. 

ARCTIIN5;. 

Genus  HYPHANTRIA.    Harris. 

"The  structure  of  the  fore  and  hind  wings  like  those  in  the  genus 
Spilosoma. 

"  Head  moderate,  somewhat  sunken  and  woolly ;  with  ocelli.  Face 
tapering  and  vertical.  Eyes  moderately  large.  Antennse  shortly  pec- 
tinated in  the  3  ,  serrated  in  the  ?  .  Labial  palpi  rather  hairy  beneath, 
scarcely  extending  beyond  the  clypeus  ;  second  joint  very  short,  and 
terminal  joint  nearly  rudimental.  Tongue  nearly  as  long  as  the  anterior 
coxae,  filamentous. 

"Structure  of  fore  and  hind  wings  as  in  the  genus  Spilosoma. 

"  Body  rather  stout.  Thorax  woolly.  Patagia  not  erected,  rather 
broad  and  flattened.  Breast  woolly  ;  abdomen  rather  smooth.  Legs 
with  the  femora  woolly  ;  tibial  spur  of  the  fore  legs  long  and  curved, 
hind  tibiffi  with  a  pair  of  small  apical  spurs. " 

"Mr.  Walker  does  not  recognize  this  genus,  but  refers  the  species 
Dr.  Harris  placed  in  it  to  Euprodis  Hiibner.  The  structure  of  E. 
aurijlua  does  not,  however,  authorize  this  step.  In  it  the  antennae  are 
deeply  pectinated  in  5  ;  the  palpi  are  differently  formed,  the  tongue 
more  rudimentary  ;  the  costal  and  subcostal  veins  in  the  hind  wings 
distinct  to  the  base,  although  connected  in  the  middle  of  the  cell  by 
an  intercostal  branch  ;  and  in  the  fore  wings  the  second  subcosto  mar- 
ginal nervule  arises  between  the  post  apical  and  apical  nervulet.  The 
head  is  without  ocelli,  and  the  structure  of  the  legs  in  aurijlua  differs 
from  that  in  Textor.  A  consideration  of  these  differences,  and  the 
structural  agreement  of  textor  with  other  genera  of  the  hm\\y  Arctiince, 
the  habits  and  structure  of  the  larva,  can  leave  no  doubt,  I  think,  res- 
pecting the  true  position  and  naturalness  of  the  genus.'" 

Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.,  p.  530.     (i860.) 

Three  species  of  this  genus  are  found  in  the  United  States  ;  two  of 
them  {H.  textor,  H.  cuneaj)2.xt  well  known,  while  it  is  doubtful  whether 
the  third  {H.  punctata,  Fitch,)  is  specifically  distinct  from  H.  cunea. 
They  may  be  distinguished  thus  : 

Wings  white  -         -         -         .  -         -         -       H.  textor. 

Wings  spotted 

With  many  spots H.  cunea. 

With  single  band  of  small  spots        -        -         -         H. punctata. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  205 


1— HYPHANTRIA  CUNEA.     (PI.  8,  figs.  18, 19,  20,   ^  .) 

Bombyx  cunea,  Drury,  111.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  p.  '^6,  pi.  i8,  fig.  4.     (1770.) 
PhalcEua  punctatissima,    Smith,  N.  H.  Lep.  Ins.    Georgia,  p.    139, 

Tab.  77.     (1797-) 
Cycma  cunea,  Hiibner,  Verz.  p.  184.     (1816.) 

Cycma  cunea,  Hiibner,   Zutr.   Dritt.  Hand.,  p.  8,  fig.  405.     (1825.) 
Spilosoma  cunea,  Westwood,  Ed.  Drury,  p.  34.      (1837.) 
Hyphantria  punctatissima,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.,  p.  255.     (1841.) 
Spilosoma  cunea,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.,  p.  669.     (1855.) 
Hyphantria  cunea,  Fitch,  3rd  Rep.  Ins.  N.  York,  p  384.     (1856.) 
Hypantria  cunea,   Clemens,  Proc.   Acad.  Nat.    Sci.    Phil.   p.    531. 

(i860.) 
Hypantria  cunea,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  app.  p.  343.      (1862.) 
Hyphantria  punctatissima,   Harris,    Ins.   Inj.  Veg.,  3rd  ed.,  p.  358. 

(1862.) 
Hyphantria  cunea,  Saunders,  Can.  Ent,  vol.  3,  p.  36,  larva.    (1871.) 

3  . — White,  with  many  black  spots.  Head,  thorax  and  abdomen 
white,  the  latter  with  a  faint  dorsal  series  of  black  dots.  Palpi  black 
at  tips  above.  Antennae  white,  pectinations  of  $,  blackish  beneath. 
Legs  white  ;  fore  coxse  and  femora  luteous  ;  tibiae  and  tarsi  blackish 
outwardly. 

Anterior  wings  white,  with  transvere  angulated  bands  of  blackish 
spots,  arranged  as  follows  :  A  sub-basal  band,  angulated  outwardly  on 
the  median  vein,  inside  which  at  the  base  are  several  small  spots. 
Band  two  runs  through  the  origin  of  the  4th  median  nervule  ;  from 
the  inner  margin  to  the  median  vein  it  is  parallel  with  the  outer  mar- 
gin, thence  it  is  sharply  angulated  to  the  costa.  Band  three  is  near 
band  two,  being  parallel  with  it  until  it  reaches  the  median  vein, 
where  it  is  bent  less  strongly  toward  the  costa  than  band  two,  and  there- 
fore diverges  from  it,  passing  over  the  discal  vein.  Band  four  is  par- 
allel to  band  three,  and  is  made  up  of  small  spots  not  well  defined  ; 
then  follows  a  subterminal  series  of  linear  dots  arranged  in  pairs  on 
each  side  of  the  nervules,  and  finally  a  marginal,  interspaceal  series 
of  black  dots.  These  spots  vary  greatly,  many  of  them  being  frequently 
obsolete,  giving  the  insect  quite  a  difterent  appearance.     The  bands 


206  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

most  generally  present,  and  which  may  be  considered  typical  of  the 
species,  are  the  ist,  3rd  and  5th. 

Secondaries  white,  sometimes  with  a  faint  discal  dot,  a  series  of 
small  marginal  dots  near  the  apex,  and  two  faint  submarginal  dots 
near  the  apex  and  anal  angle  respectively.  Any  or  all  of  these  spots 
may  be  wanting. 

Beneath  as  above,  except  that  the  markings  are  usually  somewhat 
paler. 

$. — White,  immaculate. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.30  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.^55  inch. 

Habitat. — Massachusetts,  (Harris).  New  York,  (Edwards).  Can- 
ada, (Saunders). 

Larva. —  "Length  1.75  inches;  cylindrical,  head  small,  bilobed, 
black  and  shining,  with  a  faint  brownish  streak  between  the  lobes, 
scarcely  visible  above,  and  a  few  short  brownish  hairs, 

"  Body  black,  with  a  slight  shade  of  brown,  and  sprinkled  all  over 
with  very  minute  whitish  dots,  scarcely  visible  without  a  magnifier. 
On  each  segment  a  transverse  row  of  shining  black  tubercles,  each 
emitting  a  tuft  of  hairs  of  the  same  color.  On  each  side,  from  sixth 
to  twelfth  segments  inclusive,  is  a  double  row  of  orange-colored  spots 
— those  composing  the  lower  row  more  conspicuous  than  those  in  the 
upper  one.  There  is  also  a  faint  continuation  of  these  spots  on  seg- 
ments anterior  to  the  sixth,  but  they  are  scarcely  visible  to  the  un- 
aided eye. 

"  The  under  surface  is  paler,  of  a  blackish  brown  color  ;  feet  black 
and  shining ;  prolegs  brownish,  with  a  wide  ring  of  shining  black. " 

Saunders  (loc.  cit. ) 

This  species  is  very  similar  to  H.  textor  in  its  habits.  It  is  very 
abundant  in  New  York  and  extends  into  the  Southern  States. 


HYPHANTRIA  TEXTOR.    (Pi-  8,  fig.  21,    ^  •) 

Ardia  textor,   Harris,  Cat.  Ins.  Mass.  (Hitchcock's  Rt.    p.    591.) 

(1833-) 
Hyphantria  textor,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.,  p.  255.     (1841.) 
Euprodis  textor,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M. 
Hyphantria  textor.  Fitch,  3rd  Rep.  Ins.  New  York,  p.  382.  (1856.) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  207 

Hypantria  lextor,  Clemens,   Proc.  Acad.   Nat.  Sci.   Phil.,   p.  530. 

(i860.) 
Hypantria  textor ,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  344.     (1862.) 
Hyphantria  textor,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.  3rd  ed,,  p.  358.     (1862,) 
Spilosoma  Candida,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  XXXI.,  p.  291.     (1864.) 
Hyphantria  textor,  Riley,  3rd  Rep.   Ins.  Missouri,  p.  130,  fig.  55  a 

larva,  b  pupa,  c  imago.      (1871.) 
Hyphantria  textor ,  Saunders,  Can.  Ent.,  vol.  3,  p.  69.      (1871.) 

3  .  ?  . — Wings  pure  vi^hite,  immaculate.  Head,  thorax  and  abdo- 
men white.  Antennas  white,  pectinations  of  the  3  blackish  beneath. 
Palpi  at  the  tips  blackish  above.  Legs  white ;  fore  coxse  and  femora 
luteous  ;  tibiae  and  tarsi  of  the  anterior  and  middle  pairs  blackish  in 
front ;  tarsi  of  hind  pair  touched  with  black. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.30  inches  ;  letigih  of  body,  0.55  inch. 

Habitat. — Massachusetts,  (Harris).  Maine,  (Packard).  Missouri, 
(Riley).     Canada,  (Saunders). 

Larva. — (Riley  loc.  cit.)  "Ground  color  greenish-yellow.  Dor- 
sum velvety  black,  with  a  narrow  median  pale  line  on  thoracic  joints. 
Sides  speckled  with  black,  except  along  subdorsal  and  stigmatal  lines, 
where  longitudinal  yellow  patches  are  left  clear.  Venter  dusky  or 
smoky-brown.  Head  shiny  black,  with  labrum  and  antennae  white. 
Thoracic  legs  black  ;  prolegs  long  and  narrow,  smoky  black  with  faint 
orange  extremities.  Covered  with  long  straight  hairs,  longest  on  joints 
2,  3,  II  and  12.  These  hairs  are  either  dirty  white  with  a  few  black 
ones  interspersed,  or  of  a  more  uniform  reddish-brown.  They  spring 
in  bundles  from  around  large  warts  situated  as  follows  on  each  joint : 
4  which  are  black  and  dorsal,  arranged  in  a  trapezoid,  the  anterior 
pair  being  the  smaller  ;  and  4  which  are  orange  on  each  side,  and 
arranged  in  a  transverse  row  in  the  middle  of  the  joint.  Stigmata  light 
yellow.     Average  length  1. 10  inches." 

"  Varies  considerably,  in  some  the  black  predominating,  in  others 
the  yellow.  Those  found  on  hickories  are  usually  the  darkest.  When 
newly  hatched  it  is  pale  yellow,  with  two  longitudinal  rows  of  black 
marks  and  a  black  head. " 

This  insect  is  only  too  well  known  as  the  Fall  Web-worm.  The 
larva  are  hatched  about  the  month  of  July  ;  they  live  in  company 
under  a  web. 


208  ZYG.'ENID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 


BOMBYCID^. 

COCHLIDIINi;. 

Genus  PAUASA.    Moore. 

"  Head  prominent,  the  front  very  broad,  square.  Antennae  shorter 
than  in  Euclea,  pectinated  on  the  basal  half,  the  branches  a  little  longer 
than  in  Euclea.  The  palpi  are  porrect,  the  subacute  tips  passing  a 
little  beyond  the  front,  but  they  are  not  so  stout  nor  so  long  as  in 
Euclea.  Thorax  stouter  than  usual,  globose,  while  the  abdomen  is 
small,  tapering  rapidly  towards  the  tip,  which  is  not  much  tufted. 
Primaries  broad,  costa  swollen  near  the  base,  and  towards  the  apex, 
being  more  excavated  in  the  middle  than  in  Euclea,  while  the  apex  is 
more  produced,  and  the  outer  edge  is  longer  and  more  oblique,  more 
regularly  rounded  and  continuous  with  the  inner  edge,  which  is  a  little 
shorter  than  the  outer  edge,  while  in  Euclea  the  outer  edge  is  shorter 
than  the  inner.  The  subcostal  nervure  runs  nearer  the  costal  edge 
than  usual,  going  straight  to  the  origin  of  its  3rd  nervule.  The  ori- 
gins of  the  1st,  2nd  and  3rd  subcostal  nervulesare  equidistant.  Apical 
interspace  shorter  and  broader  than  in  Euclea.  Discal  nervules  and 
origin  of  last  subcostal  and  ist  median  are  all  well  placed  beyond 
the  middle  of  the  wing.  Last  subcostal  nervule  arises  opposite  the 
independent  or  ist  median,  where  in  Euclea  it  is  removed  much  farther 
inward.  The  2nd  median  nervule  arises  farther  in  than  the  3rd,  and 
the  end  of  the  nervure  connecting  them  is  very  oblique,  while  in  Euclea 
it  is  straight  and  the  two  nervules  arise  opposite  each  other.'' 

"  The  secondaries  reach  nearly  to  the  tips  as  in  Euclea,  but  are  nar- 
rower, and  the  outer  margin  is  shorter,  thus  making  the  interspaces 
narrower,  especially  the  apical  space  ;  and  the  branches  of  the  median 
nervure  are  shorter.  *  *  *  "phe  wings  and  body  are  finer  scaled 
than  in  Euclea  and  the  veins  can  be  more  distinctly  seen  on  either 
side." 

Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.   339.     (1864.) 

The  above  descripdon  appeared  under  the  name  of  Callochlora 
Packard.  The  colors  of  the  genus  are  green  and  brown,  the  former 
color  predominating  on  the  primaries,  whereas  the  reverse  is  the  case 
in  Euclea. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  209 


l.-PARASA    CHLORIS.    (Pi.  8,  fig.  17,    $  .) 

Near  a  chloris,  H.  Sch. 

NecEra  chloris.  Walker,  Cat.   Lep.  B.  M.  V.  p.   1140.     (1855. 

Limacodes viridus ,  Reakirt,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  251.   (1  864.) 

Callochlora  vernaia,   Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  339. 
(1864.) 

Parasa  chloris,  G.  &  R.  Cat.  Lep.  N.  Am.  pt.  i,  p.  X.     (1868.) 

Callochlora  chloris,  Packard,  Guide,  Stu.  Ins.  p.  290,  fig.  220.  (1869.) 

3. —  "Fore  wings.  A  dark  brown  spot  at  the 'base  extends  in- 
wardly to  the  submedian  nervure,  follows  it  for  one-fourth  its  length, 
then  crosses,  parallel  with  the  outer  margin  to  the  costa,  which  is  also 
brown.  A  broad  light  brown  marginal  band,  traversed  by  darker 
nervules,  the  inner  boundary  of  which  is  a  rich  brown-velvety  line, 
darkest  towards  the  inner  angle,  and  also  parallel  with  the  margin. 
The  rest  of  the  area  is  pea-green.  Hind  wings  fawn  color,  shading 
into  dark  brown  along  the  margin.  Below  greenish  yellow  on  the 
fore,  and  pale  fawn  on  the  hind  wings.  Antennae  brown  ;  thorax 
green  ;  face,  abdomen  and  legs  brown." 

?  . — Fore  wings.  A  dark  brown  semi-elliptical  broad  patch  on  the 
costa,  curving  inwardly  a  little  beyond  the  median  nervure  ;  the  remain- 
der of  the  surface,  excepting  a  brown  marginal  border,  is  pea-green. 
This  border  widens  towards  the  inner  angle,  the  nervures  being  dis- 
tinctly lined  with  dark  brown,  and  has  a  dark  spot,  near  its  middle, 
extending  along  the  margin.  Hind  wings  fawn  colored.  Under  sur- 
face and  body  resembling  the  male."     (Reakirt,  loc.  cit. ) 

Expanse  0/ wings,  3  0.94,  ?  1.06  inches;  length  of  body,  0.45 
inch. 

Habitat. — Pennsylvania,  (Reakirt).     New  York,  (Grote). 

Larva. — Of  the  larva  Mr.  Reakirt  says  :  "I  can  describe  approxi- 
mately only,  having  neglected  to  fully  observe  its  ornation.  It  was 
about  three-fourths  of  an  inch  long  ;  general  color  brown.  Its  body 
rises  very  abruptly  and  broad  from  the  head,  which  is  rounded,  thence 
tapering  gradually,  until  within  a  short  distance  of  the  tail,  where  it  as 
suddenly  descends,  terminating  in  a  sharp  point.  There  are  three 
distinct  dorsal  ridges,  each  being  furnished  with  clusters  and  spinules." 

"  It  feeds  on  the  chestnut,  and  may  be  found  during  September. 
Cocoon,  about  half  an  inch  long  is  spun  on  the  midrib  of  a  leaf,  oval 
shining,  brownish-black  ;  the  imago  appears  in  May. " 


210  ZYGiENID^   AND    BOMBYCIDiE 


9 -ALYPIA    LANGTONII.     (PI.  8,  fig.  3,   $  .)* 

Alyptia  Langtonit,  Couper. 

Alypia  odomaculata,  (part)  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  I.  6o.     (1854.) 

$  . — Black  and  sulphur  yellow.  Head  and  front  black  ;  sides  of 
front  next  the  eyes  and  sides  of  head  behind  the  eyes  narrowly  yellow. 
Palpi  black,  yellow  inside,  and  at  the  base  beneath.  Antennae  black, 
basal  half  sub-annulate  with  yellow.  Thorax  and  abdomen  black, 
both  above  and  below.  Prothorax  black.  Patagia  sulphur  yellow. 
Legs  black,  with  a  few  minute  white  markings  on  tarsi.  Tibiae  of  the 
two  anterior  pair  clothed  with  orange  scales. 

Wings  dull  black  with  a  few  metallic  blue  scales  centrally  on  the 
superiors.  Anterior  wings  with  two  unequal  sulphur  yellow  spots. 
The  smaller,  longitudinal,  oval,  subbasal ;  the  larger,  transverse,  sub- 
ovate,  placed  at  right  angles  to  the  costa  across  the  base  of  the  nervules. 

Secondaries  with  one  rounded  spot,  intermediate  in  size  between  the 
two  on  the  primaries,  placed  on  the  discal  vein. 

Beneath  as  above,  except  that  the  black  of  the  wings  is  less  intense. 

Expanse  of  wings,  i.io  inches  ;  length  0/  body,  0.50  inch. 

Habitat. — Canada,  (Couper).     New  York,  Pennsylvania,  (Grote). 

Walker  considered  this  species  as  a  variety  of  ^.  odomaculata,  a  con- 
clusion in  which  he  can  hardly  be  sustained.  Evidently  its  nearest 
ally  is  A.  Sacramenti  of  California,  which  has  precisely  the  same  num- 
ber of  spots.  The  latter  is,  however,  a  much  larger  insect,  so  far  as 
I  can  judge  from  the  three  examples  which  I  have  seen.  In  the  col- 
oration of  the  body  parts  it  is  almost  identical,  and  the  most  constant 
and  recognizable  difference  is  to  be  found  in  the  spot  on  the  under  sur- 
face of  the  secondaries,  which  in  A.  Langtonii  shows  no  tendency  to 
the  expansion  noticeable  in  A.  Sacramenti.  The  habits  of  the  latter 
species  are  also  peculiar  as  noted  ;  there  seems  to  be  no  record  of  a 
similar  peculiarity  with  regard  to  A.  Langtonii,  which  would  scarcely 
have  escaped  notice  had  it  been  a  prominent  character.  In  my  speci- 
men of  A.  Sacramenti,  the  legs  are  imperfect,  but  I  note  that  while 
the  tibae  of  the  middle  pair  are  orange,  they  do  not  have  a  clothing  of 
long  hairs. 

*See  page  5,  ante. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  211 


lO.-ALYPIA    MACTJLLOCHII.     (PI.  8,  fig.  2,   $,  .) 

Alypia  MaccuUochii,  Kirby,  Faun.  Bor.  Am.  IV.,  301,  pi.  4,  fig-  5- 

(1837.) 
Alypia  MaccuUochii,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.,  pi.  I. ,  p.  60.      ( 1 854.) 
Alypia  MaccuUochii,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  p.  133.     (1862.) 

5  . — Black,  yellow  and  white.  Head  black,  narrowly  margined  with 
yellow  behind  the  eyes.  Palpi  black.  Antennae  black,  finely  annu- 
late on  basal  half  with  white.  Prothorax  black,  with  a  few  yellow 
hairs.  Patagia  yellow.  Thorax  and  abdomen  black,  above  and  be- 
low. Anal  claspers  very  large,  black,  hairy.  Legs  black  ;  tips  of 
basal  joints  of  tarsi  white  ;  tibiae  of  two  anterior  pairs  clothed  with 
orange  scales. 

Anterior  wings  deep  velvety  black,  with  distinct  metallic  blue  scales 
on  the  discal  vein,  on  the  basal  third  of  the  costal  area,  and  along  the 
submedian  vein  ;  on  the  latter  vein  they  diminish  in  number  out- 
wardly. A  wedge  shaped  pale  sulphur  yellow  spot  at  base,  with  the 
outer  angle  rounded,  and  divided  longitudinally  by  the  black  median 
vein.  A  small  sub-trapezoidal  yellow  spot  in  the  discal  area  ;  and  a 
transverse  band  on  the  median  nervules,  very  pale,  almost  white, 
divided  into  six  areas  by  the  black  veins  ;  the  sixth  of  these  spots,  or 
the  one  nearest  the  costa,  is  very  minute,  the  others  subequal.  This 
band  is  of  nearly  equal  width  throughout,  and  terminates  abruptly  on 
the  4th  median  vein.  The  costa  is  strongly  swollen  and  thickened 
near  the  middle,  forming  a  groove  apparently  for  the  reception  of  the 
antennae,  such  as  we  find  in  many  elakridce  and  curctdionidce. 

The  secondaries  are  also  velvety  black,  with  clear  while  markings. 
These  consist  of  a  basal  spot  which  leaves  a  wide  black  margin  on  the 
inner  border  ;  is  clearly  divided  into  two  by  the  black  median  vein, 
and  again  very  faintly  divided  nearer  the  costa.  An  outer  band  across 
the  nervules  divided  into  five  spots  by  the  black  nervules.  The  sec- 
ond of  these  spots  is  the  longest,  diminishing  to  the  last,  which  does 
not  reach  the  fourth  median.     The  costal  area  is  also  whitish. 

Beneath,  the  markings  of  the  primaries  are  reproduced,  but  are 
white  with  only  the  faintest  tinge  of  yellow  on  the  basal  spot  which  is 
enlarged  so  as  to  reach  the  inner  margin.      Secondaries  as  above,  ex- 


212  zyg^nidjE  and  bombycid^ 

cept  that  the  costal  streak  is  much  more  clearly  defined,  has  a  pale 
yellow  tinge  and  reaches  the  outer  edge  of  the  submarginal  band. 
The  basal  spot  is  also  larger  and  approaches  the  inner  margin  more 
nearly  than  above. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.08  inches  ;  length  of  body,  o.  58  inch. 

Habitat. — Canada,  Nova  Scotia,  (Kirby).  Hudson's  Bay,  (Walker). 
California,  (Grote).     Oregon,  (Walsingham). 

With  the  ?  I  am  acquainted  only  through  the  medium  of  Kirby 's 
figure,  which,  judging  from  the  body,  evidently  belongs  to  this  sex. 
It  differs  chiefly  in  the  shorter  length  of  the  body.  There  seems  to 
be  considerable  confusion  or  else  variation  in  the  colors  of  this  species. 
Kirby 's  figure*  shows  the  markings  to  be  yellow,  while  his  description 
gives  them  as  white.  It  is  just  possible  that  the  yellow  tint  is  the 
effect  of  age  on  an  inferior  kind  of  white  color,  which  not  unfrequently 
undergoes  this  change,  to  the  disgust  of  the  artist.  Grote,  however, 
(Bull.  Buffalo  Soc.  Nat.  Hist.  Vol.  i,  p.  31,)  states  that  a  specimen 
from  Owen's  Lake,  Nevada,  (this  lake  is  in  Inyo  County,  California,) 
shows  a  sulphur  tinge  on  all  the  wings,  but  most  decidedly  in  the  pri- 
maries, while  in  my  specimen  from  Oregon,  the  markings  are  all  white 
except  the  basal  spot  on  the  primaries. 

The  general  pattern  of  ornamentation  in  A.  maccullochii,  A.  ridingsii^ 
A.  lorquinii  ■AX\.di  A.  Similis  is  so  similar  that  it  is  not  very  easy  to  draw 
the  difference  in  words.  The  most  available  character  is  the  outer  spot 
on  the  primaries.  In  Ridingsii  the  inner  margin  of  this  spot  is  very 
irregular  in  its  outline;  in  Lorquinii\hQ  spot  is  nearly  linear,  attenu- 
ated at  both  ends ;  in  Maccullochii  it  is  wider,  the  sides  parallel,  and 
sharply  truncated  at  each  end,  in  this  respect  resembling  Ridingsii ; 
while  in  Similis  it  is  broadly  oval.  These  peculiarities  will  readily 
separate  the  species. 

Of  all  the  species  with  which  we  are  yet  acquainted,  the  present  has 
the  widest  geographical  range.  Its  home  appears  to  be  in  northern 
latitudes,  and  on  the  high  mountain  ranges  to  the  southward  where 
altitude  takes  the  place  of  latitude. 


*For  this  figure  I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of  W,  Saunders,  Esq. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  213 


7.-CTENUCHA  WALSINGHAMII*    (PL  9,  fig.  1,   $  .) 

CUnucha  Wabinghainii,  H.  Edwards,  Trans.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  5, 
p..?.     (1873.) 

' '  Size  and  aspect  of  C.  muliifaria. 

"  Head,  collar  and  patagia  bright  crimson,  the  latter  narrowly  edged 
with  black,  as  in  C.  muliifaria,  palpi  also  crimson,  with  the  terminal 
article  black.  Antennae  long,  blueish  black,  closely  bipectinate.  Tho- 
rax with  the  disc  greenish  black.  Abdomen  very  glossy,  blueish  black, 
with  a  faint  greenish  tinge.  Legs  blueish  black,  with  the  anterior 
C0X3S  distinctly  white.     Fore  tibiae  with  a  few  white  scales. 

"Primaries  blueish  black,  with  a  greenish  tinge,  most  vivid  toward 
the  base.  Costal  edge  entirely  dull  black.  Fringe  white  at  apices, 
the  remainder  black. 

"Secondaries,  blueish  black,  with  a  purple  tinge.  Fringe  white  at 
apices,  rest  entirely  black. 

'■^Expanse  of  wings  1.90  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.60  inch. 

"Habitat. — Fort  Crook,  Oregon,  June,  1872.     (Coll.  H.  Edwards.) 

"I  owe  the  possession  of  this  beautiful  specimen  to  Lord  Walsing- 
ham,  who  found  it  in  the  above  locality  during  his  recent  tour  through 
Southern  Oregon,  where  it  appears  to  be  very  rare.  At  first  sight,  this 
species  may  be  confounded  with  C.  muliifaria,  but  differs  in  having 
the  costa  entirely  black,  and  the  apices  of  the  wings  only  with  white 
fringes."     H.  Edwards,  (loc.  cit.) 


*See  page  23  ante, 


2l4  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 


ZYGJENIDJG. 
CASTNIIN^. 
Genus  PSEUDALYPIA.    Edwards. 

"  Head  small,  front  very  long,  densely  pilose.  Clypeus  very  long, 
smooth,  triangular,  notched  on  each  side  in  front,  and  when  viewed 
from  above  concealing  the  palpi,  which  are  short,  pilose,  the  third 
joint  longest,  the  whole  palpus  straight,  and  shorter  than  the  head. 
Antennae  simple,  not  thickened  as  in  alypia.  Eyes  small,  not  promi- 
nent. Tongue  more  than  half  as  long  as  the  body.  Thorax  pilose, 
the  hairs  of  patagia  especially  long.  Abdomen  short,  stout,  covered  with 
close  glossy  pubescence.   Abdominal  tuft  long.    Wings  short  and  broad. 

Primaries,  with  apical  angle  much  rounded.  The  nervules  are  very 
thick  ;  neuration  similar  to  alypia. 

Secondaries  ample,  very  much  rounded,  especially  towards  the  anal 
angle.  Fringes  of  both  wings  very  long.  Legs  long,  only  slightly 
pilose,  wanting  the  bunches  of  hair  observable  in  alypia ;  hind  pair 
with  two  very  nearly  equal  pairs  of  spines,  terminal  pair  being  very 
slightly  the  shorter. 

This  genus  differs  from  its  near  ally  alypia,  by  the  longer  tongue, 
shorter  palpi,  stouter  and  more  glossy  abdomen,  simple  antennae,  and 
by  the  absence  of  the  dense  tufts  of  hair  on  the  fore  tibiae.  The  sys- 
tem of  coloration  is  also  essentially  different ;  as  in  alypia  it  consist  of 
a  series  of  spots  variously  arranged,  while  in  the  present  genus  it 
forms  a  simple  band,  crossing  the  fore  wings  near  the  middle." 

H.  Edwards,  Trans.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.     (1873. ) 


l.-PSEUD ALYPIA  CROTCHII  (Pi.  9.  fig.  2,  $  .) 

Pseudalypia  crotchii,  H.  Edwards,  Trans.  Cal.  Acad.  Sci.,  vol.  5., 
p.    ?•     (1873-) 

"  Head,  thorax,  patagia,  and  abdomen,  deep  glossy  black,  with  a 
slight  bronze  tinge.  Collar,  base  of  palpi,  and  abdominal  tuft,  golden 
orange.     Antennae  glossy  black,  with  short  scales.     Palpi,  black  above, 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  215 

golden  orange  beneath.     Feet  wholly  black,  with  some  small  white 
patches  arranged  in  circular  form  on  the  hind  tarsi. 

"Primaries,  glossy  black,  with  a  greenish  metallic  tinge.  Thecosta 
for  about  three  fourths  of  its  length,  and  a  narrow,  slightly  curved 
band  crossing  the  wing  beyond  the  middle,  cream  white.  Apical  edge 
of  fringe  white,  the  remainder  glossy  black. 

"  Secondaries,  dull  black  with  a  slight  brownish  hue.  Fringe  cream 
white,  except  towards  the  anal  angle  where  it  is  black.  Under  side 
similar  to  the  upper,  with  the  band  of  primaries  more  broadly  defined, 
and  with  a  whitish  tinge  toward  the  base. 

^^ Expanse  of  wings,  0.85  inch  ;  length  o/lody,  0.35  inch. 

^'Habitat. — Warner's  Ranch,  San  Diego,  Cal.,  May  8,  1873. 

(Coll.  H.  Edwards). 

"This  exquisite  insect  was  discovered  by  my  friend,  Mr.  G.  R. 
Crotch,  whose  enthusiastic  labors  have  added  so  much  to  our  knowl- 
edge of  the  insect  fauna  of  California,  and  to  whom  I  regardfully  dedi- 
cate the  species.  It  was  flying  in  the  heat  of  the  day,  alighting  fre- 
quendy  on  flowers,  and  manifesting  much  the  same  habits  as  the  vari- 
ous species  of  alypia."     H.  Edwards,  (loc.  cit.) 


216  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 


8.-AECTIA   INTERMEDIA.    N.  s.    (PI.  9,  fig.  3,   5  )• 

Intermediate  between  A.  virgo  and  A.  achaia.  Head  and  front  very- 
pale  reddish  cream  color,  sides  of  front  next  the  eyes  blackish.  Palpi 
and  antennae  black.  Prothorax  concolorous  with  head,  each  lobe  with 
a  small  black  dash.  Patagia  black,  edged  with  dark  cream  color. 
Thorax  black,  with  two  cream  colored  stripes.  All  the  pale  markings 
on  head  and  thorax  concolorous.  Thorax  beneath  black ;  legs  blackish. 
Abdomen  above  reddish  orange  towards  tip,  reddish  at  base,  anal  seg- 
ment black  ;  a  narrow  broken  black  dorsal  stripe  increasing  in  promi- 
nence towards  the  tip.  Abdomen  yellowish  white  along  lateral  line, 
with  lateral  row  of  small  black  spots  ;  black  beneath,  with  traces  of 
a  yellowish  ventral  stripe. 

Primaries  deep  velvety  black  ;  fringes,  costal  margin  narrowly,  and 
inner  margin  more  broadly  very  pale  yellow  ochre  ;  the  veins  all 
clothed  with  scales  of  the  same  color,  and  the  following  concolorous 
markings.  A  broadish  longitudinal  stripe  below  the  median  vein, 
leaving  the  latter  before  the  origin  of  the  4th  median  nervule,  and 
then  continuing  to  outer  margin  parallel  to  4th  median  and  furcate 
just  before  reaching  the  same.  A  broad  transverse  band  just  outside 
origin  of  4th  median,  increasing  in  width  from  the  inner  margin  to  the 
costa,  where  it  expands  suddenly  and  increases  the  width  of  the  costal 
margin.  A  second  somewhat  narrower  band  across  the  base  of  the 
median  nervules,  parallel  to  outer  margin,  extending  from  the  costa  to 
the  longitudinal  band,  and  showing  faintly  below  the  latter  close  to 
band  one.  The  usual  terminal  band,  originating  on  the  costa  midway 
between  band  two  and  the  apex,  touches  the  outer  margin  and  is  re- 
flexed  towards  and  connects  with  band  two  on  the  origin  of  median 
nervules,  being  again  reflexed  and  connected  with  the  upper  fork  of 
longitudinal  band  at  the  outer  margin. 

Secondaries  pale  vermillion,  somewhat  orange  along  costa  and  inner 
margin.  A  reduced  black  discal  spot,  a  submarginal  row  of  three 
large  subequal  black  spots,  the  apical  one  being  fused  to  the  black 
apex  of  the  wing  ;  there  is  also  a  marginal  spot  near  the  apex,  but 
not  connected  with  the  apical  cloud. 

Beneath  the  markings  are  reproduced,  but  all  the  colors  are  paler 
and  more  diffuse,  and  the  costa  of  the  primaries  is  more  distinctly 
yellow. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  21t 

Expanse  of  wings,  2.10  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.90  inch. 
Habitat. — Texas,  (coll.  Stretch). 

Described  from  i  5  in  good  preservation,  received  from  Mr.  Bel- 
frage,  who  speaks  of  it  as  one  of  the  rarest  Texan  Bombycidae.  It 
has  many  points  of  resemblance  both  to  A.  virgo  and  A.  achaia. 
From  the  former,  which  it  resembles  in  size,  it  may  be  separated  by  the 
relative  positions  of  the  transverse  bands  of  the  primaries  to  each  other, 
and  by  the  limitation  of  the  pale  scales  on  the  veins  to  the  veins  them- 
selves. These  do  not  extend  into  the  disc  of  the  wing  as  in  ^.  virgo, 
but  resemble  the  ornamentation  of  A.  achaia  and  A.  Sawidersii,  as 
pointed  out  in  the  latter  case  by  Wm.  Saunders,  Esq.  From  A.  achaia 
it  is  readily  distinguished  by  its  much  larger  size,  and  the  different  col- 
oration of  the  abdomen.  A.  intermedia  moreover  belongs  to  that  sec- 
tion of  the  genus  in  which  the  thoracic  parts  are  smooth  and  finely 
scaled,  while  A.  achaia  on  the  other  hand  is  in  this  respect  more  allied 
to  A.  virguncula,  which  has  the  thorax  and  its  appendages  hairy. 

It  becomes  important  to  note  these  differences  when  speaking  of 
many  species  of  arctia,  as  although  they  may  have  a  certain  "  fascies '' 
which  enables  us  to  separate  them  at  a  glance,  yet  from  the  uniformity 
in  the  pattern  of  ornamentation,  it  is  frequently  difficult  to  draw  a 
description  in  words,  which  shall  certainly  enable  the  student  to  recog- 
nize the  species  intended.  Many  of  the  earlier  descriptions  were 
lamentably  deficient  in  detail  and  have  been  the  cause  of  much  of  our 
erroneous  synonymy. 


9.-ARCTIA  ARIZONIENSIS.  N.  S.  (PI.  9,  fig.  4,  5  ) 
3  . — Head  yellow-ochre  ;  palpi  black  ;  antennas  brown ;  prothorax, 
patagia,  and  thorax  somewhat  hairy,  pale  whitish  yellow  ;  the  patagia 
each  with  a  black  dash,  and  the  thorax  with  a  central  black  line. 
Abdomen  above  pale  vermillion,  terminal  segments  black  ;  beneath 
black,  with  a  broad  ventral  pale  yellowish  stripe.  Legs  blackish  ; 
coxae  of  anterior  pair  hairy,  yellow-ochre. 

Anterior  wings  pale  creamy  yellow,  with  the  following  reduced 
black  spots  :  two  basal  streaks  ;  three  irregularly  shaped  angular  sub- 
costal spots,  one  of  which  is  on  the  discal  vein,  one  outside  and  one 
inside  of  the  discal  vein  ;  two  spots  on  the  outer  margin,  one  apical 
the  other  on  the  second  meridian  ;  a  submarginal  spot  between  the 


218  zyg^nidjE  and  bombycid^ 

third  and  fourth  median  nervules  ;  an  elongated  anal  spot  and  a 
minute  transverse  spot  on  the^|'submedian  vein,  near  the  base.  The 
middle  subcostal  spot  is  supplemented  below  the  median  vein  by  a 
very  faint  transverse  streak.     Fringes  concolorous  with  wings. 

Secondaries  dirty  white,  thinly  scaled,  rosy  along  the  inner  margin; 
with  a  small  blackish  discal  spot ;  a  submarginal  row  of  three  blackish 
spots,  the  anal  one  small,  the  apical  one  extending  from  the  costa  to 
the  1st  median  nervule.  There  are  also  two  marginal  spots,  one  near 
the  apex,  the  other  about  the  middle  of  the  inner  margin. 

Beneath  as  above,  except  thatjthe  fore  wings  are  nearly  white,  and 
the  costa  of  all  the  wings  is  decidedly  yellow  ochre. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.60  inches  ;  length  0/  body  0.65  inch. 

Habitat. — Arizona,  (coll.  Stretch). 

Described  from  one  S  ,  for  which  I  am  indebted  to  my  friend 
Mr.W.  H.  Edwards.  The  nearest  ally  of  this  beautiful  species  is  A.autho- 
lea,  Boisduval,  which  it  much  resembles.  The  number  and  location 
of  the  black  markings  on  the  primaries  is  identical,  but  they  are  much 
reduced  in  size  (pi.  3,  figs.  7,  8).  The  chief  point  of  difference  is  in 
the  black  markings  on  the  secondaries  of  which  there  is  no  trace  in 
A.  autholea  5  ,  while  it  may  prove,  however,  to  be  merely  a  variety 
when  we  possess  longer  suites  of  these  insects ;  it  is  at  present  suffi- 
ciently distinct  to  warrant  a  separate  name. 


lO.-ARCTIA    VIRGUNCULA.-^(Pl.  9,  fig.  5,  3.) 
Callimorpha  virgu?icula,   Fauna  Bor.  Am.  IV,  p.  304,  pi.  4,  fig.  6. 

(1837.) 
Not  Arctia  virguncula ,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.,  p.  609.     (1855.) 
Arctia  virguficula,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.   Sci.   Phil.,  p.    528. 

(i860.) 
Arctia  virguncula,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.  Supp.  p.  ^■^S.     (1862.) 
Arctia  nais,  Saunders;  Syn.  Cau.  Arct.  p.  8.     (1863.) 
Not  Arctia  virgtmcula,  Saunders,  Syn.  Cau,  Arct.  p.  9.      (1863.) 
5  . — Black  and  yellow.      Head  and  front  yellow,  darkest  on  occi- 
put; sides  of  front  blackish.    Palpi  hairy,  blackish.     Antennae  blackish, 
pectinations  brown.     Prothorax  yellow,  two  central  black  spots.     Pata- 
gia  black,  edged  with  yellow.     Thorax  yellow,  with  black  central  dor- 
sal stripe.     All  the  yellow  about  these  parts  inclines  to    ochreous. 
Abdomen  yellow  ochre,  darker  than  thorax,  with  a  broad  dorsal  macu- 


•OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  219 

iar  stripe,  also  with  a  lateral  and  subventrai  macular  stripe  on  each 
side.  Thorax  beneath  hairy,  mottled  black  and  yellow.  Legs  striped 
black  and  yellowish. 

Anterior  wings  velvety  black,  marked  with  clear  ochre  yellow,  but 
ivithout  transverse  battels.  Costal  and  inner  margin  and  eritire  fringes 
yellow.  All  veins  except  discal  clothed  with  yellow  scales,  the  scales 
on  the  subcostal  and  median  covering  more  than  the  veins.  A  broad 
yellow  longitudinal  stripe  below  the  median  vein,  furcate  at  the  outer 
margin.  From  the  origin  of  the  median  nervules  a  similar  stripe  con- 
nects with  the  upper  fork  of  the  longitudinal  stripe  at  the  outer  mar- 
gin ;  from  the  same  point  a  similar  stripe  runs  along  ist  median  nerv- 
ule  nearly  to  the  outer  margin,  and  is  then  refiexed  squarely  to  the 
costa. 

Secondaries  deep  ochre  yellow,  fringes  paler.  The  costal  and  inner 
margins  are  largely  and  irregularly  dusky  black.  The  apical  spot  of 
the  submarginal  row  is  fused  with  the  costal  cloud,  and  the  anal  spot 
with  the  black  inner  margin,  leaving  the  large  cordate  middle  spot 
alone  isolated  in  the  yellow  of  the  wing.  Between  this  and  the  anal 
angle  there  is  a  small  triangular  marginal  spot,  and  a  larger  one  near 
the  apex  partially  fused  with  the  apical  cloud. 

Beneath  the  markings  are  reproduced  but  the  colors  are  all  paler, 
and  the  black  on  the  secondaries  is  broken  up  at  the  base  and  along 
the  costa  into  numerous  spots. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.50  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.65  inch. 
Habitat. — Atlantic  States  and  Canada. 

Although  this  species  is  one  of  the  most  strongly  marked  of  the 
North  American  arctians,  having  more  distinctive  points  than  almost 
any  other,  there  has  been  much  confusion  in  its  synonymy.  It  is  the 
only  American  species  except  A.  speciosa  in  which  the  veins  are  clothed 
with  pale  scales  while  the  ground  color  of  the  primaries  is  black,  which  is 
destitute  of  transverse  bands.  A.  speciosa,  Moeschler,  judging  from 
the  figure,  is  very  closely  allied  to  A.  virguncula,  Kirby,  having  an 
ornamentation  of  the  primaries  almost  identical,  but  differing  on  the 
secondaries,  being  at  the  same  time  a  smaller  and  slenderer  insect. 
May  it  not  be  only  a  dwarfed  variety  ?  Both  these  insects  have  yellow 
secondaries  as  have  also  A.  persephone,  Grote,  and  some  varieties  of 
A.  achaia,  Boisduval,  but  both  these  latter  species  have  transverse  bands 
on  the  primaries  which  separates  them  instantly. 

Grote  states  that  the  specimen  in  the  British  Museum  determined  as 


220  ZYGiENID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

A.  virguncula,  Kirby,  is  in  reality  the  A.  persephone  of  that  author  ; 
and  Mr.  Packard  that  Ardia  nais  of  Saunders'  Synopsis  is  A.  virgun- 
cula, Kirby,  while  the  A.  virguncula  of  the  same  synopis,  is  the  species 
allied  to  A.  virgo  and  subsequently  separated  by  Grote  under  the  name 
of  A.  Saundersii. 

I  have  been  unable  to  find  any  record  of  the  larval  stages  of  this 
species. 


U.-AECTIA    ANNA.    (Plate  9,  fig.  6,  ?  .) 

Arciia  anna,  Grote,   Proc.  Ent.   Soc.  Phil.  vol.    2,   p.    335,  pi.  8, 
fig.  I,    ?.     (1863.) 

"  Head  between  the  eyes  pale  yellow,  without  spot.  Disc  of  the 
thorax  and  each  tegula  black  bordered  with  pale  yellow  ;  collar  yel- 
lowish with  two  black  spots  ;  base  of  the  thorax  showing  a  few  reddish 
colored  hairs.  Upper  and  under  surface  of  abdomen  immaculate  and 
with  under  surface  of  thorax,  legs  and  antennae,  deep  brownish  black. 
Palpi  black." 

"  Anterior  wings  deep  velvety  black  striped  with  pale  yellow.  Costa 
black  with  a  small  pale  yellow  streak  at  base  ;  subcostal  vein  to  apical 
third,  median  vein  and  its  two  middle  branches  and  submedian  vein 
narrowly  striped  with  pale  yellow.  A  broader  pale  yellow  band  trav- 
erses the  wing  longitudinally  from  base  to  external  margin,  becoming 
slightly  forked  at  internal  angle,  and  upon  which,  in  the  terminal  half 
of  the  wing,  rests  a  series  of  pale  yellow  stripes  in  the  shape  of  the 
letter  K,  with  the  straight  stroke  turned  towards  the  base  of  the  wing 
and  the  upper  limb  reflexed,  at  the  apex,  towards  the  costa.  In  the 
discal  area  is  a  narrow  transverse  spot,  apparently  the  remains  of  an 
obsolete  band.*  Internal  margin  rather  broadly  striped  with  pale 
yellow  ;  fringes  brownish  black. 

"Posterior  wings  brownish  black,  immaculate;  fringes  of  a  more 
brownish  shade.  Under  surface  of  the  wings  dark  brown,  and  show- 
ing, on  the  anterior  pair,  traces  of  the  broader  yellow  bands  of  the 
upper  surface. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.85  inches. 

Habitat. — Pennsylvania,  (coll.  Phil.  Ent.  Soc.) 

"  The  blackish,  immaculate  abdomen  and  posterior  wings  separate 

*Thi8  spot  is  not  noted  in  Grote's  original  description. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  221 

it  from  any  species  of  North  American  Ardia  known  to  me  ;  in  the 
disposition  of  the  stripes  on  the  anterior  wings  it  presents  most  resem- 
blance perhaps  to  Ardia  virgo,  L."     Grote,   (loc.  cit. ) 

The  type  of  this  species  collected  by  Dr.  Samuel  Lewis,  of  Phila- 
delphia, still  appears  to  be  unique,  and  it  may^yet  prove  that  we  are 
dealing  only  with  a  strongly  marked  aberrant  form  of  some  of  our 
well  known  species,  probably  A.  Saundersii.  The  figure  is  copied 
from  a  beautiful  drawing  by  A.  Hochstein,  very  kindly  loaned  me  by 
Mr.  A.  Grote. 


12.-AIICTIA  YARROWII.    N.  S.    (PL  9,  fig.  7,   5  •) 

$, . — Head  clothed  with  long  black  hairs.  Thorax  black,  lemon 
yellow  outwardly.  Abdomen  black,  both  above  and  beneath,  densely 
and  finely  scaled,  with  an  indistinct  lateral  row  of  crimson  dots.  Anal 
tuft  silky,  pale  ferruginous.  Legs  black  ;  anterior  pair  with  crimson 
coxae  ;  on  the  middle  pair  the  tips  of  the  tibiae  and  the  femora  are  like- 
wise crimson  ;  on  the  hind  pair  the  tips  of  the  tibae  and  ends  of  the 
tarsi  are  also  of  the  same  color.  (Note ;  the  specimens  from  which 
this  description  is  drawn,  has  been  pressed  as  flat  as  a  botanical  speci- 
men, and  the  body  parts  do  not  admit  of  a  more  detailed  description. 
The  antennae  are  wanting. ) 

Anterior  wings  velvety  black,  with  very  narrow  fringes  and  markings 
as  follows  of  clear  lemon  yellow.  Five  angular  costal  spots,  of  which 
the  two  nearest  the  base  are  quadrate  ;  the  third  at  the  middle  of  the 
wing  is  much  narrower  ;  all  of  these  extend  only  to  the  median  vein. 
The  fourth  is  narrow,  though  wider  than  the  third,  and  extends  across 
the  wing  to  the  anal  angle  as  an  irregular  band  ;  being  toothed  out- 
wardly about  the  middle,  at  the  point  where  it  receives  the  termination 
of  the  fifth  short  irregular  spot  or  band.  Below  the  submedian  vein 
near  the  base  of  the  wing  and  opposite  the  costal  spots  i  and  2,  are 
two  small,  very  reduced  spots  ;  and  from  the  middle  of  the  inner  mar- 
gin springs  a  very  narrow  curved  band  which  unites  with  the  middle  of 
the  fourth  spot,  forming  with  it  and  the  fifth,  the  usual  terminal  arctian 
markings.  The  disposition  of  these  markings  is  more  like  that  of 
E.  caja  or  N.  plantaginis  than  any  of  the  strictly  American  arctians. 

Posterior  wings  full,  rounded,  rather  thinly  scaled  ;  basal  half  black, 
bounded  outwardly  by  an  irregular  line  extending  from  the  basal  two- 
fifths  of  the  costa  to  the  anal  angle.     Outer  half  orange-scarlet,  inclin- 


222  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

ing  to  orange  near  the  apex.  Fringes  lemon  yellow.  This  outer  half 
contains  a  small  black  spot  on  the  discal  vein,  and  a  submarginal  row 
of  three  larger  black  spots.  The  first  of  these  lies  across  the  interspace 
above  the  ist  median  nervule  ;  the  second  across  the  4th  median  nerv- 
ule,  and  the  third  on  the  submedian  vein  close  to  the  outer  margin. 
There  is  besides  a  very  narrow  marginal  spot  about  the  middle  of  the 
outer  margin. 

Beneath,  the  markings  are  reproduced,  those  on  the  primaries,, 
especially  near  the  apex,  being  broader  and  more  diffuse  ;  all  the  light 
portion  of  the  primaries  except  near  the  apex  are  suffused  with  crim- 
son, this  color  being  most  intense  near  the  base  and  along  the  subcostal 
vein.  The  secondaries  ar^e  somewhat  paler  and  there  is  a  crimson 
streak  on  the  basal  third  of  the  costa  which  does  not  appear  above. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.75  inches  ;  leitgth  0/ body,  0.80  inch. 

Hadi/a/.— Arizona.  (Coll.  R.  H.  Stretch.)  Collected  by  U.  S. 
Exploring  Expedition,  under  Lieut.  Wheeler. 

$  unknown. 

This  species,  without  exception  the  most  beautiful  of  the  American 
Arctians,  cannot  be  mistaken  for  any  other.  It  belongs  to  the  section 
in  which  the  veins  are  not  clearly  marked  with  a  distinctive  color. 
The  body  reminds  one  of  Epicallia  virginalis,  Boisd.,  the  under  wings 
suggest  the  ?  variety  of  Nemeophila  plantaginis  with  red  secondaries, 
while  the  ornamentation  of  the  primaries  recalls  E.  caja.  It  is  so  un- 
like any  of  our  other  species  of  the  genus  that  further  comparison  is 
unnecessary.  It  is  with  wuch  pleasure  that  I  dedicate  this  beautiful 
insect  to  Dr.  Yarrow,  who  was  connected  with  the  U.  S.  Exploring 
Expedition  in  Arizona,  and  to  whom  1  am  indebted  for  many  kind- 
nesses. 


13.-ARCTIA    QUENSELII.    (Pi.  9,  fig.  8,  $  .) 

Bombyx  Quenselii,  Paykull.     (1793.) 

Archa  Quenselii,  Geyer,  Forts.  Hlibn.  Zutr.  Fiinft.  Hund.  p.  14,  %s. 

847,848.      (1837.) 
Ardia    Quenselii,   Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.    Nat.    Sci.    Phil.,    p.    527, 

(i860.) 
Euprepia  gelida,  Moesch.,  Ent.  Zeit.  Stettin  IX,  p.  173,  174.     (1849.) 
Arctia  gelida,    Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  III.  p.  611.     (1855.) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  223 

Arciia gelida,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  528.     (i860.) 

Arctia  gelida,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N.  Am.,  Supp.  p.  341.  (1862.) 
$  . — Head  orange,  yellow  on  vertex.  Palpi  black  ;  antennae  black 
Prothorax  yellow  with  two  large  black  spots.  Patagia  black  edged  with 
yellow,  very  narrowly  so  on  the  inside.  Thorax  black,  with  two  broad 
yellow  stripes  ;  abdomen  blackish,  the  segments  edged  with  white 
along  the  sides  and  beneath.  Legs  black ;  coxce  of  the  anterior 
pair,  orange  ;  all  the  tibiae  whitish  outwardly.  All  the  thoracic  parts 
smooth. 

Anterior  wings  velvety  black  ;  fringes  white.  Veins  clothed  with 
yellowish  scales.  A  very  broad,  irregular,  sub-basal  transverse  band, 
widened  on  the  inner  margin  to  a  narrow  marginal  stripe.  The  usual 
longitudinal  stripe  below  the  median  vein,  furcate  on  the  outer  margin. 
A  narrow  transverse  band  originates  on  this  longitudinal  stripe,  and 
runs  across  the  origin  of  the  4th  median  nervule,  nearly  to  the  costa. 
From  the  same  point,  a  second  band  runs  across  the  origin  of  the 
median  nervules,  parallel  with  the  outer  margin,  towards  the  costa, 
but  terminates  on  the  subcostal  vein.  The  usual  terminal  band 
springs  from  band  2  on  the  median  nervules,  the  lower  fork  uniting 
with  the  upper  branch  of  the  longitudinal  stripe,  while  the  other  runs 
towards  the  apex  but  is  reflexed  sharply  towards  the  costa  before  reach- 
ing it. 

Secondaries  thinly  scaled,  dark  cinereous,  fringes  white  ;  below  the 
median  vein  is  a  broad  whitish  stripe,  breaking  into  three  forks  near 
the  outer  margin.  A  second  similarly  colored  stripe,  originates  at  the 
origin  of  the  median  nervules  running  towards  outer  margin  in  two 
branches.     These  markings  are  somewhat  badly  defined. 

Beneath  the  primaries  reproduce  the  black  markings,  but  the  ground 
color  is  dirty  white,  with  the  basal  half  of  the  costa  yellowish.  The 
secondaries  are  largely  white,  the  blackish  covering  of  the  upper  sur- 
face being  confined  to  broken  spots  along  costa  and  outer  margin. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.35  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.60  inch,. 

Habiiat. — Labrador,  (Moeschler,  Strecker).  Mt.  Washington,  New 
Hampshire,  (Sanborn). 

A.  Quenselii  czxi.  be  mistaken  for  no  other  American  Arctian.  It  is 
abundantly  separated  by  its  peculiar  grey  aud  white  secondaries.  The 
yellow  markings  on  the  primaries  are  somewhat  broken  and  less  regu- 
lar than  in  many  other  species.  A.  gelida,  Mceschler,  is  given  as  a 
synonym  on  the  authority  of  that  author  himself,    my   friend,   Mr. 


224  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

Strecker,  having  shown  me  a  letter  from  that  distinguished  entomolo- 
gist in  which  he  so  expresses  himself.  It  is  evidently  an  arctic  form, 
as  the  specimen  from  which  the  figure  is  drawn  though  taken  in  New 
Hampshire,  was  found  on  the  top  of  Mt.  Washington. 


14.-ARCTIA    BLAKEI.     (PI.  9,  fig.  9.)  ^  .) 

Arctia  Blakei,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  523,  pi.  5,  fig. 
2    ?.     (1864.) 

"  Head  and  palpi  creamy  white ;  orbits  of  the  eyes  black  ;  a  black 
spot  on  the  vertex  between  the  antennae,  which  latter  are  moderate, 
bi-serrate,  blackish,  whitish  on  their  outer  surface  except  at  extreme  tip. 
Thorax  rather  deeper  creamy  white,  with  two  prothoracic  and  three 
thoracic  black  maculations  ;  legs  black,  marked  with  whitish  ;  posterior 
tibiae  and  tarsi  distinctly  striped  with  whitish  on  their  upper  surface. 
Abdomen  creamy  white,  shaded  with  yellowish  red  on  its  upper  sur- 
face and  at  base,  with  a  broad  dorsal  segmentary  series  of  black  macu- 
lations, and  lateral  ones  reduced  ;  beneath  largely  marked  with  black. 

"Anterior  wings  blackish,  bands  very  pale  creamy  white.  A  moder- 
ately broad  band  runs  from  the  base  of  the  wing,  below  the  median 
vein,  longitudinally  to  internal  angle,  where  it  becomes  furcate,  and 
upon  which,  in  the  terminal  half  of  the  wing,  rests  a  series  of  similar 
bands  resembling  the  letter  K,  with  the  straight  stroke  turned  towards 
the  base  of  the  wing,  and  the  upper  limb  not  attaining  the  external 
margin,  reflexed  very  obliquely  to  costa;  a  narrow  perpendicular  stripe 
runs  from  the  costa  across  the  disc,  joining  the  longitudinal  band,  and 
sometimes  appearing  in  the  interspace  below  it ;  two  costal  spots,  the 
outer  the  larger,  and  from  which  latter  a  very  narrow  stripe  runs  inter- 
ruptedly to  the  longitudinal  band  and  appears  below  it,  broader,  dis- 
tinct, and  continued  to  internal  margin.  Median  and  submedian 
veins  at  base  striped  with  same  color  as  the  bands ;  internal  margin 
and  fringes  pale  creamy  white  ;  costa  striped  with  the  same  color  ex- 
cept for  a  narrow  space  before  the  apex  ;  under  surface  reflecting  the 
ornamentation  of  the  upper  surface  with  a  few  yellowish  scales  at  base. 

"  Posterior  wings  deep  yellow,  with  a  dull  red  tinge  ;  a  series  of 
terminal  black  spots  becoming  fused  at  costal  angle,  the  one  at  anal 
angle  the  largest ;  discal,  costal,  subcostal  and  supra-anal,  spots 
present,  black  ;  under  surface  resembling  upper  but  greatly  paler." 

Grote,  (loc.  cit. ) 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  225 

Expanse  of  wings,  5  1.40,  ?  1.20  inches;  kfiglh  of  body,  ^  0.60 
inch. 

Habitat. — Colorado  Territory,  Ridings  and  Mead.  (Coll.  Ent.  Soc. 
Phil.;  Mead,  Edwards,  Stretch). 

For  my  specimen  of  this  species  I  am  indebted  to  the  kindness  of 
T.  L.  Mead,  Esq.,  of  New  York.  It  is  a  5  and  differs  chiefly  from 
the  above  description  of  the  ?  in  the  ground  cclor  of  the  hind  wings 
being  paler,  inclining  more  to  reddish  than  to  yellowish. 


15.— ARCTIA  ARGE.    (Pi.  9,  fig.  11  ^  ,  10  $  ). 

Bombyx  arge,  Drury,  111.  Nat.  Hist.  I.  p.  35,  pi.  18,  fig.  2.     (1770.) 
Phaloena  dione,  S.  Abb.,  Lep.  Ins.  Ga.  p.  125,  pi.  63.     (1797.) 
Spilosoma  arge,  Westwood,  Ed,  Drury.       (1837.) 
Arctia  arge,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.,  p.  244.     (1841.) 
Arctia  dione,  Walker,  Cat,  Lep.  B.  M.  Ill,,  p.  605.     (1855.) 
Arctia  arge,  Duncan,  Nat.  Lib.  vol.  36,  pi.  19.     (1858.) 
Arctia  arge,  Clemens,  Proc.  Acad.  Nat.  Sci.  Phil.  p.  528.     (i860.) 
Arctia  dione,  Morris,  Syn.  Lep.  N,  Am.  Supp.  p.  340,      (1862.) 
Arctia  arge,  Harris,  Ins.  Inj.  Veg.,  3rd  ed.,  p.  346.     (1862.) 
Arctia  dione,  Saund.  Syn.  Cau.  Arct.  p.  7.     (1863.) 
5. — White  to  flesh  color,  with   black   markings.     The  following 
description  is  drawn  from  a  flesh  colored  specimen  with  the  black 
markings  all  present. 

Head  pale  creamy  pink.  Palpi  black  above,  red  beneath  ;  side  of 
front  black.  Antennae  wtiitish  on  basal  half,  remainder  black  ;  pecti- 
nations brownish.  All  the  thoracic  parts  pale  creamy  pink.  Each 
lobe  of  prothorax,  each  patagia,  and  thorax  with  a  central  black  stripe. 
Thorax  beneath  blackish  at  base  of  wings.  Abdomen  pale  flesh  color 
above,  with  dorsal  and  lateral  macular  stripes,  the  spots  in  the  latter 
small ;  beneath  black,  with  the  edges  of  the  segments  flesh  color. 
Legs  ;  anterior  and  middle  pair  with  red  femora,  tibiae  whitish  out- 
wardly ;  posterior  pair  whitish,  femora  and  tibiae  striped  with  black, 
tarsi  mostly  dusky. 

Anterior  wings  creamy  pink,  fringes  concolorous.  Costa  near  apex 
tinged  with  vermillion.  Marked  as  follows  with  black.  Two  long  spots 
in  discal  area  ;  one  on  discal  vein  ;  a  narrow  stripe  below  the  origin  of 
the  4th  median  vein  ;  a  triangular  spot  below  median  vein  outside  ori 


S26  *  ZYG^NID^   AND    BOMBYCIDJE 

gin  of  4th  median  ;  a  triangular  submarginal  spot  in  tlie  same  inter- 
space ;  six  marginal  more  or  less  triangular  streaks  in  the  interspaces, 
two  being  near  the  apex,  one  at  the  anal  angle,  and  the  other  three  in 
the  interspaces  of  the  median  nervules  ;  of  these  the  longest  are  the 
anal  spot,  and  the  third  from  the  anal  angle.  There  are  also  two  simi- 
lar spots  near  the  costa  midway  between  the  apex  and  the  spot  on  the 
discal  vein  ;  a  long  streak  just  above  the  submedian  reaching  from  the 
base  nearly  to  the  outer  margin,  and  a  short  basal  stjeak  below  the 
same  vein. 

Secondaries  whitish,  clothed  with  pink  hairs  on  the  basal  portion, 
with  a  distinct  very  narrow  vermillion  marginal  band  from  the  apex 
nearly  to  anal  angle,  and  marked  as  follows  with  dusky  black.  Two 
geminate  marginal  spots  on  apical  half  of  outer  margin  ;  a  submar- 
ginal row  of  three  spots,  the  first  of  which  lies  between  the  geminate 
spots,  the  second  and  largest  on  4th  median,  the  third  on  the  sub- 
median  nervule.  Also  a  spot  on  the  discal  vein,  and  some  blackish 
markings  on  the  costa. 

Beneath  the  wings  are  whitish.  On  the  primaries  the  spots  are  re- 
produced but  the  discal  area  is  entirely  black,  while  the  costa  is  ver- 
million, as  is  also  the  outer  margin  very  narrowly,  and  the  top  of  the 
veins  especially  towards  the  apex.  Secondaries  very  much  as  above 
only  wanting  the  pink  basal  hairs. 

?  . — Similar  to  male.  This  species  varies  much  in  the  ground 
color  of  the  wings,  being  often  dirty  white  and  all  intermediate  grada- 
tions to  flesh  color ;  and  many  of  the  spots,  especially  on  the  second- 
aries are  frequently  obsolete,  as  will  be  seen  in  the  figure  of  the  ?  . 
The  latter  is  drawn  from  a  Texan,  and  that  of  the  3  from  a  New 
York  specimen. 

"  Expanse  0/  wifjgs  1.50  to  2.00  inches;  length  0/  body,  0.60  to 
0.75  inch. 

Habitat. — Atlantic  States  and  Canada,  extending  south  to  Texas. 
California,  (.?)  (Boisduval). 

Larva. — The  following  description  is  from  Harris's  Correspondence, 
p.  286.  "Black  above  and  below,  with  three  longitudinal,  flesh  white 
stripes  on  the  back.  Tubercles  gray  with  radiating  black  hairs.  On 
each  ring,  above,  four  tubercles,  two  and  two,  the  anterior  pair  small- 
est ;  below  the  lateral  line  three  tubercles.  Hairs  beneath  rusty.  Pro- 
legs  rusty  yellow.  Fore  legs  black.  Head  black.  A  flesh  colored 
spot  on  the  side  of  each  ring.     Upper  side  of  the  body  greenish  gray; 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  •  22T 

tubercles  same  color,  but  surrounded  by  a  large  black  spot,  which 
gives  a  general  black  color  to  the  whole  body.  The  white  spots  are 
between  the  upper  rows  of  lateral  tubercles." 

The  larva  from  which  the  above  description  is  drawn,  was  found  in 
October. 

This  species  is  very  widely  distributed  over  the  United  States,  rang- 
ing from  Canada  to  Texas.  Boisduval  enumerates  it  in  his  list  of 
Californian  Lepidoplera,  but  it  is  very  doubtful  whether  its  range  entends 
as  far  westward  as  the  Rocky  Mountains,  if  so  far.  I  do  not  find  any 
record  of  its  occurrence  in  Colorado  Territory,  and  it  is  yet  an  un- 
known species  to  California  entomologists.  Several  other  eastern  spe- 
cies are  stated  by  Boisduval  to  occur  in  California,  which  have  not  oc- 
curred here  since  the  date  of  his  earlier  writings  on  the  Lepidoptera  of 
this  coast,  although  they  are  among  those  of  most  frequent  occurrence 
in  the  Atlantic  States,  and  I  am  led  to  the  conclusion  that  some  errors 
of  locality  must  have  crept  into  his  descriptions. 

M.  J.  Akhurst  of  Brooklyn,  N.  Y.,  informs  me  that  he  usually  finds 
the  imago  in  open  pastures,  somewhat  bare  of  vegetation. 


16.-ARCTIA  SUPERBA.    N.  S.    (Pi.  9,  fig.  12). 

5  . — Front  black,  vertex  pale  cream  color,  with  a  black  spot  on  the 
occiput.  Palpi  black.  Antennae  brown.  Thorax  hairy,  black  ; 
patagia  pinkish  cream  color,  with  a  broad  black  dash  in  each.  Abdo- 
men cream  color,  darkest  above,  with  a  broad  black  dorsal  stripe,  and 
mixed  black  and  pale  hairs  at  base ;  a  double  ventral  row  of  black 
spots,  and  faint  traces  of  a  lateral  row  of  black  dots.  Breast  hairy, 
black  ;  yellow  between  anterior  coxse.  Legs  cream  color,  marked  with 
black. 

Anterior  wings  rich  brown-black,  with  cream  colored  markings  and 
fringes.  A  narrow  longitudinal  streak,  furcate  at  outer  margin  ;  an 
oblique  sub-basal  band,  not  seen  below  the  longitudinal  streak  ;  a 
broader  median  transverse  band,  wide  to  the  longitudinal  streak,  nar- 
rower below  and  curving  toward  base.  A  spot  on  the  costa  between 
these  bands.  A  second,  outer,  sinuate,  narrower  band,  very  approxi- 
mate to  the  median  band  on  the  longitudinal  streak,  but  not  united  to 
it,  and  appearing  only  very  faintly  below  the  longitudinal  streak.  The 
usual  arctian  terminal  band  is  very  narrow,  its  outer  angles  not  touch- 


228  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 

ing  the  outer  margin.  Costa  very  narrowly  cream  color  nearly  to  the 
apex  ;  inner  margin  the  same  nearly  to  anal  angle. 

Secondaries  pale  clear  red,  fading  to  yellow  on  the  costa,  fringes 
pale.  A  broad,  black,  outer  marginal  band,  with  sinuate  inner  mar- 
gin, terminating  abruptly  before  reaching  the  anal  angle,  and  produced 
slightly  along  the  costa  at  the  apex.  A  small  black,  reniform  discal 
spot,  a  fainter  costal  spot  at  basal  third,  and  a  black  streak  on  sub- 
median  vein,  extending  from  the  base  nearly  to  the  marginal  band. 

Beneath  as  above,  but  paler,  especially  the  secondaries,  which  are 
reddest  along  the  inner  margin. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.25  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.55  inch. 

Habitat. — Vancouver  Island,  (coll.  H.  Edwards). 

Described  from  one  ^ .  This  beautiful  species  is  most  nearly  re- 
lated to  A.  Blakei,  Grote  ;  in  the  markings  of  the  primaries  there  is 
great  similarity,  but  it  is  clearly  separated  by  the  color  and  markings 
of  the  hind  wings. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  229 


Genus   PLATYCERTTRA.    Packard. 

"  Head  large  and  prominent,  twice  as  large  as  in  Cerura  ;  front  scu- 
tellate,  broad  between  the  antennae,  while  the  sides  are  more  parallel 
than  in  Cerura.  Scales  short  and  fine.  Palpi  short,  a  little  depressed, 
not  reaching  the  front,  compressed  and  slender  ;  the  3rd  joint  short, 
obtuse.  Antennas  longer  than  in  Cerura,  very  narrowly  pectinated  ; 
joints  longest  in  the  middle,  but  slowly  decreasing  in  length  towards 
the  tip,  which  is  almost  simple.  Thorax  stouter  than  usual,  no  "col- 
lar "  or  transverse  lines. 

"Primaries  short  broad  triangular,  half  as  broad  as  long.  Costa 
straight,  curved  down  more  than  usual  at  the  obtuse  apex  ;  outer  edge 
short  and  not  so  full  as  usual  ;  inner  angle  much  more  rectangular 
than  usual,  while  the  inner  edge  of  the  wing  is  very  nearly  straight, 
though  not  much  longer  than  the  outer  edge. 

"The  I  St  subcostal  is  placed  much  within  the  middle  of  the  wing. 
There  is  an  intercostal  space.  2nd  subcostal  arises  just  within  the  ori- 
gin of  the  3rd  subcostal.  The  apical  interspace  is  of  the  size  of  that 
in  Cerura,  while  it  is,  owing  to  the  curved  nervules  enclosing  it,  semi- 
ovate  and  not  triangular  as  in  Cerura.  The  4th  and  5th  subcostals 
are  short  and  straight :  The  ist  median  nervule  instead  of  being  an 
independent  as  in  Cerura,  is  curved  downwards  at  the  base,  and  united 
with  its  main  nervure,  and  the  4th  median  is  straight. 

"  Secondaries  short  and  rounded,  apex  very  obtuse.  They  reach  to 
the  outer  fourth  of  the  abdomen.  Thus  it  is  much  shorter  and  broader 
than  in  Cerura.     The  apical  interspace  is  long,  much  as  usual. 

"The  abdomen  tapers  rapidly,  contracting  rapidly  before  the  tip 
which  is  well  tufted.     Legs  much  as  in  Cerura. 

"The  broad  triangular  fore  wings,  orbicular  secondaries  and  large 
broad  closely  cropped  front,  the  short  acute  abdomen,  and  long  pecti- 
nated antennae,  distinguish  this  genus  from  Harpyia  of  Europe,  which 
it  somewhat  approaches.'' 

Packard,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  III.  p.  373.     (1864. 


230  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCID^ 


PLATYCERURA    FTJRCILLA.    (PI.  9,  fig.  15,  ?  ). 

Platycerura  furcilla,  Packard,  Proc.  Ent.   Soc.  Phil.  vol.  3,  p.  .374. 

(1864.) 
"  <3  . — Ashen  white,  dusted  with  fine  dark  scales.  The  primaries 
are  crossed  by  a  twice  angulated  basal  black  line,  within  which  at  the 
insertion  of  the  wing  is  a  short  basal  spot.  A  second  straight  line 
crosses  the  wing  just  before  its  middle,  and  from  its  branches  at  nearly- 
right  angles  a  line  which  becomes  straight  above  the  2nd  median  nerv- 
ule  and  parallel  to  the  inner  line,  thus  enclosing  a  large  square  area 
which  is  concolorous  with  the  rest  of  the  wing.  There  is  a  submar. 
ginal  obscure  line  shaded  with  white  externally,  which  is  irregularly 
zigzag,  and  runs  down  more  than  usual  in  the  2nd  median  interspace 
towards  the  margin  of  the  wing. 

"  Secondaries  whitish,  especially  on  the  outer  border,  with  a  broad 
obscure  dusky  submarginal  line.  The  abdominal  segments  are  annu- 
lated  above  with  white,  paler  beneath.  The  fore  wings  are  beneath 
dusky,  the  transverse  dark  lines  appear  through,  the  submarginal  line 
being  especially  conspicuous,  beyond  which  the  margin  is  much  paler. 
The  secondaries  are  crossed  by  two  obsolete  bands,  near  the  middle  of 
which  the  inner  one  is  more  distinct  upon  the  costa,  corresponding  to 
an  inner  costal  spot. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1.50  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.65  inch. 

Habitat. — Massachusetts,  (coll.  Harris,  Mr.  Sanborn). 

Packard,  (loc.  cit.)     ' 

The  figure  is  copied  from  a  beautiful  drawing  by  Hochstein  kindly 
loaned  me  by  A.  Grote,  Esq. 

I  have  also  two  Californian  specimens  which  appear  to  differ  only 
in  the  want  of  union  of  the  two  principal  bands  below  the  median 
vein. 


ADDENDA  ET  CORRIGENDA. 


t 


i 


ADDENDA  ET  CORRIGENDA. 


ALYPIA   OCTOMACULATA,    (Page  6.) 

On  plate  lo,  fig.  ii  is  reproduced  from  a  drawing  by  C.  V.  Riley, 
Esq.,  the  larva  of  this  species  for  comparison.  I  here  give  a  few  notes 
on  the  larvae  of  this  species  and  its  allies,  kindly  sent  me  by  Mr.  Riley, 
to  more  clearly  point  out  their  differences. 

"  Alypia  ociomaculata.  Your  description  is  correct.  Each  joint  may 
be  said  to  be  8-banded,  or  to  have  eight  black  bands  ;  and  not  six  as 
Harris's  words  would  indicate.  The  species  is  not  abundant  round 
St.  Louis. 

^^  Eudryas  grata.  I  have  nothing  to  add  to  what  you  have  said, 
except  to  lay  stress  on  the  fact  that  it  is  distinguished  from  Alypia  by 
having  only  six  black  bands  to  each  joint,  and  no  white  lateral  stripe. 
It  is  two-brooded.  There  are  short  hairs  from  the  black  spots,  though 
it  would  not  be  amiss  to  describe  it  as  "  naked."  A  Tachtna  fly  (near 
to,  if  not  identical  with  Exorista  leucanicz)  is  parasitic  upon  it.  The 
moth  simulates  a  piece  of  bird  dung  when  at  rest. 

' '  Eudryas  unio.  Larva  marked  as  Fitch  says  ;  at  least  I  so  infer 
from  the  fact  that  J.  A.  Lintner,  of  Albany,  N,  Y.,  wrote  me  that  he 
had  found  larvse  of  Grata  abundantly  on  Epilobium  coloratum,  which 
larvae  turned  out  to  be  Unio.  The  finding  of  the  larvae  or  pupae  in 
stems  of  Swamp  Rose-mallow  {Hibiscus  militaris'),  does  not  imply  that 
the  former  inhabited  the  stems ;  for  both  the  Gratas  and  Psychomorpha 
appear  to  have  an  inveterate  habit  of  boring  into  substances  to  pupate, 
a  habit  not  noticed  in  Alypia. 

*  *  Psychomorpha  epimenis.  Differs  from  Alypia  and  Eudryas  in  hav- 
ing but  four  transverse  black  bands  to  each  joint. 

' '  In  Eudryas  the  ground  color  is  really  blueish  ;  in  Alypia  and 
Psychomorpha  it  is  white,  the  blueish  appearance  is  an  ocular  delusion." 


234  ZYG^NID^    AND    BOMBYCIDiE 


ALYPIA  LUNATA.    (Page  15.) 

Having  recently  had  an  opportunity  of  examining  the  type  of  Grote's 
A.  Mariposa  in  the  collection  of  the  Central  Park,  New  York,  it  form- 
ing a  part  of  the  collection  of  the  late  Coleman  Robinson,  Esq. ,  I  am 
of  the  opinion  that  A.  lunata  must  be  placed  as  a  variety  of  A.  Mari- 
posa. In  this  opinion  I  am  confirmed  by  the  circumstance  that  my 
typical  specimen  was  obtained  from  Mr.  Lorquin  ;  and  as  it  has  been 
evidently  captured  many  years  since,  it  is  more  than  probable  that  it 
was  taken  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  locality  as  the  specimens 
which  Mr.  Lorquin's  father  forwarded  to  Dr.  Boisduval,  who  furnished 
Mr.  Grote  with  the  specimen  from  which  his  figure  was  drawn,  and  to 
which  reference  is  made  above.  The  most  striking  difference  is  in  the 
spot  on  the  apical  half  of  the  primaries.  The  synonymy  of  this  species 
will  thus  be  : 

Alypia  mariposa,  Grote,  Trans.  Am.  Ent.  Soc.  vol.  i,  pi.  6,  fig. 
40.     (i868.) 

Agarista  mariposa,  Boisduval,  Bull.  Ent.  Soc.  Belgique, 

Var.  Alypia  liinata,  Stretch,  Z.  and  B.  N.  Am.  vol.  i,  p.  15,  pi.  i, 
fig.  6.     (1872.) 


PSYCHOMORPHA  EPIMENIS.    (Page  17.) 

The  following  description  of  the  larva,  and  notes  on  its  habits,  are 
extracted  from  the  ist,  2nd,  and  3d  Reports  of  the  State  Entomolo- 
gist of  Missouri  (C.  V.  Riley).  The  larva  is  figured  in  ist  Report, 
pi.  I,  fig.  19,  and  also  in  3d  Report,  p.  63,  fig.  25,  a,  b,  and  c.  The 
former  figure  is  erroneously  referred  to  in  the  text  as  the  larva,  o^  Alypia 
odomaculata,  which  error  is  corrected  in  the  second  Report,  p.  84.  In 
this  place,  the  larva  is  conjectured  to  be  and  figured  as  that  of  Eudryas 
unio,  but  this  supposition  proved  likewise  to  be  incorrect.  The  ques- 
tion was  finally  determined  by  raising  the  imago  from  these  larvae.  The 
near  relationship  of  Eudryas,  Psychomorpha,  and  Alypia  is  proved  by 
nothing  more  conclusively  than  by  the  wonderful  similarity  of  their 


OF   NORTH    AMERICA.  235 

larvae.     To  show  the  relationship  of  these  genera  to  Agarista,  from 
AustraUa,  the  larva  of  A.  Casuerincc  is  figured  in  pi.  lo,  fig.  ri. 

'^  Larvd.  General  appearance  bluish.  The  ground  color  is,  how- 
ever, pure  white,  and  the  apparent  bluish  cast  is  entirely  owing  to  the 
ocular  delusion  produced  by  the  white  with  the  transverse  black  stripes, 
as  in  Alypia  octomaculata.  Transversely  banded  with  four  black  stripes 
to  each  joint,  the  third  and  fourth  being  usually  rather  wider  apart 
than  the  other  two,  and  diverging  at  the  lower  sides,  where  they  make 
room  for  two  more  or  less  conspicuous  dark  spots,  placed  one  below 
the  other ;  the  third,  on  some  of  the  middle  joints,  is  frequently 
broken  with  an  anterior  curva,  just  above  stigmata,  and  on  joints  2 
and  3  it  is  twice  as  thick  as  the  rest.  Cervical  shield;  hump  on  joint 
II;  anal  plate;  legs  and  venter  dull  pale  orange;  joint  i  with  about  14 
large  shiny  piliferous  black  spots,  8  of  which  form  two  rows  on  the 
cervical  shield  (those  on  the  anterior  row  being  largest  and  farthest 
apart),  and  six  of  which  are  lateral,  namely,  three  on  each  side,  with 
more  or  less  distinct  dusky  marks  between  and  in  front  of  them.  The 
spots  on  the  hump  are  usually  placed  as  at  fig.  26  c,  (pi.  10,  fig.  12  a), 
but  vary  very  much,  though  the  four  principal  ones  on  the  top  are 
generally  placed  in  a  square.  The  anal  plate  is  marked  with  eight 
such  spots,  very  much  as  in  the  cervical  shield,  but  smaller.  The  tips 
of  the  thoracic  legs  are  black,  and  the  other  legs  and  venter  are  also 
spotted.  Head,  gamboge-yellow,  inclining  to  orange,  with  8  principal 
and  other  minor  black  piliferous  spots.  The  ordinary  piliferous  spots 
are  small,  and  except  two  dorsal  ones,  which  are  in  the  white  space 
between  the  second  and  third  bana,  they  are  not  easily  detected.  The 
stigmata  are  also  quite  small  and  round.  The  abdominal  prolegs  de- 
crease in  size  from  the  last  to  the  first  pair,  and  the  larva  curves  the 
thoracic  joints,  and  is  a  half  looper,  especially  when  young.  Aver- 
age length,  about  one  inch.     Described  from  numerous  specimens." 

''Chrysalis.  Average  length,  0.37  inch;  reddish  brown  ;  rugose, 
especially  on  dorsum  of  abdominal  joints,  but  distinguished  princi- 
pally by  the  truncated  apex,  which  has  a  large  horizontally  compressed 
ear-like  horny  projection,  at  each  upper  and  outer  edge." 

Riley,  3d  Rep.  St.  Ent.  Missouri,  p.  65. 

The  larva,  as  noticed  by  Riley,  is  abundant  round  St.  Louis,  feed- 
ing on  the  grapevines.  "  The  worm  works,  for  the  most  part,  in  the 
terminal  buds  of  the  vine,  drawing  the  leaves  together  by  a  weak  silken 
thread,  and  cankering  them.     It  forms  a  simple  earthen  cocoon,   or 


236  ZYG^NIDiE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

frequently  bores  into  a  piece  of  old  wood,  and  changes  to  chrysalis.'' 
"  Its  habit  of  boring  into  same  substances,  to  prepare  for  the  change 
to  pupa,  is  inveterate,  and  it  always  neatly  covers  up  the  orifice,  so 
that  it  is  difficult  to  detect. "  The  larva  assumes  the  pupa  state  in  May^ 
emerging  in  March  of  the  following  year. 

CTENUCHA    BEUNNEA.    (Page  30.) 
After  name  insert  "  (PI.  i,  fig.  ii,   3  )" 

GNOPHCELA  HOPFFERI.    (Page  38.) 

Lord  Walshingham  raised  this  species  from  larva  found  in  southern 
Oregon,  feeding  on  MyosoHs,  and  informs  me  that  it  is  black  and  yel- 
low, much  resembling  that  of  Callimorpha  donmiula. 

UTETHEISA  BELLA-    (Page  55). 

Professor  Townsend  Glover  has  the  following  notes  on  the  larva  of 
this  species,  in  the  Report  of  the  Commissioner  of  Agriculture,  for 
1870,  p.  80,  fig.  41. 

"The  larva  is  abundant  in  July  and  August,  in  the  pods  of  the 
rattle  weed  {Croielaria).  It  eats  into  the  pod  when  young,  making  a 
small  circular  hole,  and  then  feeds  on  the  seeds.  It  is  yellow,  with 
black  and  white  rings,  thus  resembling  the  imago  in  color,  and  the 
chrysalis  is  black  and  yellow.  The  moth  is  disclosed  soon  after  as- 
suming the  pupa  state.     The  larva  is  also  said  to  feed  on  the  lupin." 

CALLIMORPHA  LECONTEI.    (See  Page  62.) 

On  account  of  the  wide  range  of  variation  in  this  species,  I  give 
here  below  detailed  descriptions  and  figures  of  two  of  the  varieties, 
which  are  only  casually  alluded  to  in  the  former  article.  For  the  loan 
of  the  specimens  from  which  these  figures  are  drawn,  I  am  indebted 
to  the  kindness  of  my  friend  Wm.  Saunders,  of  London,  Canada. 
The  opinion  is  strongly  held  by  some  entomologists  that  some  of  these 
varieties  should  be  classed  as  specifically  distinct.  In  relation  to  this 
point,  Mr.  Saunders  writes  me  as  follows  :  "  The  two  forms  of  Calli- 
morpha, Lecon/et  and  Contigua,  appear  to  be  quite  fixed  with  us.  I 
have  never  found  them  run  into  each  other,  and  I  think  I  should  had 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  23t 

they  been  identical,  as  I  have  captured  and  seen  a  considerable  num- 
ber of  specimens  within  the  past  ten  years.  My  four  bred  specimens 
were  almost  identical  (referring  to  Lecontei)  in  coloration  with  that  I 
send  you.'"  While  this  is,  to  a  certain  extent,  presumptive  evidence,  it 
does  not  absolutely  settle  the  question,  for  in  the  case  of  Epicallia 
virginalis  (see  pi.  3)  there  are  two  forms  (fig.  2  and  4)  which  appear  to 
be  constant,  and  yet  are  produced  from  the  same  brood  of  larvoe.  As 
then  we  can  derive  these  various  forms  of  Callimorpha  Lecontei  from 
each  other,  by  the  expansion  or  contraction  of  the  brown  markings,  I 
retain  these  different  forms  as  varieties,  until  the  accumulation  of  inore 
material,  being  somewhat  confirmed  in  this  course  by  having  seen, 
while  in  the  Eastern  States  recently,  a  specimen  in  every  way  answer- 
ing to  the  C  fulvkosta,  Packard,  except  that  the  costa  was  brown,  as 
in  C.  contigiia,  Walker. 

Var.  C.  Lecontei,  Boisduval  (PL  9,   fig.  i4). 

Brown  and  white.  Head  and  prothorax  bright  yellow-ochre,  im- 
maculate. Palpi  yellow,  with  black  tips.  Antenna  black.  Thorax 
and  patagia  white,  the  former  with  a  brown  median  stripe.  Abdomen 
whitish,  with  brown  dorsal  stripe.  Breast  yellowish.  Legs  yellow  and 
dusky. 

Anterior  wings  clear  dark  brown,  with  white  markings,  as  follows  : 
A  broad  basal  longitudinal  streak,  narrowing  rapidly  as  it  approaches 
the  anal  angle,  where  the  tip  is  nearly  separated  into  a  distinct  spot. 
Three  sub-costal  spots  between  this  streak  and  the  apex,  the  middle 
one  of  which  is  the  largest,  and  is  slightly  connected  with  the  apical 
one.  A  large  anal  spot,  supplemented  towards  the  apex  of  the  wing 
with  two  small  intervenular  spots. 

Posterior  wings  immaculate  milky  white. 

Beneath,  the  brown  markings  are  reproduced,  but  all  are  suff'used 
with  ochre,  especially  along  the  outer  margin  and  costa,  while  the 
brown  on  the  inner  margin  is  exceedingly  faint. 

Expatise  o/'%ings,  i  .80  inches  ;  length  of  body,  o.  70  inch. 

Llabitat. — Canada  (W.  Saunders),  New  York  (Akhurst). 

Described  from  a  specimen  raised  from  the  larva  by  Wm.  Saunders, 
Esq.     This  larva  is  described  on  page  64,  ante. 

Var.  C.  Contigua,  Walker.  Head  and  body  like  C.  Lecontei,  just 
described.  Legs  white,  except  coxse  of  the  anterior  pair,  which  are 
yellow. 


238  ZYGjENID^   and    BOMBVCIDiE 

All  wings  white,  posterior  wings  immaculate.  Primaries  marked  as 
follows,  with  dark  blackish  brown,  more  intense  than  in  C.  Lecontei  or 
C  Miliiaris.  A  costal  stripe,  not  quite  reaching  the  apex,  and  leaving 
the  costa  very  narrowly  white.  A  similar  stripe  on  the  internal  margin, 
not  quite  reaching  the  anal  angle.  An  oblique  transverse  band,  con- 
necting this  stripe  at  the  anal  angle  with  the  costal  stripe  across  the 
discal  vein  ;  and  from  the  centre  of  this  band  a  branch  runs  towards 
the  apex,  but  does  not  quite  reach  it.  Fringe  on  the  outer  margin, 
somewhat  dusky,  and  two  small  marginal  brown  dots  about  the 
middle  of  the  outer  margin. 

Beneath  white  ;  the  costa  yellowish.  The  transverse  band  reappears, 
but  more  diffuse  and  broken.     The  other  markings  are  nearly  obsolete. 

Expanse  of  wings,  1. 80  inches  ;  length  of  body,  0.70  inch. 

Habitat. — Canada  (W.  Saunders). 

Described  from  a  specimen  kindly  loaned  by  W.  Saunders,  Esq. 

EPICALLIA  VIRGINALIS.    (Page  70.) 

Since  the  publication  of  Part  3,  in  which  this  species  was  figured,  I 
have  received  two  specimens  from  Arizona,  almost  identical,  and  in- 
termediate, so  far  as  the  coloration  of  the  secondaries  is  concerned, 
between  vzx.  guttata  (fig.  3)  and  the  type  (fig.  4).  The  spots  on  the 
primaries  are  somewhat  larger,  giving  the  insect  a  paler  look.  My 
friend,  H.  Edwards  also  informs  me  that  the  species,  both  the  typical 
form  and  var.  guttata,  are  common  at  Portland,  Oregon,  flying 
together  in  the  streets  of  the  town. 

ARCTIA  BEHRII.    (Page  75.) 

Having  recently  seen  one  of  the  types  of  Arctia  Nevadensis,  Grote, 
in  the  collection  of  J.  Akhurst,  of  Brooklyn,  New  York,  and  ascer- 
tained its  identity  with  this  species,  the  synonomy  must  stand  thus  : 

Arctia  Nevadensis,  Grote,  Proc.  Ent.  Soc.  Phil.  vol.  6,  p.  i,  pi.  i,  fig.  i . 

Arctia  Behrii,  Stretch,  Z.  and  B.  N.  Am.  p.  75.  (1872.) 

The  figure  given  by  Grote  does  not  represent  a  typical  form,  and 
the  specimens  having  been  collected  in  alcohol  (!)  the  color  had  been 
somewhat  discharged,  so  that  the  description  varies  somewhat  from 
the  coloration  of  fresh  specimens.  It  was  from  these  causes  that  I 
failed  to  identify  the  insect,  though  I  compared  them  and  noted  the 
peculiar  identity  in  the  color  of  the  thorax,  which  is  black  and  con- 
colorous. 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  239 

ETJPREPIA  AMERICANA.    (Page  95.) 

This  name  must  give  place  to  Euprepia  caja,  tlie  burden  of  proof 
being  conclusive  as  to  the  identity  of  the  European  and  American 
insects.  The  white  collar,  which  appears  to  occur  in  all  American 
specimens,  and  which  was  mainly  relied  upon  by  Harris  and  subse- 
quent writers,  as  the  most  available  point  of  distinction,  occurs,  more 
or  less  strongly  marked,  in  many  European  specimens,  as  has  been 
proved  to  me  by  Dr.  Standinger,  of  Dresden,  and  Mr.  Strecker,  of 
Reading.  To  the  former  entomologist  I  am  indebted  for  a  very  beau- 
tiful suite  of  the  variations  of  this  insect.  It  has  often  been  urged  that 
American  insects,  merely  on  account  of  their  wide  geographical  sepa- 
ration from  Europe,  must  be  different  from  their  near  representatives 
in  that  country.  Of  the  fallacy  of  this  view  I  am  more  and  more 
strongly  convinced,  especially  as  regards  those  forms  which  are  found 
in  the  more  northern  regions  of  both  continents.  Of  this,  E.  caja 
may  be  taken  as  one  instance,  and  Arciia  Quenselii  as  another,  while 
it  is  impossible  to  draw  a  definite  line  between  Phragmatobia  rubricosa, 
Harris,  and  the  European  form  of  P.  fuliginosa,  which  occurs  in 
Lapland,  and  is  known  as  var.  borcalis.  We  know  that  many  noctuse 
occur  in  both  countries,  as  Scoliopteryx  libairix,  and  why  not  also 
species  of  Bombycina.  The  Zygsenina  are  less  likely  to  occur  in  both 
countries,  because  they  do  not  range  into  arctic  regions.  This  view  is 
strongly  supported  by  the  marked  similarity  between  the  entomological 
fauna  of  the  northern  Pacific  Coast  of  America  and  that  of  Europe, 
which  we  might  naturally  expect  to  occur  on  account  of  the  intimate 
connection  of  the  two  continents  in  the  Arctic  Zone.  This  is  much 
more  decided  than  on  the  Atlantic  border ;  and  it  is  reasonable  to 
suppose  that  these  forms,  which  are  alike  in  both  continents,  have 
been  disseminated  through  this  medium.  Unfortunately,  we  know 
but  little  comparatively  of  British  Columbia,  Washington  Territory, 
and  Oregon,  and  it  will  be  of  much  interest  to  watch  the  progress  of 
discoveries  in  those  countries,  as  bearing  on  this  question.  I  hope  at 
some  day  to  enter  into  this  question  more  fully  than  is  permissible  in 
these  pages. 

LEUCARCTIA  ACR.a:A.    (Page  99.) 
Through  an  oversight,  all  the  plates  in  Part  4  have  the  lower  wings 
of  the  female  of  this  species  (pi.  4,  fig.  2)  colored  as  in  the  male ;  they 
should  be  white. 


240  ZYG^NIDvE    AND    BOMBYCID^ 

STHENOPIS  BEHRENSII.    (Page  105.) 

Through  an  oversight,  the  name  of  this  species  is  erroneously 
spelled  "  Behrnsii."  It  is  named  after  my  friend  Mr.  James  Behrens, 
who  has  greatly  facilitated  my  studies  by  the  gift  of  many  unique 
specimens. 

DREPANA  SICTJLIFER.    (Page  110.) 

Insert  before  the  description  the  following  reference  to  the  original 
description,  Avhich  was  unintentionally  omitted. 

Drepana  Siculi/er,  Packard,  Rep.  Peabody  Acad.  Sci.  (1872). 

GASTROPACHA  MILDEI.    (Page  113.) 

The  name  G.  roseata,  on  the  explanation  of  Plate  4,  should  be 
changed  to  correspond  with  the  letter  press  on  page  113.  The  name 
mt'/dei  was  substituted  for  roseaia  at  the  request  of  Mr.  Behrens,  who 
gave  me  the  unique  specimen  from  which  the  description  is  drawn. 

NOTODONTA  CALIFORNICA.    (Page  116.) 

On  plate  10,  fig.  9  is  a  reproduction  of  a  sketch  of  the  larva  of  this 
species  made  by  Dr.  Behr,  of  San  Francisco. 

LEPTARCTIA  LENA.    (Page  120.) 

Walker's  Nemeophtla  CalifornicE,  is  evidently  the  same  insect  as  the 
above,  a  fact  which  was  not  discovered,  although  suspected,  until  it 
was  too  late  to  correct  the  syonymy,  which  must  thus  stand  as  follows  : 

LEPTARCTIA   CALIFORNIA;. 

Nemeophila  Cali/ornice,  Walker,  Cat.  Lep.  B.  M.  p.  625  (1855). 
Lithosia  Lena,  Boisd.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  vol.  12,  p.  73  (1868-9). 
Lithosia  Adnata,  Boisd.  Ann.  Soc.  Ent.  Belg.  vol.  12,  p.  73  (1868-9). 
Leptardia  Lena,   Stretch,   Z.  and  B.    N.  Am.  vol.  i,   p.  120,  pi.  5, 
figs.  3,  4,  5,  6,  II,  12,  13,  14,  16  (1872). 

(ETA  ATJREA,    (Page  159.) 

In  relation  to  this  species,  my  friend  C.  V.  Riley  writes  me  as  fol- 
foUows  :  "  I  greatly  suspect  it  will  have  to  be  referred  back  still  further 


OF    NORTH    AMERICA.  241 

(alluding  to  the  name  aurea),  for  specimens  which  I  sent  to  Zeller, 
some  years  ago,  elicited  from  him  the  facts  that  if  compla  varies  so  that 
the  first  two  (basal)  orange  bands  are  at  times  separated  each  into  two 
(and  they  are  sometimes  so  separated),  then  it  agrees  with  Cramer's 
{Hvponomenta)  puncklla,  pi.  372  ;  whereas,  Pustidella  Fabricius  (Ent. 
Syst ,  292)  is  so  described  that  it  covers  both.' 

Mr.  Grote,  however,  writing  on  the  same  subject,  doubts  the  iden- 
tity of  these  descriptions  with  our  American  insect,  for  reasons  stated, 
and  under  these  circumstances  I  merely  call  attention  lo  the  fact  with- 
out changing  the  synonomy. 

Professor  Riley,  as  quoted  above,  gives  some  interesting  details  in 
relation  to  the  habits  of  this  species.  The  following  quotations  are 
from  that  article.  After  stating  that  the  larva  feeds  on  the  ailanthus. 
and  had  done  great  damage  to  the  trees  in  St.  Louis,  he  continues  : 
"  During  the  months  of  August  and  September,  it  may  be  found  of 
all  sizes,  living  in  communities  of  from  five  to  thirty  individuals, 
within  a  slight  silken  web.  Did  they  but  feed  on  the  leaves,  their 
injury  to  the  trees  would  be  slight,  but  they  have  the  miserable  habit 
of  gnawing  the  leafstalk  in  two,  and  of  severing  the  leaf,  and  causing 
it  to  turn  black  ;  thus  marring  the  looks  of  large  trees  and  killing 
many  seedlings  outright.  When  the  worm  is  full  grown,  it  suspends 
itself  in  the  middle  of  a  loose  web,  and  changes  to  a  chrysalis,  about 
half  an  inch  long,  and  of  a  dull  smoky  brown  color.  The  chrysalis 
skin  is  so  very  fine,  that  as  the  future  moth  develops  within,  the  colors 
of  its  wings  show  distinctly  through  it.  *  *  The  first  moths  begin 
to  appear  during  the  first  days  of  September,  and  continue  issuing 
from  the  chry.salis  till  the  last  of  October.  From  the  fact  that  I  could 
get  none  of  them  to  deposit  eggs,  I  infer  that  they  pass  the  winter  in 
the  moth  state — the  more  readily  since  I  have  had  them  escape  from 
the  chrysalis  even  in  November.  They  are  very  fond  of  flitting  over 
and  clinging  to  the  flowers  of  the  golden  rod  and  of  Eupatoriuvi 
serotinum'' 

Mr.  Riley  writes  that  he  has  since  proved  the  hybernation  of  the 
imago,  as  suspected. 

'^  Larva . — Average  length,  when  full  grown,  0.95.  Slender,  the 
diameter  being  0.09.  General  color,  very  dark  olive  brown.  An  ex- 
tremely fine  pearly-white  dorsal  and  subdorsal  line,  and  a  somewhat 
more  distinct  stjgmatal  line,  of  the  same  color  ;  all  three  of  them 
formed  by  minute  white  specks  and  lines.      Dorsum,  dull  olive  green. 


242  ZYGiENID^    AND    BOMBYCIDjE 

A  longitudinal  line  somewhat  darker,  and  in  many  cases  quite  black, 
below  the  subdorsal  line.  Between  this  last  and  stigmatal  line  is  a 
stripe  of  the  same  color  as  dorsum,  but  speckled  with  white.  Imme- 
diately below  stigmatal  line,  it  is  rusty-yellow,  especially  on  the  middle 
segments.  Venter  sometimes  olive  green,  sometimes  lead  color,  finely 
speckled  with  white,  and  with  a  translucent  line  visible  along  the 
middle.  The  larva  is  mainly  characterized,  however,  by  a  number  of 
minute  white  piliferous  spots,  in  strong  contrast  with  the  dark  body, 
each  giving  forth  a  stiff  white  hair  at  right  angles  from  said  body.  The 
spots  are  thus  arranged  on  each  side  of  every  segment  :  two  about 
the  middle,  on  subdorsal  Ime ;  one  under  the  anterior  of  these,  just 
below  the  longitudinal  dark  line  ;  two  on  the  stigmatal  line,  with  the 
stigmata,  which  is  of  the  same  color,  between  them  ;  one  in  the  orange 
part,  posteriorly  ;  two  small  ones  just  below  the  orange  part  ;  and  two 
in  the  middle  of  venter,  on  the  legless  segments.  Head  of  a  beauti- 
ful brown,  perpendicular,  marked  with  black  and  speckled  with  white, 
two  large  spots  being  especially  noticeable  on  the  upper  front.  Cer- 
vical shield,  velvety  black  irregularly  speckled  with  white.  Thoracic 
legs  black  ;  abdominal,  extremely  small  and  of  the  same  color  as 
venter  ;  anals,  somewhat  larger  and  brown. 

"Described  from  numerous  specimens.  The  white  spots  are  usu- 
ally larger  near  the  head,  while  the  hairs  springing  from  them  lean 
towards  the  head.  The  head  itself  is  sometimes  entirely  black,  while 
the  W'hite  longitudinal  lines  are  occasionally  almost  obsolete." 

Riley  (loc.  cit.) 

From  the  foregoing  it  will  be  seen  that  the  insect  under  considera- 
tion has  many  affinities  with  the  Tineina,  and  it  is  quite  likely  that 
Rilev  is  rio:lU  in  so  locating  it. 


CYDOSIA  NOBILITELLA.    (Page  1(52  ) 

Mr.  Grote  informs  me  that  I  am  correct  in  doubting  the  identity  of 
the  Te.xan  specimens  (pi.  7,  fig.  8)  with  Cydosia  nobiliklla.  The  name 
must  therefore  be  changed  to  Cydosia  imitella,  N.  S.,  as  suggested  on 
page  163. 


EXPLANATION   OF    PLATE    L 


I 

— Alypia  dipsaci,  Grote 

2 

. —     "      Sacramenti,  Grote 

3 

—     "       Ridingsii,  Grote    - 

4 

—     "       Lorquinii,  Grote 

5 

—      "       Similis,  N.  S. 

6 

—      "       lunata,  N.  S.  - 

7- 

—      "       octomaculata,  Fabr. 

8. 

—     "       Brannani,  N.  S. 

9- 

— Scepsis  fulvicollis,  Walker 

lO. 

— Ctenucha  venosa,  Walker 

1 1. 

—        "          brunnea,  N.  S.  - 

12. 

—        ' '         multifaria,  Walker  - 

13- 

—        "         ochroscapus,  Grote 

14. 

—       "         Cressonana,  Grote  - 

15- 

—        ' '         virginica,  Charpentier 

i6. 

—  Psychomorpha  Epimenis,  Drury 

California. 

Pacific  States. 

California. 

Atlantic  Slates. 
California. 
United  States. 
Texas. 
California. 


C'olorado. 
Atlantic  States. 


Zy  S,  n  e  3  o  nib .  N .  A  i  a 


fl.H.ifSiTCW  ,'';*'>  /. 


EXPLANAllUN    OF    PLA  IE    2. 


7 
8 

y 

lO 

1 1 

12 

13 
14 

15 
16 

'7 
18, 
19 
20 
21 


— Gnophiela  veimiciilata,  Giotc         -  -              Colorado. 

—  '•          Hopffeii,  Grote       -  -              -       California. 

— Lvcomorpha  pholus,  Harris           -  -              Allamic  Stales. 

— Anatolmis  Cjrolei,  Packard       -  -              -       Colorado. 

— Kodio.soma  tricolor,  Stretch,  N.  S.  -              Nevada. 

—  "  Eavesii,  Stretch,  N.  S. 

—  "            fulva,  Stretch,  N.  S.     -  -              California. 

—  "            nigra,  Stretch,  N.  S.  -              -              " 

— Euphanessa  mendica,  Packard       -  -              Atlantic  States. 

— Cisthene  faustinula,  Stretch     -  -              -      Calilbrnia. 

—  "        nexa,  Stretch       _              -  -                      " 

— Hypo[)repia  fucosa,  Hiibner    -  -              -       Atlantic  Slates. 

— Clemensia  albata,  Packard  -                      " 

— Pyromorpha  dimidiata,  H.  S.  -              -               " 

— Uletheisa  bella,  Linn          -              -  -                      •' 

—  "         speciosa,  Walker      -  -              -               " 

—  "              ?        -             -             -  -             W.  Indies. 

—  "         ornatrix,  Linn           .  _              _       Texas. 

— Callimorpha  interrupto-marginala.  De  Beauv          Atlantic  Stales. 

—  "              Lecontei,  Boisduval  -              -               " 

—  "                     '•.         Boisduval  -  -                       " 


■y^oe.Bcmb.l-lAm. 


Plate  N"£ 


fi.H-STPETCh/^" 


irn.sx.rid'iif-iis.r 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    3. 


I.— Seiarctia  Clio.,  Packard  -  -  -       Calilornia. 

2. — Epicallia  virginalis,  Boisd.,  var.  ochracea 

o "  "  "  "    guttata  -  " 

4.^        "  "  "         type  - 

5. — Halesidota  P'dwardsii,  Packard 

6. — Arachnis  picta,  Packard   - 

7. — -Arctia  autholea,  Boisd.,   ?      - 

8.-     ..  -  "        6  -  - 

9. —      "     Edwardsii,  Stretcli 
10. —      "     daliurica,  Boisd. 
II. —      "     Behrii,  Stretch,   $  -  -  - 

13. —      '•     Bolanderi,  Stretcli 

14  — Phrvganidia  Calilbrnica,  Packard,  $ 

15-       ■•'  •'  ••         i- 


ly^^cj?  BoTauK.Ai  l  ' 


Plate  N°:^. 


U'H.P,RnlQHl,Ha  ■ 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLATE    4. 


— Leucarctia  acra^a,  Packard,    5   var. 


$ 
$  . 
-Euprepia  Americana,  Harris 
-Notodonta  Californica,  N.  S.    ■ 
-Sthenopis  Behrensii,  N.  S. 

Montana,  N.  S. 
-Halesidota  Agassizii,  Packard 

-Hemileuca  Nevadensis,  N.  S. 
-Drepana  Siculifer,  Packard, 
-Gastropacha  roseata,  N.  S. 


United  States. 


California. 


Zy^.oe.BoKi'b  "W.Aia 


P'\a-U-¥.:i 


f  >'  ♦' 


'\:J 


'^>^'      ^       -^ 


^  <■ 


•^,'' 


•  ^ 

*. 


'r  ''   * 


<«s^!>" 


'^^v 


Vz^:=^,_ 


'  Sff'TTjK  i,  «if  r 


EXPLANATION    OF    PLAIE   5. 


I.— T 

.eptarcia 

k-cia,  Boisduval 

?. 

2. 

" 

?   underside. 

3  — 

'■ 

lena, 

?. 

4.— 

" 

" 

?    underside. 

5-  — 

" 

" 

$. 

6.— 

" 

" 

$   underside. 

7- 

9-  — 

dimidiata  N.   S. 

s. 

8. 

lO. — 

" 

( (               (1 

S   underside. 

1 1. — 

" 

lena,  Boistluval 

?. 

12. 

'• 

•' 

?   underside. 

I3-  — 

ii              ti 

5. 

u.— 

" 

-' 

$   underside. 

I5-  — 

'■ 

decia,  Boisduval 

?    var.      - 

i6.— 

lena, 

s. 

I7-  — 

\rclia 

Ac 

haia,  (irote  ?   var. 

i8.— 

••      ?. 

- 

19  — 

" 

(?   1} 

pe. 

20.' — 

" 

"      6. 

- 

21. 

"      ?   var.  ochracea. 

California. 


ZA,rpce.Bomb.  •'',  ^'.it/ 


Dlg_fc.TvT'5 


?:XPLANATION    OF    PLATE    6. 


I. 

— Arctia  virg 

o,  Linn.    6  . 

2. 

—      ' 

• 

"      $.     - 

- 

3- 

— Ku 

eucopl 

aeiis  tricolor,  Packard 

<? 

4 

— 

" 

" 

? 

5 

— Spi 

losoina 

latipennis  N.  S.   $  . 

6 

— 

" 

virginica,  Fabr.    ?  . 

- 

7 
8 

— 

.. 

vestal  is,  Packard   $  . 

? 

9 

—Ha 

lesidota  tessellaris,  Smith   $  . 

lO 

— 

" 

sobrina,  N.  S.    6  . 

- 

1 1 

— 

•' 

caryae,  Harris  ?  . 

12 

.  — 

" 

argentata,    Packard 

? 

Atlantic  States. 

New  Mexico. 

California. 

Adantic  States. 

California. 

Atlandc  States. 

California. 

Atlantic  States. 

California 


Zy£g,'09.Bomh 


^^ 


^A 


i^ 


EXPLANA'lION    OF    PLATE    1. 


2 

3 

4 

5 
6 

7 
8 

9 

lO, 

1 1 

12 

13 

14 
15 

t6 

17 

18 

19 
20, 
21 


— Eudivas  grata,       _  .  - 

—  "        unio,        -  -  - 

—  "        brevipennis.  N.  S. 

—  "  "  underside, 

— -Cosmusoma  omphale,  Hubner,     - 
— Harrisina  Americana,  Packard, 
— Acoloilhus  Americana,  Clemens, 
— Cydosia  nobilitella,  Westwood, 

—  "         anrivitta,  (i.  &  R. 
— CEia.  aurera,  Stretch, 

■ — Cisthene  unifascia,  G.  &  R. 

—  "        subjecta,  Walker, 
— Lilhosia  argillacea,  Packard, 

—  "        cephalica,  G.  &  R. 

—  "      casta,  Sanborn, 

— Crambidia  pallida,  Packartl, 
— Eustixis  subfervcns,  G.  &  R. 
— — Clemensia  umbrata,  Packard, 
^Callimorpha  clymene,  Packard, 
— Ecpantheria  scribonia,  Hubner   $ 


Eastern  States. 

California. 

Florida. 

P>astern  Slates. 

East  and  South  States. 

Texas. 

Southern  States. 

Texas. 

Atlantic  States. 

Northern  States. 

Texas. 

Atlantic  States. 

Texa.s- 
California- 
Florida. 
P^astern  States. 


5oe.Bomb.N.Am 


Plate  N°7. 


R.H.STRErCH.pinKt. 


UIH  BKirrotli  neY.S.F. 


EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  VIIL 


I.  —  Harrisina  texana,  N.  S  ,        -  -         -     Texas. 
2. — Alypia  Maccullochii,  Kirb}',    5  ,  -         Oregon 

3. —     "        Langtonii,  Couper,    5  ,  -  -     (Canada. 

4. — Eucha.Hes  egle.  Harris,    ?  ,  -         Atlantic  States. 

5. —        "         collaris,  Fitch.    5  ,  -         -    United  States. 
6. —        "         elegans,  N.  S. ,    5,  -  California. 

7. —        "         oregoniensis,  N.  S.,  -         -    Oregon. 
8.  — Antarctia  vagans,  Boisduval,    ^.         -  CalifcMmia. 

9.—       "  "  "  5,  -        - 

10.—        "  "  "  5,         - 

!,,__.<  .<  ..  5  . 

12.—  "  "  "  ?, 

13 — Lithacodes  reclilinca,  G.  it  R.,  -         -     East.  &  South.    States 

14  —         '■  fasciola,  Packard,  -  " 

15. — -Limacodes  scaplia,  Harris,    <?  ,  -  -   Eastern  States. 

16.—  "  biguilata,  Packard,    6  ,       - 

17- — Parasa  chloris,  (\.  k  R.,  -         -    Atlantic  States. 

18 — -Hyfjliamria  cunca,    6.    Fitch,  -         P^astern  States. 

ly.—         •■  •'       5,      "  -  - 

20.—         "  ■'       .^ ,      " 

21.—  ■'  texior,    5  ,  Harris,  -  -  " 

22.  —  Leucarctia  albida,    3  ,  N.  S.  -  California. 


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EXPLANATION  OF  PLATE  IX. 


I 

— Cten 

ucha  Walsinghamii,  Edwards, 

-     Oregon. 

2 

— Pseudalypia  Crotchii,  Edwards, 

California. 

3 

— Arctia  intermedia,  N.  S. 

-     Texas. 

4 

—     " 

Arizoniensis,  N.  S. 

A  rizona. 

5 

—     •' 

Virguncula,  Kirby, 

-     Atlantic  States. 

6 

—    " 

Anna,  Grote, 

Pennsylvania. 

7 

—     " 

Yarrowii,  N.  S.     - 

-     Arizona. 

8 

—    " 

Quenselii,  Pay-Kull, 

Labrador. 

9 

—     " 

Blakei,  Orote, 

-     Colorado. 

lO 

—    " 

Arge,    $  ,  Drury, 

Eastern  States. 

1 1 

—    " 

"       c5.      "              -            - 

<i 

12 

<( 

Superba,  N,  S.     -         - 

Vancouver  Islai 

13 

~C.  L 

econtei,  var.  Contigua,  Walker,    - 

-     Atlantic  States. 

14 

— 

Boisduval's  type, 

II 

15 

—Plat) 

cenira  Curcilla,  Packard, 

" 

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EXPLANATION   OF   PLATE   X. 


I. — Epicallia  Virginalis,    Boisd.    larva. 

2. — Halesidota  Edwardsii,  Packard,   larva. 

3. — Arachnis  Picta,  Parkard,  larva. 

4. — Phryganidia  Californica,   Packard,   larva. 

5.—         "  "  "  pupa- 

6. — Leucarctia  Acrsea,   Packard,    larva. 

7. — Halesidota  Agassizii,   Packard,   larva. 

8. — Harrisina  Americana,   larva. 

9. — Notodonta  Californica,   larva. 
10. — Alypia  Octomaculata,    larva. 
II. — -Agarista  Casuerinas,    larva. 
12. — Psychomorpha  Epimenis,    larva. 


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